FO

Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6 (2): 654 - 658 (2014)

JANS

ANSF

UNDATI O

ED AND
PLI
N
AP

AL SCIE
NC
UR
AT

2008

Analysis of different paddy transplanting methods in northern India:

Ergo - economical study
Pragya Ojha*and Seema Kwatra
Department of Family Resource Management, College of Home Science, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture &
Technology, Pantnagar (Uttarakhand), INDIA
*Corresponding author. E-mail: ojha.pragya063@gmail.com
Received: August 09, 2014; Revised received: September 23, 2014; Accepted: November 15, 2014
Abstract: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production constitutes the major economic activity and a key source of employment
for the rural population of India. Manual transplanting of paddy in puddle field is a very tedious job and involves lot of
fatigue and drudgery. To reduce the labour demand and time consumption, power operated transplanters are also
available but the poor socio- economic conditions of Indian farmers restrict them to adopt modern technology.
Keeping this in view, the present study was planned to compare the economic cost and the rate of human drudgery
among female farm workers, during manual hand transplanting with the power operated eight- row paddy
transplanter. For the ergonomical evaluation, twenty female subjects were selected in the age group of 20- 55 years.
Physiological parameters like HR, energy expenditure, TCCW and PCW etc. were measured in different
transplanting operations. The mean value of working heart rate was assessed to be maximum 138.327.67 beats/ min in
manual hand transplanting and 110.125.79 beats/min in eight- row paddy transplanter. The energy
expenditure rate was measured 18.400.95 kJ/min in local transplanting method and reduced to 15.171.68 kJ/min
with paddy transplanter. TCCW was found to be 1965.563.66 beats for manual transplanting of paddy and
770.5839.93 beats by the use of paddy transplanter whereas the PCW was calculated 227.9822.17 in traditional
method and 85.232.64 in improved method. The economic cost of mechanized transplanting was 47% less than
conventional method.
Keywords: Drudgery assessment, Economical cost, Female agriculture workers, Paddy transplanting, Physiological
parameters

INTRODUCTION
Rice is cultivated in 113 countries and it is the staple
food of more than 50 percent population of the world.
About 90 percent rice area exists in Asia (Das, 2012).
India with highest area under the crop is the second
largest producer of rice in the world after China but
ranks 35th with respect to its productivity (Mohanty et
al., 2008). The average rice yield in India is only 2.09
t/ha, as compared to 6.58 t/ha in Japan and world
average of 3.91 t/ha (Dinesh and Shivay, 2007). Rice is
cultivated in almost all the states of India but most of
its cultivation is concentrated in the river valleys,
deltas of rivers and coastal plains. The main rice
producing states are Tamil Nadu, West Bengal,
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh,
Karnataka, Assam and Maharashtra (Mohanty et al.,
2008).
During various rice cultivation operations agriculture
workers are suffered with high physical strain and
fatigue. In overall paddy cultivation process manual
rice transplanting operation is one of the drudgery
prone and back- breaking activity. Due to severe weed

problem and grazing in lean season the farmers prefer

transplanting than direct sowing of seeds. Generally it
is found that the production increases 10-12 percent in
transplanting from direct sowing. Manual paddy
transplanting is a labour intensive operation which
requires 200-250 man-h/ha. During peak season
labourers are not available (Das, 2012).
Therefore modern agricultural technologies play a vital
role in developing countries. Mechanization increases
land productivity by timely completion of farm
operations. It increases labour productivity and reduce
drudgery of human and animals. It increases
production by precision and efficient placement of
inputs such as seed, fertilizer, chemicals and irrigation
water. Mechanization decreases cost of production by
reducing labour needed for particular operation and
economy of power and other inputs (Das, 2012).
Though modernization of agriculture is taking place at
a rapid pace, but the jobs attended by women remain
more or less the same (Kishtwaria et al., 2009). The
strength and efficiency of the female agricultural
workers is 70 percent of male workers (Astrand and
Rodahl, 1986). Manual rice transplantation is a tedious

ISSN : 0974-9411 (Print), 2231-5209 (Online) All Rights Reserved Applied and Natural Science Foundation www.ansfoundation.org

655

Pragya Ojha and Seema Kwatra / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6 (2): 654 - 658 (2014)

exercise but women farm workers play a chief role in

this activity throughout the world. Transplanting and
associated activities shared 22.3 per cent of total time
spent by farmers family women and 45.6 per cent of
women wage earners (Mohanty et al., 2012). Keeping
this in view, an attempt was made to compare
economic cost and the ergonomic aspects of quantum
of drudgery with conventional and mechanized method
of paddy transplanting. This research was aimed to
know the rate of physiological workload on the female
agricultural workers while performing the manual
paddy transplanting and reduce their physiological
fatigue and human drudgery by introducing an
improved technology and ergonomical evaluation both
the methods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Selection of subject and field: The ergonomical
evaluation of paddy transplanting was conducted with
female agricultural workers in Tarai agro- climatic
zone of Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand
state, India in the month of June- July. Twenty female
subjects in the age group of 20- 55 years were selected
because they usually attain their highest strength level
between 20-45 years (Mc Ardle et al., 2001). The
paddy transplanting operation was done for 7:00
A.M.12:30 P.M. and 2:00 P.M. to 5:30 P.M. For the
comparison of drudgery and economical cost in
mechanized and conventional method, agriculture
women performed the paddy transplantation activity
with manual transplanting in bending posture and
power operated eight row paddy transplanter adopted
from Department of Farm Machinery and Power
Engineering, College of technology, GBPUA&T,
Pantnagar. The detail of specifications of power
operated 8 row paddy transplanter is given in Table 1.
Field women performed the continuous transplanting
operations for 50 minutes and taking 10 minutes break.
For the assessment of physical and physiological
parameters of female workers heart rate, blood
pressure, VO2 max, body mass index (BMI), age,
weight, energy expenditure, total cardiac cost of work
(TCCW) physiological cost of work (PCW), rate of
perceived exertion and overall discomfort rating were
taken into consideration. The physiological parameters
were assessed at about 28-32 c temperature and 90-92
percent humidity. Before going to field HR rest, blood
pressure, and oxygen consumption rate of the subjects
were measured. After 50 minutes of continuous
operation HR work, VO2, energy expenditure, total
cardiac cost of work, physiological cost of work, rate
of perceived exertion and overall discomfort rating
were measured.
Calibration of subjects: The subjects were calibrated
with the Harvard step stool test to determine their
physical fitness index by using following formula:
Physical fitness index = Duration of stepping 100 /
Sum of 1st, 2nd and 3rd minute recovery heart rate

The physical fitness of the respondents was calculated

and interpreted by using physical fitness index (PFI)
score given by Verghese et al. (1994) and the
respondents were ranked from poor to excellent. The
resting heart rate (HR rest), oxygen consumption rate
at rest (VO2 rest) and the blood pressure were
measured at rest and 15 minute prior to any
experiment. The blood pressure of the samples was
measured by digital blood pressure monitor and the
heart rate was measured by Polar heart rate monitor
and recorded as HR=beat/min.
The oxygen consumption rate was calculated by
following formula: VO2= 0.023 Body weight (kg) 0.034 Age (years) + 1.65
The body mass index of subjects was calculated by
dividing square of height (m2) to weight (kg).
Assessment of physiological parameters: Following
formula was used to calculate the total
cardiac cost of work (TCCW) and physiological cost
of work (PCW).
Total cardiac cost of work = cardiac cost of work +
cardiac cost of recovery.
TCCW = CCW + CCR; where
CCW = AHR Duration of activity; where
AHR = Avg. working HR- Average resting HR
CCR = (Avg. recovery HR- Average resting HR)
Duration.
Physiological cost of work = Duration of work/TCCW
Energy Expenditure was calculated using the formula:
EE (Kj/min) = 0.159 HR (beats/min) 8.72
Overall discomfort rating (ODR): ODR was
measured on a 10-point visual analogue scale (0- no
discomfort, 10-extreme discomfort) that is an adoption
of a technique developed by Corlett and Bishop
(1976). A scale of 70 cm length was fabricated having
0 to 10 digit marked on it equidistantly. A
movable pointer was provided to indicate the rating. At
the end of each trial, the subjects were asked to
indicate their overall discomfort rating on the scale.
Rate of perceived exertion: The category scale with
ratio properties for intermodal and inter individual
comparison, constructed by Borg (1980) was used to
assess the rate of perceived exertion of female workers
after paddy transplanting activity.
Statistical analysis: Two-sample t-test assuming
unequal variances was performed among the female
rice cultivators to find out whether there is any
significant difference in ergonomical parameters of
workers for the chosen level of significance
(P<0.0001). Statistical analysis was performed using
the statistical package IBM SPSS statistics (Version =20).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The mean heart rate of subjects at rest is found in the
range 70.25 to 76.50 whereas the mean value was
72.96 and the corresponding oxygen consumption was
0.16 l/min. The maximum VO2 of female subjects were
found to be 1.82 l/min and lies in the range 1.2-2.6.

Pragya Ojha and Seema Kwatra / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6 (2): 654 - 658 (2014)

The mean rate of the oxygen consumption of the 20-40

years age group workers was 1.79 l/min whereas the
average range of VO2 of the female workers of above
40 years was calculated as 1.34 l/min. In general, it
was observed that the VO2 max of female decreased
with increase in age. Similar results of VO2 max of
Indian female subjects were also reported earlier (Nag
et al., 1988; Gite, 1996; Vidhu, 2001).
The mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.05 kg/m2
with the range as 19.3 24.36 kg/m2 that indicated that
all the subjects were in normal health as per the
classification given by WHO (2000). Mean rate of
blood pressure was 117.5mmHg/80 mmHg which is
normal in Indian women (Table 2).
Ergonomic evaluation of paddy transplanting: The
ergonomical parameters of the female subjects
changed according to the type of transplanting
procedure from rest value after 50 minutes of work.
These values were given in the table 3. Physiological
response parameters changed due to work represents
the level of fatigue or comfort in a comparative way
and according to these how much the workers can
work efficiently.
Heart rate: The working heart rate (HR work) of the
subjects when the paddy transplanting was performed
with conventional method ranged from 123.78 to
156.45 beats/min with a mean value of 138.32 7.67
Table 1. Specification of power operated eight row paddy
transplanter.

Details

Specifications

Type

Single wheel driven using

mat type rice nursery

Dimensions(LWH)

241021301300 (mm)

Engine (hp)

4.0, air cooled diesel

Number of rows

Row spacing (mm)

238

Hill-to-hill spacing
(mm)

100 -200

Working speed (km/h)

1.5-2.0

Speed of travel on road

(km/h)

8.24

Field capacity (ha/h)

0.13 -0.20

Weight (kg)

656

beats/min. The corresponding values with eight row

transplanter were 100.56 to 121.65 and 110.12 5.79
beats/ min, respectively. This showed a significant
(P<0.0001) decrease of mean HR work by 20.38 %.
The mean work pulse ( HR) with manual
transplanting was observed to be 65.7 0.9 beats/min
but reduced to 51.5 1.6 beats/min with mechanized
method; a reduction of HR by 21.46 %. Work pulse
of 40 beats/ min is the allowable limit for sustained
working (Kroemer et al., 1997).
Oxygen consumption rate (OCR): OCR was found
to be 1.14 0.43 and 0.68 0.12 l/min, respectively
for manual and mechanized method of paddy
transplanting. T-test showed a significant decrease
(40.35%) in OCR with mechanized method
(P<0.0001). Gite and Singh (1997) reported that an
OCR of 0.63 l/min and HR of 105 beats/ min for
women were considered acceptable for sustained work
of 8 hours with intermittent rests (Mohanty et al., 2008).
Energy expenditure rate (EER): EER with manual
transplanting was observed to be 18.40 0.95 kJ/ min
whereas with eight row transplanter it decreased to
15.17 1.68 kJ/min (17.55 %). The total cardiac cost
of work (TCCW) was found to be 1965.4 and 770.58
in case of manual and mechanical method respectively.
With paddy tranplanter, the TCCW reduced by
60.79%. The corresponding physiological cost of work
(PCW) was 227.98 and 85.23 in manual and
mechanical transplanting, respectively.
Overall discomfort rating (ODR): ODR was 7.95 1.09
and 4.15 0.65 with manual and mechanical method
respectively. ODR decreased significantly (P<0.01) by
47.80 % with paddy transplanter. The body parts with
Table 2. Physiological parameters of selected subjects (N=20).

Physical
characteristics of
subjects
Age

Range

Mean S.D.

(20-55)

39.059.03

Height, cm

(145.26158.89)

151.623.60

Weight, kg

(46.3658.32)

51.113.34

(19.3-24.36)

22.051.45

HR rest, beats/min

(70.2476.51)

72.961.91

320

HR max, beats/min

(176-200)

188.27.27

Type

Single wheel driven using

mat type rice nursery

VO2 rest, l/min

(0.12- 0.24)

0.160.03

Dimensions(LWH)

241021301300 (mm)

Engine (hp)

4.0, air cooled diesel

(1.2-2.6)
(110/70125/90)

1.820.41
117.5/8010.6
0/14.14

Number of rows

VO2 Max, l/min

Blood pressure
(Sys/Dias),
mmHg/mmHg
VO2 max, l/min

(1.2-2.6)

1.820.41

BMI, Kg/m2

657

Pragya Ojha and Seema Kwatra / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6 (2): 654 - 658 (2014)

Table 3. Comparative ergonomical evaluation of manual transplanting with power operated eight row rice transplanter (N=20).

Ergonomical
parameters
HR work
(beats/min)
Work pulse
(beats/min)
VO2 work
(l/min)
EER (kJ/min)
TCCW
PCW
Overall
discomfort
rating
Rate of
perceived
exertion
Field
capacity, ha/h

Manual rice
transplanting

Eight row paddy

transplanter

%
Decrease

t cal

P value

Range

MeanS.D.

Range

Mean S.D.

(123.78156.45)
(59.8 70.8)

138.327.67

110.125.79

20.38

13.12**

<0.0001

65.70.9

(100.56121.65)
(45.3-59.5)

51.61.6

21.46

34.34**

<0.0001

(0.69-1.87)

1.140.43

(0.54-0.92)

0.680.12

40.35

4.60**

<0.0001

(16.54-20.54)

18.400.95

15.171.68

17.55

7.48**

<0.0001

1965.463.66
227.9822.17

(11.6517.89)
-

770.5839.93
85.232.64

60.79
82.61

(6.5-10)

7.951.09

(3-5.5)

4.150.65

47.80

13.39**

<0.0001

(8-10)

9.470.59

(0.5-3)

1.220.76

87.11

38.34**

<0.0001

(0.003-0.015)

0.0040.002

(0.13-0.20)

0.1650.02

97.57

35.82**

<0.0001

maximum discomfort as expressed by the operators

were right upper leg, lower back, right lower leg, right
foot, right upper arm and right in the descending order.
The body parts discomfort was mainly due to the effort
to maintain a static and bending posture while manual
transplanting.
Rate of perceived exertion (RPE): RPE analysis
result showed that the RPE was 9.47 0.59 and 1.22 0.76
with manual and mechanical method respectively. RPE
decreased significantly (P<0.0001) by 87.11 % with
paddy transplanter.
Economics of transplanting methods: The daily
wage of workers was taken to be Rs.200 with ten
minutes break after every fifty minutes. Actual
working time was observed 7:45 h/man/day. For the
conventional method of paddy transplantation, the
labour requirement was 243-250 man-h/ha, which
means for transplantation of one hectare area, 33.55
man powers is required per day. The cost of manual
transplanting was 6710/ha/day. Whereas, the field
capacity of 8 row power operated paddy transplanter
was 0.13-0.20 ha/h (1.22 ha). The annual fixed cost
and variable costs were calculated by depreciation
method by taking the purchase cost, annual uses of
transplanter and life of machine. Therefore, the
economic cost of mechanized transplanting was 47%
less than conventional method which is Rs 3557/ha.
The transplanter saved 22% labour costs/day as
compared to manual transplanting.

Conclusion
On the basis of above findings it was concluded that

the mean heart rate of women workers in the manual

method and eight-row rice transplanter was 138.32 and
110.12 beats/min, respectively. The higher values of
the work pulse in manual method suggested a need for
providing the women workers with adequate breaks for
rest. In comparison with traditional practice, eight-row
rice transplanter could reduce drudgery by 82.61and
17.55 percent in terms of physiological cost per
hectare and energy expenditure per hectare,
respectively. The transplanter enables women to avoid
adopting the bending posture in repetitive motion
required in the traditional method. The economic cost
of mechanized transplanting was Rs 3557/ha, which is
47% less than conventional method. This study also
highlighted that due to high level of physiological
workload during manual method of paddy
|transplanting, maximum farm women suffered from
the work related disorders and which decreases their
performance on the field. In this study it was
recommended that for the significant reduction of the
physiological workload and human drudgery, there is
dire need to create awareness about the use of
|mechanized method of paddy transplantation, among
the farmers of northern India, who are usually involved
in conventional and manual method of transplanting.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge the Indian Council
of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India and G. B.
Pant University of Agriculture and Technology,
Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India for providing funds and
facility for the conduct of the research.

Pragya Ojha and Seema Kwatra / J. Appl. & Nat. Sci. 6 (2): 654 - 658 (2014)

REFERENCES
Astrand, P.O. and Rodahl, K. (1986). A Textbook of work
physiology. Mc. Graw Hill, .New York.
Borg, G. (1980). Acategory scale with ratio properties for
intermodal and interindividual comparisions. In
Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of
Psychology. Leipzig: VEB Deutscher Verlag.
Corlett, E.N. and Bishop R.P. (1976). A technique for assessing postural discomfort. Ergonomics, 19 (2): 175
182.
Das, F.C. (2012) Status and Prospects of Mechanization in
Rice. Rice Knowledge Management Portal. Available
at http://www.rkmp.co.in (accessed July 2014).
Gite, L.P. (1996). Some investigation on a side lever
operated knapsack sprayer from mechanical and
ergonomical considerations. Ph.D. thesis. Indian
Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
Gite, L.P. and Singh, G. (1997). Ergonomics in agricultural
and allied activities in India. No. CIAE/ 97/70, Central
Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India.
Kishtwaria, J., Rana, A. and Sood, S. (2009). Work Pattern
of Hill Farm Women A Study of Himachal Pradesh.
Studies on Home and Community Science,3 (1):67-70.
Dinesh, K. and Shivay, Y.S. (2007). Sustainable crop
production and food security in India. Kurukshetra, 55
(9): 11-16.
Kroemer, K.H.E., Kroemer, H.J. and Kroemer-Elbert, K.E.

658

(1997). Engineering Physiology, New York: Van

Nostrand Reinhold.
Mc Ardle, W.D., Katch, F.I. and Katch, V.L. (2001).
Exercise Physiology, 5th edition. Pennsylvania:
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins publication.
Nag, P.K., Goswami, A., Ashtekar, A.P. and Pradhan, C.K.
(1988). Ergonomics in sickle operation. Applied
Ergonomics, 19 (3): 233-239.
Mohanty, S.K., Behera, B.K. and Satapathy, G.C. (2008).
Ergonomics of farm women in manual paddy
threshing. Agricultural Engineering International: the
CIGR Ejournal. Manuscript MES 08 002. Vol. X.
Mohanty, S.K., Mishra J.N. and Ghosal, M.K. (2012).
Ergonomical evaluation of paddy transplanting
operations in Odisha. International Journal of
Agriculture Engineering. 5(2):153-157.
Verghese, M.A., Saha, P.N., Bhatnagar, A. and Chauhan, M.
(1994). Development of data base for occupational
Workload and physical fitness status of India women.
Bombay: DSA.
Vidhu, K.P. (2001). An investigation on ergonomic
evaluation of selected rice forming. M.E (Agril.)
thesis. Tamil Nadu Agriculture University,
Coimbatore, India.
WHO (2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global
epidemic. WHO Technical Report Series No. 894.
WHO, Geneva.