16.

2 Comparison between Flexibility and Stiffness Methods

Details of the
structure

Forces acting
on support 2

Load applied to
the released
structure
Redundant F1
applied to the
released structure
at joint 1

Figure 16.1 Analysis by the flexibility method

1

16.2 Comparison between Flexibility

and Stiffness Methods

Structure kinematically indeterminate to first degree

Figure 16.2
2

16.2 Comparison between Flexibility

and Stiffness Methods
Deflected position of
loaded structure

Free body of joint 2

Forces produced by
a unit displacement
of joint 2

Free body of center support

Figure 16.2 (continued)

3

16.3 Analysis of an Indeterminate

Structure by the General Stiffness Method

Figure 16.3
4

16.3 Analysis of an Indeterminate

Structure by the General Stiffness Method

Figure 16.3 (continued)

5

16.3 Analysis of an Indeterminate

Structure by the General Stiffness Method

Figure 16.3 (continued)

6

Example 16.1
Analyze the rigid frame in Figure 16.4a by the general stiffness method.
EI is constant.

Example 16.1 Solution

Imagine a clamp is applied to joint 2 that prevents rotation and produces

two fixed-end members. The fixed-end moments in the beam are

Example 16.1 Solution (continued)

Introduce a clockwise unit rotation of 1 rad at joint 2 and clamp the joint in
the deflected position. Multiply this case by 2. Since joint 2 cannot
translate, the terms NF and FEMNF in Equation 12.16 equal zero, and
the slope-deflection equation reduces to

Example 16.1 Solution (continued)

Evaluate the member end
moments produced by the unit
joint rotation.

10

Example 16.1 Solution (continued)

The total moment K2 applied by the
clamp equals the sum of the moments
applied to the ends of the beams framing
into joint 2.

For the clamp to be removed,

equilibrium requires that the sum of the
moments acting on the clamp at joint 2.

11

Example 16.1 Solution (continued)

Substituting the value of K2 and solving for 2 give

Multiply the values of moment due to the unit rotation by the actual
rotation 2 and add any fixed-end moments.

12

Example 16.1 Solution (continued)

13

Example 16.2
The pin-connected bars in Figure 16.5a are connected at joint 1 to a
roller support. Determine the force in each bar and the magnitude of the
horizontal displacement x of joint 1 produced by the 60-kip force. Area
of bar 1 = 3 in2, area of bar 2 = 2 in2, and E = 30,000 kips/in2.

14

Example 16.2 Solution

Compute L1:

Joint 1 displaced 1
in to the right and
attached to
imaginary support

Use Equation 16.1 to compute

the force in each bar.

Compute the horizontal and vertical components of F1.

15

Example 16.2 Solution (continued)

To evaluate K1, sum forces applied to
the pin (Figure 16.5c) in the horizontal
direction.

Forces at joint 1 produced

by a 1-in horizontal
displacement

Multiply the force K1 in Figure 16.5c by

x, the actual displacement and
consider the horizontal force equilibrium
at joint 2.

16

Example 16.2 Solution (continued)

Compute the force in each bar.

17

Example 16.3
Analyze the rigid frame in Figure 16.6a by the general stiffness method.

18

Example 16.3 Solution

Clamp joints 2 and 3 to prevent
rotation (Figure 16.6b) and
apply the load to produce fixedend moments in the beam
where

Design load applied

to restrained frame

Forces at joint 2
19

Example 16.3 Solution (continued)

Introduce simultaneously
rotations of 1 rad clockwise at
joint 2 and 1 rad
counterclockwise at joint 3, and
clamp the joints in the deflected
position. Compute the moments.

Unit rotations introduced at joints 2

and 3

20

Example 16.3 Solution (continued)

The moment K2 exerted by the clamp at joint 2
(Figure 16.6e) equals the sum of the applied
moments at joint 2.

Forces at joint 2

Substituting Equations 2 and 3 into Equation 6

gives

Since the sum of the moments acting on the

clamp at joint 2 must equal zero,

21

Example 16.3 Solution (continued)

Substituting the value of K2 given by Equation 7 into Equation 8 gives

At joint 2 in the beam,

22

Example 16.3 Solution (continued)

From symmetry,

23

Example 16.3 Solution (continued)

Final values of reactions

24

Example 16.3 Solution (continued)

Moment diagrams for members 1 and 2

25