Aashto PCC KH KS

Concrete Pavement Design Details
and Construction Practices

Companion Workbook
1986/1993 AASHTO Guide Procedure
1998 AASHTO Supplement Procedure
Prepared for
Federal Highway Administration, Pavements Division

400 Seventh Street SW, Washington, DC 20590
and
National Highway Institute

4600 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 700, Arlington, VA 22203
Prepared by
Kathleen T. Hall
73 Bedford Road, Mundelein, IL 60060
and
Kurt D. Smith, Applied Pavement Technology, Inc.

3001 Research Road, Suite C, Champaign, IL 61822
If you have comments or questions about this workbook, please contact:

Katie Hall
kthall@wwa.com
847-549-8410
or
Kurt Smith
kurtsmith@aol.com
217-398-3977
Contents of this Workbook

Worksheet
Description
cover
cover page and table of contents
roadmap
roadmap to worksheets in this companion workbook
k correlation
k value correlations to soil type and properties
k backcalc
k value backcalculation equations
98 k steps
description of steps in determining design k value for 1998 AASHTO method
98 fill-rigid
adjustment to k value for embankment and/or shallow rigid layer for 1998 AASHTO method
98 seasonal k
calculation of seasonally adjusted design k value for 1998 AASHTO method
98 AASHTO
concrete slab thickness design by 1998 AASHTO method
98 fault chk
faulting check for undoweled and doweled pavements for 1998 AASHTO method
climate
climatic data for major US cities
86 seasonal k
calculation of seasonally adjusted design k value for 1986/1993 AASHTO method
86 AASHTO
concrete slab thickness design by 1986/1993 AASHTO method
cover
Roadmap for this Companion Workbook
Design by 1986/1993
AASHTO Guide Method
Design by 1998 AASHTO

Supplement Method
98 k steps
98 fill-rigid
k correlation
86 seasonal k
98 seasonal k
k backcalc
86 AASHTO
98 AASHTO
climate
98 fault chk
roadmap
Correlations Between K Value, Soil Type, Soil Properties, and Degree of Saturation
AASHTO
Class
Description
Unified
Class
Dry Density
(lb/cu ft)
CBR
(percent)
Coarse-Grained Soils
125 140
gravel
GW, GP
120 130
coarse sand
SW
110 130
fine sand
SP
105 120
A-1-a, well graded

A-1-a, poorly graded
A-1-b
A-3
k value
(psi/in)
60 80
35 60
20 40
15 25
300
300
200
150
450
400
400
300
A-2 Soils (Granular Materials with High Fines):

A-2-4, gravelly
silty gravel
A-2-5, gravelly
silty sandy gravel
A-2-4, sandy
silty sand
A-2-5, sandy
silty gravelly sand
A-2-6, gravelly
clayey gravel
A-2-7, gravelly
clayey sandy gravel
A-2-6, sandy
clayey sand
A-2-7, sandy
clayey gravelly sand
A-4
Subgrade k value (psi/in)
40 80
300 500
SM
120 135
20 40
300 400
GC
120 140
20 40
200 450
SC
105 130
10 20
150 350
48
25 165
Fine-Grained Soils (See Note):

90 105
ML, OL
silt/sand/gravel mix
100 125
silt
5 15
40 220
poorly graded silt
MH
80 - 100
48
25 190
A-6
plastic clay
CL
100 125
5 15
25 255
CL, OL
90 125
4 15
25 215
CH, OH
80 110
35
40 - 220
moderately plastic
elastic clay
highly plastic
A-7-6
200
130 145
A-5
A-7-5
250
GM
elastic clay
The recommended k value ranges apply to a homogeneous layer at least 10 ft thick. If an embankment layer less than 10 ft thick exists over a
softer subgrade, the k value of the underlying soil should be estimated from A-6
the above table and adjusted for the type and thickness of
embankment material (see fill-rigid worksheet). The k value should also be adjusted if a stiff layer (e.g., bedrock) exists within 10 ft of the top
A-7-6
of the soil (see fill-rigid worksheet).
A-7-5
The k value of fine-grained soil is highly dependent on the degree of saturation. See chart below.
A-5
A-4
150
100
50
50
60
70
80
90
Degree of saturation (percent)

k correlation
100
Backcalculation of k Value from Deflections

Equations are provided below for backcalulating the dynamic k value, including correction for finite slab size,
from deflections measured with a falling weight deflectometer or similar device, using the SHRP sensor configuration.
In the calculations below, the backcalculated dynamic k value is divided by 2 to obtain an estimated static k value
for use in the AASHTO design procedures.
For the purpose of backcalculating k value, it is not necessary to normalize the deflections to a particular load level,
nor is it necessary to know the layer thicknesses, nor to make any adjustments to the deflections for temperature.
However, deflections measured when the slab is curled out of contact with the base or foundation
should not be used to backcalculate k values without adjustment.
Enter the slab length (joint spacing) and slab width in feet below for use in the slab size correction.
Slab length
Slab width
15
12
ft
ft
Calculated L
13.42
ft
Bare Concrete Pavement

station
k static
psi/in
load P
pounds
d0
mils
d8
mils
d12
mils
d18
mils
d24
mils
d36
mils
d60
mils
AREA7
in
l init
in
d0*
k init
psi/in
AF d0
AF l
k adj
psi/in
k static
psi/in
106
8990
4.18
3.98
3.84
3.61
3.36
2.88
2.05
45.0
40.71
0.1237
160
0.868
0.934
212
106
Composite Pavement
station
k static
psi/in
load P
pounds
d12
mils
d18
mils
d24
mils
d36
mils
d60
mils
AREA5
in
l init
in
d12*
k init
psi/in
AF d0
AF l
k adj
psi/in
k static
psi/in
98
9025
3.49
3.32
3.13
2.73
2.02
37.8
48.83
0.1189
129
0.823
0.896
195
98
k backcalc
Steps in Determining k Value for Use in 1998 AASHTO Supplement Procedure
Correlation method
Estimate k for one or more seasons from
correlations with soil type, density, CBR, and
degree of saturation.
Backcalculation method
or
See k correlation worksheet.
Fill/rigid layer adjustments

for correlation method
Correlations of k to soil type and properties
apply to a homogeneous soil layer at least 10
ft [3 m] thick. If an embankment layer less
than 10 ft [3 m] thick exists or will be placed
over a softer soil, the k value of the underlying
soil should be estimated from the available
correlations and adjusted for the type and
thickness of embankment.
Backcalculate dynamic k from deflections

measured on in-service pavement. Divide the
mean backcalculated k by 2 to estimate the
static k.
Plate load test method
See k backcalc worksheet.
Measure k according to AASHTO T221 or T222,

using a 30-in-diameter plate. In the repetitive
test (T221), k is the ratio of load to elastic
(recoverable) deformation. In the nonrepetitive
test (T222) k is the load-deformation ratio at a
deformation of 0.05 in.

for backcalculation method

for plate load testing method
No fill or rigid layer adjustments are needed if

the type and depth of fill and the depth to a
rigid layer are the same for the pavement
being designed and the pavement on which
the deflections were measured.
AASHTO T 221 and T 222 specify that if the

pavement is to be built on an embankment, the
plate bearing tests should be conducted on a
test embankment.
If a stiff layer (e.g., bedrock) exists within 10 ft

[3 m] of the top of the soil, the k value should
be adjusted.
A fill adjustment and/or a rigid layer adjustment

is needed if the fill and rigid layer
characteristics of the pavement being
designed differ from those of the pavement
tested.
See 98 fill-rigid worksheet.
See 98 fill-rigid worksheet.
or
If the testing is not conducted on a test

embankment equal in material and thickness to
the embankment which wll be constructed, a fill
adjustment is needed. See 98 fill-rigid
worksheet.
The effect of a rigid layer is reflected in the plate
load test results; no adjustment is needed.
Assign k to seasons of the year

Among the factors which should be considered in assigning seasonal k values are the seasonal movement of
the water table, seasonal precipitation levels, winter frost depths, number of freeze-thaw cycles, and the extent
of frost protection provided by embankment material.
A ''frozen" k may not be appropriate for winter, even in a cold climate, if the frost will not remain in a significant
thickness (a few feet) of the subgrade throughout the winter. A k value of 500 psi/in is reasonable for a subgrade
frozen to a significant depth.
The seasonal variation in degree of saturation is difficult to predict, but in locations where a water table is
constantly present at a depth of less than about 10 ft, it is reasonable to expect that fine-grained subgrades will
remain at least 70 to 90 percent saturation, and may be completely saturated for substantial periods in the
spring. The highest position of the water table, but not its annual variation, can be determined from county soil
reports.
See 98 seasonal k worksheet.
Calculate seasonally adjusted k value for use in design

The seasonally adjusted design k value is a damage-weighted average k which yields the same predicted
performance over the course of a year as the k values assigned to the different seasons.
See 98 seasonal k worksheet.
98 k steps
Density of fill (lb/cu ft)
Thickness of fill (ft)
12
90 100 110 120
130
140
150
10
8
6
4
2
psi/in
600
400
200
200
600
400
psi/in
Adjusted k value
200
Enter with k for

natural subgrade
< 10 ft
Depth to
rigid layer
400
> 10 ft
psi/in
98 fill-rigid
1 ft = 0.305 m,
1 psi/in = 0.27 kPa/mm,
1 lb/cu ft = 159 N/cu m
98 fill-rigid
Seasonally Adjusted Design K Value for 1998 AASHTO Supplement Procedure

Enter the number of months for each season, so that total number of months is twelve.
Enter a k value for each season.
Press the "solve for seasonally adjusted k value" button.
Use this seasonally adjusted design k value in the 98 AASHTO thickness design worksheet.
Season
Months
k value
W'
log Relative
spring
(psi/in)
100
(millions)
17.72
Damage
0.0564
summer
fall
3
3
130
150
15.10
13.88
0.0662
0.0721
winter
120
15.84
0.0631
Weighted Mean Relative Damage

Weighted Mean W' (millions)
0.0645
15.511
Seasonally adjusted effective k value (psi/in)
124
For the purpose of calculating the seasonally adjusted design k value, a trial slab thickness is calculated using
the inputs from the 98 AASHTO worksheet and the arithmetic average of the seasonal k values above.
parameter
slab thickness
arithmetic average k value
symbol
value
units
D
kave
11.74
125
in
psi/in
The values for the following parameters are taken from the 98 AASHTO worksheet.
W18
estimated future ESALs

design reliability
R
So
overall standard deviation
30,000,000
95
0.39
mean 28-day concrete elastic modulus
Ec
4,000,000
psi
mean 28-day concrete flexural strength

concrete Poisson's ratio
S'c
650
0.20
psi
1,250,000
psi
Eb
base elastic modulus
Hb
base thickness
slab/base friction coefficient
design k value
f
k
P1
initial serviceability
P2
terminal serviceability
joint spacing
edge support adjustment factor
mean annual temperature
mean annual precipitation
mean annual wind speed
E
temp
precip
wind
6
6
124
in
psi/in
4.5
3.0
10
1.00
69
29
9
ft
deg F
in
mph
Values for the following parameters are calculated from the trial thickness and above inputs.
standard normal deviate

effective positive temperature differential
slab length in inches
ratio of stress with friction to stress with bond
radius of relative stiffness
log of slope of TD effect on stress
stress due to load
total stress due to load and temperature
ZR
TD
L
F
l
log b
sigma l
sigma t
-1.645
12.04
120
1.19
46.12
-1.109
71.00
150.88
deg F
in
in
psi
psi
Values for the following parameters are calculated for the trial thickness and AASHO Road Test constants.
stress due to load
TD
F
l
log b
sigma l
sigma t
9.35
1.04
48.13
-1.427
133.82
188.52
deg F
in
psi
psi
Values for the following parameters are calculated to determine the trial thickness for the design ESALs.
allowable log ESALs for 50% reliability, new design
allowable log W for 50% reliability, AASHO Road Test
log rho term
serviceability loss term
beta term
allowable ESALs for design reliability, new design
expected ESALs for design reliability, new design
ratio of expected to allowable ESALs
log W'
log W
log R
G
B
W'
W18R
8.09
7.77
8.07
-0.30
1.01
28,244,787
30,000,000
1.06
Values for the following parameters are calculated during the seasonally adjusted effective k value calculation.
weighted mean W'
ratio weighted mean W' to allowable ESALs
98 seasonal k
28.24 millions
15.51 millions
0.549
G16:
This value will be updated amd copied to the 98 AASHTO worksheet whenever you click the recalculate seasonally adjusted effective k value button on that worksheet.
G38:
Fine-grained soils
Sand
Aggregate
Lime-stabilized clay
Asphalt-treated base
Cement-treated base
Lean concrete base
G40:
Fine-grained soil
0.5 to 2.0
Sand
0.5 to 1.0
Aggregate
0.7 to 2.0
Polyethlyene
0.5 to 1.0
Lime-stabilized clay
3.0 to 5.3
Cement-treated base
8 to 63
Asphalt-treated base
3.7 to 10
Lean concrete base
without curing compound
> 36
with curing compound
3.5 to 4.5
G45:
1.00 for 12-ft lane and AC shoulder

0.94 for 12-ft lane and tied PCC shoulder
0.92 for widened PCC slab
3,000 to 40,000 psi

10,000 to 25,000 psi
15,000 to 45,000 psi
20,000 to 70,000 psi
300,000 to 600,000 psi
1000 * (500 + compressive strength, psi)
1000 * (500 + compressive strength, psi)
Comments
1998 AASHTO Supplement Procedure for Concrete Pavement Thickness Design

Whenever you change input values below, first click the button "recalculate seasonally adjusted effective k value"
before solving for the required slab thickness or allowable ESALs.
Enter values for the following parameters in the 1998 AASHTO concrete pavement performance model.
parameter
symbol
slab thickness
design reliability
D
W18
value units
11.83
in
3.00E+07 ESALs
95
%
R
So
Ec
4,000,000
psi

concrete Poisson's ratio
S'c
650
0.20
psi
1,250,000
psi
Eb
Hb
base thickness
slab/base friction coefficient
k value
f
k
P1
P2
joint spacing
edge support adjustment factor
mean annual temperature
mean annual precipitation
mean annual wind speed
L
E
temp
precip
wind
0.39
6
in
6
125 psi/in
4.5
3.0
10
ft
0.92
69 deg F
29
in
9 mph
Values for the following parameters are calculated from the above inputs.
ZR

slab length in inches
stress due to load
TD
L
F
l
log b
sigma l
sigma t
-1.645
12.08 deg F
120
in
1.19
46.33
in
-1.110
70.35 psi
148.79
psi
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
Values for the following parameters are calculated for AASHO Road Test constants.
stress due to load
TD
F
l
log b
sigma l
sigma t
9.39 deg F
1.04
48.41
in
-1.428
132.18 psi
186.18
psi
ok
ok
ok
ok now (had 68 instead of 6)
ok
ok
Values for the following parameters are calculated to determine the required slab thickness for the design ESALs.
allowable log ESALs for 50% reliability, new design
allowable log W for 50% reliability, AASHO Road Test
log rho term
serviceability loss term
beta term
expected ESALs for design reliability, new design
98 AASHTO
log W'
log W
log R
G
B
W'
W18R
8.12
7.79
8.09
-0.30
1.01
29,997,613
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
ok
30,000,000
1.00
ok
ok
Joint Faulting Check for 1998 AASHTO Supplement Procedure
Predicted faulting
doweled
0.07 in
undoweled
Enter values for the following parameters to calculate faulting for doweled or undoweled joints.
parameter
dowel diameter
cumulative ESALs
age
modified drainage coefficient
friction adjustment factor
annual temperature range
Freezing Index
base type
widened slab
days above 90 deg F
symbol
dowel
cesal
age
Cd
con
trange
FI
basetype
widen
days90
value
units
1.25
in
40 millions
20
years
1.00
0.80
85
deg F
200 F deg-days
0
0
30
The values below are calculated or taken from the 98 AASHTO worksheet.
joint spacing
distribution factor
moment of inertia dowel x-section
relative stiffness dowel-concrete
average joint opening
concrete bearing stress
annual precipitation
jtspace
fd
10
0.41
ft
in
I
beta
opening
bstress
precip
0.1198
0.6060
0.024
1628
29.00
in4
98 fault chk
in
psi
in
0.13 in
26
33
10
19
6
11
5601
2898
0
0
45
71
21
7
7
6
585
0
0
157
LOUISIANA
Baton Rouge
Lake Charles
New Orleans
Shreveport
68
11
133
MAINE
Tucson
Mean Annual Days 90F

and Above
Fairbanks
King Salmon
ARIZONA
Flagstaff
Phoenix
Freezing Index, degreedays below 32F
Mean Annual Wind

Speed, mi/h
2385
Mean Annual
Precipitation, in
Mean Annual
Temperature, F
15

and Above
35
0
61
52
Mean Annual Wind

Speed, mi/h
74
16
27
Mean Annual
Precipitation, in
7
9
7
ALABAMA
Location
Mean Annual
Temperature, F

and Above
52
65
49
Mean Annual Wind

Speed, mph
62
68
68
Mean Annual
Precipitation, in
Birmingham
Mobile
Montgomery
ALASKA
Anchorage
Location
Mean Annual
Temperature, F
Climatic Data for Use With 1998 AASHTO Supplement Thickness and Faulting Models
54
56
29
40
10
12
673
494
0
50
60
60
31
39
13
10
195
231
59
60
0
0
Oklahoma City
Tulsa
OREGON
Medford
Portland
55
56
46
44
7
8
448
380
54
53
20
37
5
8
61
45
31
0
68
68
68
65
56
53
60
44
8
9
8
9
40
41
74
48
30
75
Salem
PENNSYLVANIA
Harrisburg
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
52
12
7
10
37
53
54
50
39
41
36
8
10
9
454
376
686
0
0
0
39
45
37
44
11
9
2224
966
0
0
Providence
50
SOUTH CAROLINA
Charleston
65
45
11
513
KANSAS
Topeka
Wichita
KENTUCKY
Lexington
Louisville
OKLAHOMA
RHODE ISLAND
ARKANSAS
Little Rock
CALIFORNIA
62
49
102
64
52
19
Bakersfield
Fresno
66
63
6
11
6
6
6
0
98
101
Baltimore
55
MASSACHUSETTS
42
306
Columbia
SOUTH DAKOTA
63
49
54
46
Los Angeles
Sacramento
San Diego
63
61
64
12
17
9
8
8
7
0
0
0
0
63
0
Boston
Worcester
MICHIGAN
52
47
44
48
12
12
446
860
0
0
Huron
Rapid City
TENNESSEE
45
47
19
16
12
11
1840
1232
0
0
San Francisco
Santa Barbara
57
59
20
16
11
6
0
0
0
0
49
47
4
29
10
11
857
1015
0
0
Chattanooga
Knoxville
59
59
53
47
6
7
140
184
0
0
34
10
996
15
15
10
9
588
544
0
0
Grand Rapids
MINNESOTA
Duluth
48
49
50
62
59
52
48
9
8
105
213
61
0
38
30
11
2472
Minneapolis
MISSISSIPPI
45
26
11
1848
Amarillo
Brownsville
57
74
19
25
14
12
200
0
41
97
Jackson
MISSOURI
Kansas City
65
53
52
82
56
35
11
724
Corpus Christi
Dallas
El Paso
72
66
63
30
29
8
12
11
9
0
40
0
87
89
98
45
15
13
1513
50
30
11
1042
Galveston
Houston
Lubbock
Midland
70
68
60
64
40
45
18
14
11
8
12
11
0
0
76
22
0
76
56
93
66
127
San Antonio
Waco
69
67
29
31
9
11
5
27
95
96
Wichita Falls
UTAH
Salt Lake City
VERMONT
64
27
12
91
85
52
15
519
38
Burlington
VIRGINIA
Norfolk
Richmond
Roanoke
44
34
1464
60
58
56
45
44
39
11
8
8
111
175
227
0
0
0
50
53
47
51
39
17
7
9
9
72
31
686
0
0
0
Charleston
Huntington
WISCONSIN
Green Bay
Madison
55
55
42
41
6
7
377
369
0
0
44
45
28
31
10
10
1630
1461
0
0
Milwaukee
WYOMING
Casper
Cheyenne
46
31
12
1202
45
46
11
13
13
13
1128
834
0
0
COLORADO
Colorado Springs
Denver
CONNECTICUT
Hartford
Caribou
Portland
MARYLAND
Location
Detroit
Flint
50
44
690
58
39
200
Wilmington
FLORIDA
Jacksonville
Miami
54
41
371
68
76
53
58
8
9
9
0
56
0
MONTANA
Great Falls
NEBRASKA
Omaha
Orlando
Tallahassee
72
67
48
65
9
6
0
11
85
82
NEVADA
Las Vegas
Tampa
West Palm Beach
GEORGIA
Atlanta
72
75
47
60
9
9
0
0
12
0
49
258
39
53
42
10
374
61
49
81
Reno
NEW JERSEY
Atlantic City
NEW MEXICO
Augusta
Macon
Savannah
HAWAII
Hilo
63
65
66
43
45
50
7
8
8
40
27
14
52
69
38
56
122
53
74
128
Albuquerque
NEW YORK
Albany
Buffalo
New York City
47
48
55
36
38
44
9
12
12
1004
860
321
0
0
0
Honolulu
IDAHO
Boise
Pocatello
ILLINOIS
77
23
12
48
48
31
39
10
10
852
922
0
0
51
47
12
11
9
10
576
958
23
0
Rochester
Syracuse
NORTH CAROLINA
Charlotte
Greensboro
60
58
43
42
8
8
78
137
0
0
Chicago
Peoria
Springfield
INDIANA
Evansville
49
50
53
33
35
34
10
10
11
1017
988
828
0
0
0
59
63
42
53
8
9
104
41
0
0
56
42
483
Raleigh
Wilmington
NORTH DAKOTA
Bismarck
Fargo
41
41
15
20
10
12
2319
2598
0
0
Fort Wayne
Indianapolis
South Bend
IOWA
Des Moines
50
52
49
34
39
38
10
10
10
910
727
878
0
0
0
50
31
11
1202
OHIO
Akron-Canton
Cleveland
Columbus
Dayton
50
50
52
52
36
35
37
35
10
11
9
10
757
768
678
690
0
0
0
0
Sioux City
Waterloo
48
46
25
33
11
11
1366
1602
0
0
Youngstown
48
37
10
861
DC
Washington
DELAWARE
climate
Memphis
Nashville
TEXAS
WASHINGTON
Olympia
Seattle
Spokane
WEST VIRGINIA
Seasonally Adjusted Design K Value for 1986/1993 AASHTO Guide Procedure

Enter the number of months for each season, so that total number of months is twelve.
Enter a k value for each season.
Press the "solve for seasonally adjusted k value" button.
Use this seasonally adjusted design k value in the 86 AASHTO thickness design worksheet.
Season
Months
spring
summer
fall
winter
k value
(psi/in)
W'
(millions)
3
100
26.37
3
130
27.67
3
150
28.44
3
120
27.26
Weighted Mean Relative Damage
Weighted Mean W' (millions)
Seasonally adjusted effective k value (psi/in)
log Relative
Damage
0.0379
0.0361
0.0352
0.0367
0.0365
27.415
124
For the purpose of calculating the seasonally adjusted design k value, a trial slab thickness is calculated using
the inputs from the 86 AASHTO worksheet and the arithmetic average of the seasonal k values above.
parameter
slab thickness
arithmetic average k value
symbol
value
units
D
kave
11.89
125
in
psi/in
The values for the following parameters are taken from the 86 AASHTO worksheet.
W18

design reliability
R
So
79,000,000
50
0.39
Ec
4,000,000
psi
S'c
650
psi
Eb
500,000
psi
base thickness
Hb
4.5
in
Depth to rigid foundation

design k value
Hrig
20
125
ft
psi/in
k
P1
P2
3.0
drainage coefficient
load transfer coefficient
Cd
1.00
2.6
4.5
Values for the following parameters are calculated from the trial thickness and above inputs.
ZR
0.000
composite k value for semi-infinite foundation
kinf
212
psi/in
composite k value for finite depth to rigid layer

allowable log ESALs for design reliability
allowable ESALs for design reliability
kfin
199
8.13
133,922,707
psi/in
log W'
W'
W18
expected ESALs
79,000,000
0.59
Values for the following parameters are calculated during the seasonally adjusted effective k value calculation.
weighted mean W'
ratio weighted mean W' to allowable ESALs
86 seasonal k
133.92 millions
27.42 millions
0.205
1986 AASHTO Guide Procedure for Concrete Pavement Thickness Design

Whenever you change input values below, first click the button "recalculate seasonally adjusted effective k value"
before solving for the required slab thickness or allowable ESALs.
Enter values for the following parameters in the 1986/1993 AASHTO concrete pavement performance model.
parameter
symbol
slab thickness
design reliability
D
W18
value units
10.96
7.90E+07
50
in
R
So
Ec
4,000,000
psi
S'c
650
psi
Eb
500,000
psi
base thickness
Hb
4.5
in
depth to rigid foundation

roadbed soil k value
Hrig
20
ft
124 psi/in
0.39
k
P1
P2
3.0
drainage coefficient
load transfer coefficient
Cd
1.00
2.6
4.5
Values for the following parameters are calculated to determine the required slab thickness for the design ESALs.
ZR
composite k value for semi-infinite foundation
kinf
211 psi/in
kfin
197 psi/in
7.90
78,998,908
composite k value for finite depth to rigid layer

allowable log ESALs for design reliability
allowable ESALs for design reliability
log W'
W'
W18
expected ESALs
86 AASHTO
0.000
79,000,000
1.00

Aashto PCC KH KS

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Aashto PCC KH KS

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Concrete Pavement Design Details

and Construction Practices

Federal Highway Administration, Pavements Division

National Highway Institute

Kurt D. Smith, Applied Pavement Technology, Inc.

If you have comments or questions about this workbook, please contact:

Contents of this Workbook

cover page and table of contents

roadmap to worksheets in this companion workbook

k value correlations to soil type and properties

k value backcalculation equations

description of steps in determining design k value for 1998 AASHTO method

calculation of seasonally adjusted design k value for 1998 AASHTO method

concrete slab thickness design by 1998 AASHTO method

climatic data for major US cities

calculation of seasonally adjusted design k value for 1986/1993 AASHTO method

concrete slab thickness design by 1986/1993 AASHTO method

Roadmap for this Companion Workbook

Design by 1998 AASHTO

A-1-a, well graded

A-2 Soils (Granular Materials with High Fines):

silty sandy gravel

silty gravelly sand

clayey sandy gravel

clayey gravelly sand

Subgrade k value (psi/in)

Fine-Grained Soils (See Note):

poorly graded silt

Degree of saturation (percent)

Backcalculation of k Value from Deflections

Bare Concrete Pavement

Steps in Determining k Value for Use in 1998 AASHTO Supplement Procedure

See k correlation worksheet.

Fill/rigid layer adjustments

Backcalculate dynamic k from deflections

Plate load test method

See k backcalc worksheet.

Measure k according to AASHTO T221 or T222,

Fill/rigid layer adjustments

Fill/rigid layer adjustments

No fill or rigid layer adjustments are needed if

AASHTO T 221 and T 222 specify that if the

If a stiff layer (e.g., bedrock) exists within 10 ft

A fill adjustment and/or a rigid layer adjustment

See 98 fill-rigid worksheet.

See 98 fill-rigid worksheet.

If the testing is not conducted on a test

Assign k to seasons of the year

Calculate seasonally adjusted k value for use in design

Density of fill (lb/cu ft)

Thickness of fill (ft)

90 100 110 120

Enter with k for

Seasonally Adjusted Design K Value for 1998 AASHTO Supplement Procedure

Weighted Mean Relative Damage

Seasonally adjusted effective k value (psi/in)

estimated future ESALs

overall standard deviation

mean 28-day concrete elastic modulus

mean 28-day concrete flexural strength

base elastic modulus

standard normal deviate

1.00 for 12-ft lane and AC shoulder