Annotated Bibliography

Borg, Dorothy. "Attitudes toward Japan." Far Eastern Survey 12.24 (1943): 238-39. JSTOR.
Web. 06 Oct. 2016.
This article discusses the results of a number of surveys done in the United States during
the height of the war in the Pacific that concern attitudes towards the Japanese. Not only were the
surveys conducted during the time of the subject of my paper, but the article was also written
during this time. This data, and its analysis, will be important as I discuss how the attitudes of the
soldiers, and the U.S. as a whole, would not have permitted a drawn out, more bloody end to the
war, whether or not nuclear weapons were used. The author, Dorothy Borg, was a historian
specializing in American and East-Asian relations. Though she was not an academic professor,
she did publish many works and the source I have selected appears in a peer-reviewed journal.
Giangreco, D. M. "''A Score of Bloody Okinawas and Iwo Jimas'': President Truman and
Casualty Estimates for the Invasion of Japan." Pacific Historical Review 72.1 (2003): 93132. JSTOR. Web. 23 Oct. 2016.
This source discusses the estimates for U.S. casualties in the event of an invasion of
mainland Japan and Trumans knowledge of these estimates. I use this source to talk about the
strategy of using the atomic bombs to end the war instead of alternatives.
Goldberg, Stanley. "Racing to the Finish: The Decision to Bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki." The
Journal of American-East Asian Relations 4.2, Special IssueAbove the Mushroom
Clouds: Fiftieth Anniversary Perspectives (1995): 117-28. JSTOR. Web. 02 Oct. 2016.

This source covers a relatively wide range of concepts all relating to the strategies, ethics,
and data that were considered before the decision was made to drop the bombs. This source
could serve a number of purposes and will likely be referenced numerous times in my paper as it
contains a wealth of information on what was on the minds of this behind the Manhattan Project
as well as the general public. The author, Dr. Stanley Goldberg, was a historian and physicist
who studied both military history and military science, and actually died while writing a
biography of one of the key figures behind the Manhattan Project.
Halloran, Neil. "The Fallen of World War II - Data-driven Documentary about War &
Peace." The Fallen of World War II. N.p., 25 May 2015. Web. 12 Sept. 2016.
This source covers many casualty statistics, which I used as evidence for various points,
including my discussion of the peaceful period after World War 2. I also used screen-captures of
the video and the video itself as multimodal aspects of the paper.
"Hibakusha Stories." Hiroshima and Nagasaki Rembered. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2016.
This source discusses stories of the survivors of the Hiroshima bombing. I use one such
story to open the paper in order to humanize the distant, cold statistics of the death caused by the
bombs.
"Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing Timeline." Atomic Heritage Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 23
Oct. 2016.
This source covers the minute by minute (sometimes millisecond by millisecond)
proceedings of the dropping of the atomic bombs, along with facts about the bombs. I use the
timing of the events and some of the facts to describe the bombings during the introduction.

"Hiroshima and Nagasaki Missions - Planes & Crews." Atomic Heritage Foundation. N.p., n.d.
Web. 23 Oct. 2016.
This article centers around the bombers used to execute the atomic bombings with
detailed information on the function of each plane. I utilize the article to demonstrate the hidden,
more long-term plans of the bombings to do more than just end the war.
"Immediate Aftermath." Hiroshima and Nagasaki Remembered. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct.
2016.
This article outlines the devastation caused by Little Boy and the reactions of the crew of
the Enola Gay. I use this source to reveal the thoughts of at least one crew member in order to
show the general feeling of those behind the bombings and open a discussion of ethics.
Jones, Vincent C. "The Atomic Bombing of Japan." Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb.
Washington, D.C.: Center of
Military History, U.S. Army, 1985. Hathi Trust Digital Library. Web. 23 Oct. 2016.
This is a rather extensive source on the militarys relationship with the bombs, but I
specifically reference a section in which the author discusses the decision to not bomb Kyoto,
which I use to make the appeal that thought did in fact go into the ethical side of the bombings.
McNelly, Theodore, and Clark Hosmer. "General MacArthur's Pacifism [with
Comment]." International Journal on World Peace 6.1 (1989): 41-60. JSTOR. Web. 06
Oct. 2016.

This source covers the opinions and attitudes of one of the most prominent generals of
WWII (and American history), Douglas MacArthur. This source will serve to express a sampling
of how military authority figures viewed the atomic bombings. The source shows how
MacArthur, a traditionally aggressive military commander throughout the early 20th century, very
nearly became a pacifist after he saw the power of the bombs. The primary author, Theodore
McNelly, was not only a historian in American-Japanese relations with a Ph.D from Columbia
University, but also served in General MacArthurs office just after the war ended as an analyst
in the Civil Intelligence Section.
Millett, Allan R., Peter Maslowski, and William B. Fies. "Cold War and Hot War." For the
Common Defense: A Military History of the United States from 1607 to 2012. 3rd ed.
New York: Free, 2012. 440-74. Print.
This is a chapter from a college-level textbook that specifically covers military strategy
during the cold war. I used it to discuss post-war thoughts on nuclear weapons and mutually
assured destruction.
Nicholls, Jason. "The Portrayal of the Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki in US and English School
History Textbooks." Internationale Schulbuchforschung 25.1/2, Curricula, Schulbcher
Und Unterricht in Nord- Und Sdamerika/Curricula, Textbooks and Education in North
and South America (2003): 63-84. JSTOR. Web. 02 Oct. 2016.
This article, while primarily discussing how textbooks in different countries discuss the
history of the bombings, also spends a good deal of time outlining various reasons for the bombs
being dropped and various perspectives on how the bombings were executed. This source
provides some unique insight into the thoughts and strategies that went into the bombings as well

as public perceptions in the U.S. and the U.K. afterwards, which will do well to broaden the
foundation of my argument when it comes to the military strategy portion, rather than ethical
considerations like other sources often cover primarily. There is not much widely circulated
biographical information on the author, Jason Nicholls, other than that much of his research
focuses on the contents of school textbooks. The article Ive selected does appear in a peerreviewed journal, however.
Sadao, Asada. "The Mushroom Cloud and National Psyches: Japanese and American Perceptions
of the A-Bomb Decision, 19451995." The Journal of American-East Asian
Relations 4.2, Special IssueAbove the Mushroom Clouds: Fiftieth Anniversary
Perspectives (1995): 95-116. JSTOR. Web. 06 Oct. 2016.
This source primarily covers the Japanese publics perspectives on the bombings as well
as the Japanese publics relations with the U.S. public as a result of these perspectives. This
source will provide a unique Japanese side of post-war attitudes that many of the other sources
neglect to cover. Such a unique store of information will be useful in depicting the political and
ethical fallout of the bombings for both the victim country and, by proxy, the United States as
well. The author, Asada Sadao, is a Japanese professor of Diplomatic History with a Ph.D from
Yale University, and has received many awards for his historical research on Japanese-American
relations in both Japan and the United States.
"65th Anniversary of Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Drop." Web log post. Amusing Planet. N.p., 08
Aug. 2010. Web. 23 Oct. 2016.
This blog post shows many photographs from just after the bombings. I use two of the
photographs, one of a woman breastfeeding and another of the damage wrought in Nagasaki, as

multimodal components to bring the reader closer to the raw violence rather than just words on
the screen.
Toivonen, Timo. "War and Equality: The Social Background of the Victims of the Finnish
Winter War." Journal of Peace Research 35.4 (1998): 471-82. JSTOR. Web. 23 Oct.
2016.
This source mainly discusses the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland,
which I use to demonstrate the land-hungry nature of the Soviet Union and how it posed a threat
post-war, an aspect of the long-term strategy of using the bombs in Japan as a deterrent.
"U. S. Strategic Bombing Survey: The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki, June 19, 1946." Truman Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2016.
This source is a survey of the damage caused by the bombs and includes a chart of the
deaths in both bombings. I use this source in my ethical discussion to compare the deaths to
those from conventional weapons.
Wilson, Ward. "The Winning Weapon?: Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of
Hiroshima." International Security 31.4 (2007): 162-79. JSTOR. Web. 02 Oct. 2016.
This article mainly discusses whether or not the atomic bombs were necessary to make
the Japanese surrender. Specifically, it acknowledges that perhaps a ground invasion may not
have been a better alternative, but it suggests a few reasons, based on declassified documents
pertaining to strategic positions of various countries near the end of the war, on why even a
ground invasion may not have been necessary. This source will be crucial in discussing what
short-term strategies might have been, how relevant they were in the overall decision, and the

ethical consequences of whether or not they were relevant. The author, Ward Wilson, is an expert
on nuclear weapons theory and international relations at the British American Security
Information Council, and the article I selected appears in a peer-reviewed journal on global
security.
"Why Hiroshima?" Hiroshima and Nagasaki Remembered. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Oct. 2016.
This article concerns the decision to make Hiroshima the first target for dropping an
atomic bomb due to it being easy to assess the damage the bomb caused in that city, which I use
to discuss the long-term plans and nuclear weapons policy.