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STONE COLUMN :
Stone column construction involves the partial
replacement (usually 15 to 35% of the weak soil by
volume) of unsuitable subsurface soils with a
compacted vertical column of the stone.
Stone columns can be used :
To enhance the bearing capacity
To reduce the settlement of soft soils such as peats
To accelerate the stage of primary consolidation
To reduce the liquefaction potential of sands
To improve the stability of slopes
2. Vibro-replacement Method
This method is used to improve cohesive soils
with more than 18% passing US standard sieve.
Equipment used is similar to that for vibrocompaction.
3. Vibro-compozer Method
Used for stabilizing soft clays in the presence
of high groundwater levels.
The sand compaction piles are constructed by
casing pipe to the desired depth using a heavy,
vertical vibratory hammer located at the top of
the pipe.
Casing is filled with a specified volume of the
sand and the casing is then repeatedly extracted
and partially redriven using the vibratory hammer
starting from the bottom.
The process is repeated until a fully
penetrating granular pile is constructed.
Vibro-compozer method
4. Cased-borehole Method
A good substitute for vibrator compaction
considering its low cost.
The method uses a hammer weighing 15 to 20
kN falling through a height of 1.0 to 1.5 m.
The stone aggregate placed in prebored holes
is rammed by the hammer.
The disturbance and subsequent remoulding by
ramming operation may limit its applicability to
sensitive soils.
Pile arrangements :
In general the stone column are placed on
a regular grid. There are three possible regular
arrangements.
The column may lie on the vertices of an
equilateral triangle, a square or a regular
hexagon.
Failure Mechanisms:
Single granular pile
Most probable failure mechanism is bulging
failure.
Mechanism applies if either free floating or end
bearing pile is generally greater than about 3
diameter in length.
A very short pile bearing on a firm support will
undergo either a general or local bearing
capacity type failure at the surface.
Floating pile less than about 2 to 3 diameter in
length may fail in end bearing in the weak
underlying layer before bulging failure can
develop.
2. Granular pile
groups
For wide flexible
loading (i.e.
embankment
over a granular
pile improved
foundation soil)
lateral
spreading may
be one of the
failure mode.
4
d
=
(
)
1)For Triangular arrangement: e 2 s
16 14
de = ( 2 ) s
2) For Square arrangement:
de = (
27
4
)
s
2
Ap
de 2
=
= c( )
Ac
S
C is a constant depends on
arrangement of pile.
n=
= p + s (1 )
n
= p
p =
1 + (n 1)
s =
1 + (n 1)
= s
N = ( 1 / 2 ) N + N
1
where, N C , N C , N , N , N q
are the dimensionless
factors depend on the properties of the trench and
soil materials and the ratio A/B. c2 , 2 and c1 1 are
cohesion and unit weight of soil and trench
materials respectively, and Df is the depth of the
foundation.
1
1 + sin s
E
qult = { ro + c 1 + log e
}
2c(1 + ) 1 sin s
Settlement:
Equilibrium Method :
From conventional one dimensional theory the
primary consolidation
0 +c
cc
H log10
St =
1 + e0
0
c is change in vertical stress in the clay due
to applied external stress
c = c
1
St (improved )
c =
=
[1 + (n 1)as ] S (unimproved )
U = 1 (1 U z )(1 U r )
where, U is average degree of consolidation of
the cohesive layer considering both radial and
vertical drainage, Uz is degree of consolidation
considering vertical flow, and Ur is degree of
consolidation considering only radial flow.
The degree of consolidation in the vertical
direction is calculated using Terzaghis one
dimensional theory and Barrons theory for
radial direction.
Liquefaction application:
A possible method of stabilizing a soil deposit
susceptible to liquefaction is to install a system of
granular piles (rock drain) so that the pore water
pressure generated by cyclic loading could be
dissipated almost as fast as generated.
Slope stability:
Use of stone columns to improve the underlying soft
soil is one of the viable alternatives for increasing
the safety factor ( with respect to a general
rotational or linear type stability failure ) to an
acceptable level.