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marialejandra_c91@hotmail.com
2
jposada@uao.edu.co
pmanrique@uao.edu.co
I. INTRODUCTION
The increasing concern about the global warming, the
exponential growth of the population of the world and the
fact that it is getting harder and more expensive to extract
oil from fossil fuels is making people more aware of the use
of renewable energy sources. Solar energy is one of the
most important sources of energy in the world since it can
be converted into other sources of energy such as chemical
(fuel cells), thermal (heat collectors) and electricity
(photovoltaic). Photovoltaic solar panels use the
photovoltaic effect in order to transform solar energy into
electricity. During this process, no pollutant emissions are
C-Maximum power
Maximum Power Voltage
Maximum Power Current
Short circuit Current
Open circuit Voltage
Module efficiency
265 W
30.1 V
8.79 A
9.37 A
38.3 V
16.3%
The electronic circuit from Fig. 1 corresponds to the fiveparameter equivalent circuit. The current source represents
the current generated by the sunlight absorption
(photocurrent). The diode represents the p-n junction of the
solar cell, the series resistance represents the voltage loss in
the metal contacts of the PV panel, and the parallel or shunt
resistance represents a crack through the semiconductor
layer or a current path at the edge of the solar cell, Eq. (1)
describes the diode behavior.
=
1 ,
(1)
Where:
- represents the current at a certain voltage value
- is the extreme small current under reverse bias
conditions or leakage current of a p-n junction (diode)
V- Diode voltage
- Electron charge = 1.6e-19 C
- Boltzmanns constant = 1.38e-23 J/K
- Temperature in Kelvin
When the p-n junction is illuminated with light, a large
current is generated. This current generated by the light
absorption is represented with the current source of Fig. 1.
The equation (2) describes the solar cell behavior, where
is the photocurrent generated by light excited charge
carriers.
1,
(2)
ln
+1 ,
(3)
(4)
298.15
(5)
Where:
is the solar cells short circuit current at 1000
=
when the cell is operating under STC.
is the solar cells short circuit current temperature, and is
equal to 0.0017
is temperature in Kelvin
Based on Eq. (4) and modifying the irradiance value
in Eq. (5), the I-V and P-V curves of Fig. 3 were
obtained. Figure 3 shows that the higher the irradiance, the
larger the current gets. Since the current and the voltage
increase when the irradiance is greater, it is expected that
the power also increases, dotted line on the Fig. 3. In the
same way, Eq. (3) shows the direct relation between the
temperature and the voltage of the PV solar cell. The
characteristic I-V and P-V curves from Fig. 4. were
obtained by varying the temperature value from 25 to 70 C.
Equation (6) describes how the modules saturation current
varies with the cell temperature.
exp
Where:
is the temperature reference in Kelvin
is the band gap energy = 1.21 eV for silicon
(6)
Fig. 3. IV and PV curves, the lower curve in booth Y axis represents the
lower irradiance value.
Fig. 4. IV and PV curves, the lower curve in booth Y axis answer to the
lower temperature value
(7)
(8)
(9)
Fig. 6. PV solar system modeled in Matlab/Simulink and DS1104 system with the step-times used for each subsystem.
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
Fig. 10. MPPT under changing atmospheric conditions using the P&O
agorithm.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents an emulation tool and process to
predict and analyze the behavior of a complete PV system.
The emulator is implemented using dSPACE RTI1104
controller board, and MATLAB/SIMULINK for modeling
solar PV characteristics.
[9]
[10]