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Chapter 12
Structural Dynamics
12.1
Basics of Structural Dynamics
12.2
Step-by-Step: Lifting Fork
12.3
Step-by-Step: Two-Story Building
12.4
More Exercise: Ball and Rod
12.5
More Exercise: Guitar String
12.6
Review
Section 12.1
Basics of Structural Dynamics
Key Concepts
Viscous Damping
Material Damping
Coulomb Friction
Modal Analysis
Harmonic Response Analysis
Transient Structural Analysis
Explicit Dynamics
Response Spectrum Analysis
Random Vibration Analysis
[2] Total
mass lumped at
the first floor.
k1
m1
[5] Total
bending stiffness
of the secondfloor's beams
and columns.
k2
c1
c2
m2
F = ma
p kx cx = m
x
m
x + cx + kx = p
p
c
m
x + kx = 0
The
x = Asin t + B
Natural frequency: =
Natural period: T =
1
f
(rad/s) or f =
(Hz)
m
2
Displacement (x)
m
x + cx + kx = 0
time (t)
Where
d = 1 2 , =
c
, c = 2m
cc c
2
d
Td
Displacement (x)
Td =
time (t)
Damping Mechanisms
Analysis System
The foregoing concepts may be generalized to multipledegrees-of-freedom cases,
M
{D} + C {D } + K {D} = {F }
{D} = {F }
Modal Analysis
M
{D} + C {D } + K {D} = 0
{Di },i =1,2,...,n . These solutions are called mode shapes of the structure. Each mode
shape {Di } can be excited by an external excitation of frequency i , called the natural
frequency of the mode.
In a modal analysis, since we are usually interested only in the natural frequencies
and the shapes of the vibration modes, the damping effect is usually neglected to
simplify the calculation,
M
{D} + K {D} = 0
{D} + C {D } + K {D} = {F }
<Harmonic Response> analysis solves a special form of the equation, in which the
external force on ith degree of freedom is of the form
Fi = Ai sin(t + i )
where Ai is the amplitude of the force, i is the phase angle of the force, and is
the angular frequency of the external force. The steady-state solution of the
equation will be of the form
Di = Bi sin(t + i )
The goal of the harmonic response analysis to find the magnitude Bi and the
phase angle i , under a range of frequencies of the external force.
10
{D} + C {D } + K {D} = {F }
<Transient Structural> analysis solves the general form of the equation. External
force {F} can be time-dependent forces. All nonlinearities can be included. It uses
a direct integration method to calculate the dynamic response.
11
Explicit Dynamics
{D} + C {D } + K {D} = {F }
12
Section 12.2
Lifting Fork
Problem Description
During the
handling, the fork
accelerates upward
to a velocity of 6 m/s
in 0.3 second, and
then decelerates to
a full stop in another
0.3 second, causing
the glass panel to
vibrate.
13
The maximum
static deflection
is 15 mm.
14
[1] History of
tip-deflection.
15
16
Section 12.3
Two-Story Building
Problem Description
Harmonic loads
will apply on this
floor deck.
17
Modal Analysis
[1] The first
mode (1.55 Hz).
18
At dancing frequency of
1.55 Hz, the structure is
excited such that the
maximum X-displacement
is 0.0174 in (0.44 mm).
This value is too small to
be worried about.
19
Although high frequencies do excite the floor, but the values are
very small. At frequency of 10.3 Hz, the excitation reaches a
maximum of 0.0033 in (0.1 times of 0.033 in), or 0.084 mm. The
value is too small to cause an issue.
Amplitude of vertical
deflection of the floor
due to harmonic load
of magnitude of 1 psf.
20
Section 12.4
Disk and Block
Problem Description
21
Results
22
Solution Behavior
23
Section 12.5
Guitar String
24