Week 1 Jupyter Notebook

11/10/2016
Week1
Youarecurrentlylookingatversion1.1ofthisnotebook.Todownloadnotebooksanddatafiles,aswellas
gethelponJupyternotebooksintheCourseraplatform,visittheJupyterNotebookFAQ
(https://www.coursera.org/learn/pythondataanalysis/resources/0dhYG)courseresource.
ThePythonProgrammingLanguage:Functions
In[1]:
x=1
y=2
x+y
Out[1]:
3
In[2]:
x
Out[2]:
1
add_numbersisafunctionthattakestwonumbersandaddsthemtogether.
In[3]:
defadd_numbers(x,y):
returnx+y
add_numbers(1,2)
Out[3]:
3
add_numbersupdatedtotakeanoptional3rdparameter.Usingprintallowsprintingofmultiple
expressionswithinasinglecell.
https://hub.courseranotebooks.org/user/jlapqpmgcmbfygnmluswdg/nbconvert/html/Week%201.ipynb?download=false
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In[4]:
defadd_numbers(x,y,z=None):
if(z==None):
returnx+y
else:
returnx+y+z
print(add_numbers(1,2))
print(add_numbers(1,2,3))
3
6
add_numbersupdatedtotakeanoptionalflagparameter.
In[5]:
defadd_numbers(x,y,z=None,flag=False):
if(flag):
print('Flagistrue!')
if(z==None):
returnx+y
else:
returnx+y+z
print(add_numbers(1,2,flag=True))
Flagistrue!
3
Assignfunctionadd_numberstovariablea.
In[6]:
defadd_numbers(x,y):
returnx+y
a=add_numbers
a(1,2)
Out[6]:
3
ThePythonProgrammingLanguage:Typesand
Sequences
Usetypetoreturntheobject'stype.
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In[7]:
type('Thisisastring')
Out[7]:
str
In[8]:
type(None)
Out[8]:
NoneType
In[9]:
type(1)
Out[9]:
int
In[10]:
type(1.0)
Out[10]:
float
In[11]:
type(add_numbers)
Out[11]:
function
Tuplesareanimmutabledatastructure(cannotbealtered).
In[12]:
x=(1,'a',2,'b')
type(x)
Out[12]:
tuple
Listsareamutabledatastructure.
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In[13]:
x=[1,'a',2,'b']
type(x)
Out[13]:
list
Useappendtoappendanobjecttoalist.
In[14]:
x.append(3.3)
print(x)
[1,'a',2,'b',3.3]
Thisisanexampleofhowtoloopthrougheachiteminthelist.
In[15]:
foriteminx:
print(item)
1
a
2
b
3.3
Orusingtheindexingoperator:
In[16]:
i=0
while(i!=len(x)):
print(x[i])
i=i+1
1
a
2
b
3.3
Use+toconcatenatelists.
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In[17]:
[1,2]+[3,4]
Out[17]:
[1,2,3,4]
Use*torepeatlists.
In[18]:
[1]*3
Out[18]:
[1,1,1]
Usetheinoperatortocheckifsomethingisinsidealist.
In[19]:
1in[1,2,3]
Out[19]:
True
Nowlet'slookatstrings.Usebracketnotationtosliceastring.
In[20]:
x='Thisisastring'
print(x[0])#firstcharacter
print(x[0:1])#firstcharacter,butwehaveexplicitlysettheendcharacter
print(x[0:2])#firsttwocharacters
T
T
Th
Thiswillreturnthelastelementofthestring.
In[21]:
x[1]
Out[21]:
'g'
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Thiswillreturntheslicestartingfromthe4thelementfromtheendandstoppingbeforethe2ndelement
fromtheend.
In[22]:
x[4:2]
Out[22]:
'ri'
Thisisaslicefromthebeginningofthestringandstoppingbeforethe3rdelement.
In[23]:
x[:3]
Out[23]:
'Thi'
Andthisisaslicestartingfromthe3rdelementofthestringandgoingallthewaytotheend.
In[24]:
x[3:]
Out[24]:
'sisastring'
In[25]:
firstname='Christopher'
lastname='Brooks'
print(firstname+''+lastname)
print(firstname*3)
print('Chris'infirstname)
ChristopherBrooks
ChristopherChristopherChristopher
True
splitreturnsalistofallthewordsinastring,oralistsplitonaspecificcharacter.
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In[26]:
firstname='ChristopherArthurHansenBrooks'.split('')[0]#[0]selectsthefirstel
ementofthelist
lastname='ChristopherArthurHansenBrooks'.split('')[1]#[1]selectsthelastel
ementofthelist
print(firstname)
print(lastname)
Christopher
Brooks
Makesureyouconvertobjectstostringsbeforeconcatenating.
In[27]:
'Chris'+2
TypeErrorTraceback(mostrecentcalllas
t)
<ipythoninput271623ac76de6e>in<module>()
>1'Chris'+2
TypeError:Can'tconvert'int'objecttostrimplicitly
In[28]:
'Chris'+str(2)
Out[28]:
'Chris2'
Dictionariesassociatekeyswithvalues.
In[29]:
x={'ChristopherBrooks':'brooksch@umich.edu','BillGates':'billg@microsoft.com'}
x['ChristopherBrooks']#Retrieveavaluebyusingtheindexingoperator
Out[29]:
'brooksch@umich.edu'
In[30]:
x['KevynCollinsThompson']=None
x['KevynCollinsThompson']
Iterateoverallofthekeys:
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In[31]:
fornameinx:
print(x[name])
brooksch@umich.edu
None
billg@microsoft.com
Iterateoverallofthevalues:
In[32]:
foremailinx.values():
print(email)
brooksch@umich.edu
None
billg@microsoft.com
Iterateoveralloftheitemsinthelist:
In[33]:
forname,emailinx.items():
print(name)
print(email)
ChristopherBrooks
brooksch@umich.edu
KevynCollinsThompson
None
BillGates
billg@microsoft.com
Youcanunpackasequenceintodifferentvariables:
In[34]:
x=('Christopher','Brooks','brooksch@umich.edu')
fname,lname,email=x
In[35]:
fname
Out[35]:
'Christopher'
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In[36]:
lname
Out[36]:
'Brooks'
Makesurethenumberofvaluesyouareunpackingmatchesthenumberofvariablesbeingassigned.
In[37]:
x=('Christopher','Brooks','brooksch@umich.edu','AnnArbor')
fname,lname,email=x
ValueErrorTraceback(mostrecentcalllas
t)
<ipythoninput379ce70064f53e>in<module>()
1x=('Christopher','Brooks','brooksch@umich.edu','AnnArbor')
>2fname,lname,email=x
ValueError:toomanyvaluestounpack(expected3)
ThePythonProgrammingLanguage:Moreon
Strings
In[38]:
print('Chris'+2)
TypeErrorTraceback(mostrecentcalllas
t)
<ipythoninput3882ccfdd3d5d3>in<module>()
>1print('Chris'+2)
TypeError:Can'tconvert'int'objecttostrimplicitly
In[39]:
print('Chris'+str(2))
Chris2
Pythonhasabuiltinmethodforconvenientstringformatting.
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In[40]:
sales_record={
'price':3.24,
'num_items':4,
'person':'Chris'}
sales_statement='{}bought{}item(s)atapriceof{}eachforatotalof{}'
print(sales_statement.format(sales_record['person'],
sales_record['num_items'],
sales_record['price'],
sales_record['num_items']*sales_record['price']))
Chrisbought4item(s)atapriceof3.24eachforatotalof12.96
ReadingandWritingCSVfiles
Let'simportourdatafilempg.csv,whichcontainsfueleconomydatafor234cars.
mpg:milespergallon
class:carclassification
cty:citympg
cyl:#ofcylinders
displ:enginedisplacementinliters
drv:f=frontwheeldrive,r=rearwheeldrive,4=4wd
fl:fuel(e=ethanolE85,d=diesel,r=regular,p=premium,c=CNG)
hwy:highwaympg
manufacturer:automobilemanufacturer
model:modelofcar
trans:typeoftransmission
year:modelyear
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In[41]:
importcsv
%precision2
withopen('mpg.csv')ascsvfile:
mpg=list(csv.DictReader(csvfile))
mpg[:3]#Thefirstthreedictionariesinourlist.
Out[41]:
[{'':'1',
'class':'compact',
'cty':'18',
'cyl':'4',
'displ':'1.8',
'drv':'f',
'fl':'p',
'hwy':'29',
'manufacturer':'audi',
'model':'a4',
'trans':'auto(l5)',
'year':'1999'},
{'':'2',
'class':'compact',
'cty':'21',
'cyl':'4',
'displ':'1.8',
'drv':'f',
'fl':'p',
'hwy':'29',
'model':'a4',
'trans':'manual(m5)',
'year':'1999'},
{'':'3',
'class':'compact',
'cty':'20',
'cyl':'4',
'displ':'2',
'drv':'f',
'fl':'p',
'hwy':'31',
'model':'a4',
'trans':'manual(m6)',
'year':'2008'}]
csv.Dictreaderhasreadineachrowofourcsvfileasadictionary.lenshowsthatourlistiscomprised
of234dictionaries.
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In[42]:
len(mpg)
Out[42]:
234
keysgivesusthecolumnnamesofourcsv.
In[43]:
mpg[0].keys()
Out[43]:
dict_keys(['','fl','hwy','cty','class','model','year','displ','dr
v','trans','manufacturer','cyl'])
Thisishowtofindtheaveragectyfueleconomyacrossallcars.Allvaluesinthedictionariesarestrings,
soweneedtoconverttofloat.
In[44]:
sum(float(d['cty'])fordinmpg)/len(mpg)
Out[44]:
16.86
Similarlythisishowtofindtheaveragehwyfueleconomyacrossallcars.
In[45]:
sum(float(d['hwy'])fordinmpg)/len(mpg)
Out[45]:
23.44
Usesettoreturntheuniquevaluesforthenumberofcylindersthecarsinourdatasethave.
In[46]:
cylinders=set(d['cyl']fordinmpg)
cylinders
Out[46]:
{'4','5','6','8'}
Here'samorecomplexexamplewherewearegroupingthecarsbynumberofcylinder,andfindingthe
averagectympgforeachgroup.
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In[47]:
CtyMpgByCyl=[]
forcincylinders:#iterateoverallthecylinderlevels
summpg=0
cyltypecount=0
fordinmpg:#iterateoveralldictionaries
ifd['cyl']==c:#ifthecylinderleveltypematches,
summpg+=float(d['cty'])#addthectympg
cyltypecount+=1#incrementthecount
CtyMpgByCyl.append((c,summpg/cyltypecount))#appendthetuple('cylinder','avg
mpg')
CtyMpgByCyl.sort(key=lambdax:x[0])
CtyMpgByCyl
Out[47]:
[('4',21.01),('5',20.50),('6',16.22),('8',12.57)]
Usesettoreturntheuniquevaluesfortheclasstypesinourdataset.
In[48]:
vehicleclass=set(d['class']fordinmpg)#whataretheclasstypes
vehicleclass
Out[48]:
{'2seater','compact','midsize','minivan','pickup','subcompact','su
v'}
Andhere'sanexampleofhowtofindtheaveragehwympgforeachclassofvehicleinourdataset.
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In[49]:
HwyMpgByClass=[]
fortinvehicleclass:#iterateoverallthevehicleclasses
summpg=0
vclasscount=0
fordinmpg:#iterateoveralldictionaries
ifd['class']==t:#ifthecylinderamounttypematches,
summpg+=float(d['hwy'])#addthehwympg
vclasscount+=1#incrementthecount
HwyMpgByClass.append((t,summpg/vclasscount))#appendthetuple('class','avgm
pg')
HwyMpgByClass.sort(key=lambdax:x[1])
HwyMpgByClass
Out[49]:
[('pickup',16.88),
('suv',18.13),
('minivan',22.36),
('2seater',24.80),
('midsize',27.29),
('subcompact',28.14),
('compact',28.30)]
ThePythonProgrammingLanguage:Datesand
Times
In[50]:
importdatetimeasdt
importtimeastm
timereturnsthecurrenttimeinsecondssincetheEpoch.(January1st,1970)
In[51]:
tm.time()
Out[51]:
1478786894.77
Convertthetimestamptodatetime.
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In[52]:
dtnow=dt.datetime.fromtimestamp(tm.time())
dtnow
Out[52]:
datetime.datetime(2016,11,10,14,8,15,964154)
Handydatetimeattributes:
In[53]:
dtnow.year,dtnow.month,dtnow.day,dtnow.hour,dtnow.minute,dtnow.second#getyear,
month,day,etc.fromadatetime
Out[53]:
(2016,11,10,14,8,15)
timedeltaisadurationexpressingthedifferencebetweentwodates.
In[54]:
delta=dt.timedelta(days=100)#createatimedeltaof100days
delta
Out[54]:
datetime.timedelta(100)
date.todayreturnsthecurrentlocaldate.
In[55]:
today=dt.date.today()
In[56]:
todaydelta#thedate100daysago
Out[56]:
datetime.date(2016,8,2)
In[57]:
today>todaydelta#comparedates
Out[57]:
True
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ThePythonProgrammingLanguage:Objectsand
map()
Anexampleofaclassinpython:
In[58]:
classPerson:
department='SchoolofInformation'#aclassvariable
defset_name(self,new_name):#amethod
self.name=new_name
defset_location(self,new_location):
self.location=new_location
In[59]:
person=Person()
person.set_name('ChristopherBrooks')
person.set_location('AnnArbor,MI,USA')
print('{}livein{}andworksinthedepartment{}'.format(person.name,person.locatio
n,person.department))
ChristopherBrooksliveinAnnArbor,MI,USAandworksinthedepartment
SchoolofInformation
Here'sanexampleofmappingtheminfunctionbetweentwolists.
In[62]:
store1=[10.00,11.00,12.34,2.34]
store2=[9.00,11.10,12.34,2.01]
cheapest=map(min,store1,store2)
cheapest
Out[62]:
<mapat0x7f9d081625c0>
Nowlet'siteratethroughthemapobjecttoseethevalues.
In[63]:
foritemincheapest:
print(item)
9.0
11.0
12.34
2.01
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ThePythonProgrammingLanguage:LambdaandList
Comprehensions
Here'sanexampleoflambdathattakesinthreeparametersandaddsthefirsttwo.
In[64]:
my_function=lambdaa,b,c:a+b
In[65]:
my_function(1,2,3)
Out[65]:
3
Let'siteratefrom0to999andreturntheevennumbers.
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In[66]:
my_list=[]
fornumberinrange(0,1000):
ifnumber%2==0:
my_list.append(number)
my_list
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Out[66]:
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[0,
2,
4,
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Nowthesamethingbutwithlistcomprehension.
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In[67]:
my_list=[numberfornumberinrange(0,1000)ifnumber%2==0]
my_list
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Out[67]:
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[0,
2,
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ThePythonProgrammingLanguage:Numerical
Python(NumPy)
In[68]:
importnumpyasnp
CreatingArrays
Createalistandconvertittoanumpyarray
In[69]:
mylist=[1,2,3]
x=np.array(mylist)
x
Out[69]:
array([1,2,3])
Orjustpassinalistdirectly
In[70]:
y=np.array([4,5,6])
y
Out[70]:
array([4,5,6])
Passinalistofliststocreateamultidimensionalarray.
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Week1
In[71]:
m=np.array([[7,8,9],[10,11,12]])
m
Out[71]:
array([[7,8,9],
[10,11,12]])
Usetheshapemethodtofindthedimensionsofthearray.(rows,columns)
In[72]:
m.shape
Out[72]:
(2,3)
arangereturnsevenlyspacedvalueswithinagiveninterval.
In[73]:
n=np.arange(0,30,2)#startat0countupby2,stopbefore30
n
Out[73]:
array([0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28])
reshapereturnsanarraywiththesamedatawithanewshape.
In[74]:
n=n.reshape(3,5)#reshapearraytobe3x5
n
Out[74]:
array([[0,2,4,6,8],
[10,12,14,16,18],
[20,22,24,26,28]])
linspacereturnsevenlyspacednumbersoveraspecifiedinterval.
In[75]:
o=np.linspace(0,4,9)#return9evenlyspacedvaluesfrom0to4
o
Out[75]:
array([0.,0.5,1.,1.5,2.,2.5,3.,3.5,4.])
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resizechangestheshapeandsizeofarrayinplace.
In[76]:
o.resize(3,3)
o
Out[76]:
array([[0.,0.5,1.],
[1.5,2.,2.5],
[3.,3.5,4.]])
onesreturnsanewarrayofgivenshapeandtype,filledwithones.
In[77]:
np.ones((3,2))
Out[77]:
array([[1.,1.],
[1.,1.],
[1.,1.]])
zerosreturnsanewarrayofgivenshapeandtype,filledwithzeros.
In[78]:
np.zeros((2,3))
Out[78]:
array([[0.,0.,0.],
[0.,0.,0.]])
eyereturnsa2Darraywithonesonthediagonalandzeroselsewhere.
In[79]:
np.eye(3)
Out[79]:
array([[1.,0.,0.],
[0.,1.,0.],
[0.,0.,1.]])
diagextractsadiagonalorconstructsadiagonalarray.
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In[80]:
np.diag(y)
Out[80]:
array([[4,0,0],
[0,5,0],
[0,0,6]])
Createanarrayusingrepeatinglist(orseenp.tile)
In[81]:
np.array([1,2,3]*3)
Out[81]:
array([1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3])
Repeatelementsofanarrayusingrepeat.
In[82]:
np.repeat([1,2,3],3)
Out[82]:
array([1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3])
CombiningArrays
In[83]:
p=np.ones([2,3],int)
p
Out[83]:
array([[1,1,1],
[1,1,1]])
Usevstacktostackarraysinsequencevertically(rowwise).
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In[84]:
np.vstack([p,2*p])
Out[84]:
array([[1,1,1],
[1,1,1],
[2,2,2],
[2,2,2]])
Usehstacktostackarraysinsequencehorizontally(columnwise).
In[85]:
np.hstack([p,2*p])
Out[85]:
array([[1,1,1,2,2,2],
[1,1,1,2,2,2]])
Operations
Use+,,*,/and**toperformelementwiseaddition,subtraction,multiplication,divisionandpower.
In[86]:
print(x+y)#elementwiseaddition[123]+[456]=[579]
print(xy)#elementwisesubtraction[123][456]=[333]
[579]
[333]
In[87]:
print(x*y)#elementwisemultiplication[123]*[456]=[41018]
print(x/y)#elementwisedivison[123]/[456]=[0.250.40.5]
[41018]
[0.250.40.5]
In[88]:
print(x**2)#elementwisepower[123]^2=[149]
[149]
DotProduct:
y1
[ x 1 x 2 x 3 ] y2 = x 1 y1 + x 2 y2 + x 3 y3
y3
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In[89]:
x.dot(y)#dotproduct1*4+2*5+3*6
Out[89]:
32
In[90]:
z=np.array([y,y**2])
print(len(z))#numberofrowsofarray
2
Let'slookattransposingarrays.Transposingpermutesthedimensionsofthearray.
In[91]:
z=np.array([y,y**2])
z
Out[91]:
array([[4,5,6],
[16,25,36]])
Theshapeofarrayzis(2,3)beforetransposing.
In[92]:
z.shape
Out[92]:
(2,3)
Use.Ttogetthetranspose.
In[93]:
z.T
Out[93]:
array([[4,16],
[5,25],
[6,36]])
Thenumberofrowshasswappedwiththenumberofcolumns.
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In[94]:
z.T.shape
Out[94]:
(3,2)
Use.dtypetoseethedatatypeoftheelementsinthearray.
In[95]:
z.dtype
Out[95]:
dtype('int64')
Use.astypetocasttoaspecifictype.
In[96]:
z=z.astype('f')
z.dtype
Out[96]:
dtype('float32')
MathFunctions
Numpyhasmanybuiltinmathfunctionsthatcanbeperformedonarrays.
In[97]:
a=np.array([4,2,1,3,5])
In[98]:
a.sum()
Out[98]:
3
In[99]:
a.max()
Out[99]:
5
45/45

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