2nd to 3rd Generation Evolution

IS-95A/B

PDC

GSM

NADC

2G

HSCSD

GPRS

EDGE EDGE

2.5G

IS-2000 SR1
IS-2000 SR3
MC

DS-41

W-CDMA

EDGE+

3G

GSM,GPRS and U M TS Network

NEW

3G

BTS

PSTN
Abis

Abis
BTS BSC

Upgrade

GSM

BSS Gb

(PCU located in BSS)

Gs

MSC

EIR Gf

SGSN

Gr

MAP-C

Upgrade

HLR

Gd
SM-SC

(optional)

Other
PLMN

SMS-GMSC
SMS-IWMSC

VLR
MAP-D

GPRS

MAP-E

Gn
NEW
GGSN

Gp

GGSN

Gn

GPRS
Backbone
Gn

Gc

GGSN
Gi
PDN

Signaling Interface
Signaling and data transfer Interface

IS-95 CD M A Network
Each base station transmits a pilot signal
having a different PN (timing) offset #
Cells are discriminated by Timing offsets not by Frequencies

PN 300

PN 480

PN 312
3 strongest pilots
PN = Pseudo Noise
(timing offset)
H

PN 300

PN 312

PN 480

CDM A Concepts
Time
Power

Pilotmeasurements:
only display Walsh code 0 of each base station.
Code
Domain
Power

t
Pi l o

i ng
g
a
P

1-7

fi c
Tr af

8-31

c
Syn

32

Frequency

fi c
f
a
r
T

33 -63

Each signalis
Walsh code 0

Walsh Code

3 strongest pilots
The only difference between
the pilot signal of each base station
isthe timing offset
(PN 0 to 511).

PN = Pseudo Noise
(timing offset)

PN 300
0

PN # (timing offset)

PN 312

PN 480
511

Ec and Io
PilotMeasurements

..
.
Io

BS 2 Walsh 1-63
BS 2 Walsh 0 Pilot
BS 1 Walsh 1-63
BS 1 Walsh 0 (Pilot)
Noise +
Broadband Ext Interference
1.23 M Hz wide
frequency channel
for CD M A

Ec of Base Station 1
Total Power Received from BS 1 Pilot
Channel. Shaded Yellow in Diagram.

Ec/Io of Base Station 1

=

Total Power from BS 1 Pilot

Total Power in 1.23 MHz Band

Characterize Multipath- Rake Receiver

Amplitude

Time

Frequency

Delay
X Delay Spread
X

Rake Receiver Activity

Ec/Io values
Active pilots
Measurement
Display

TA Fingers
Measurement
Display

Chip offset delay

values

Reference PN
480

Delay Spread
PN
Delay
(chips)

Ec/Io (peak)
Peak of PN Received
Hatched Area
Aggregate Ec/Io

Threshold -17 dB

32 Chips

Delay Spread in Chips

Interval used to make aggregrate measurements

Using a Threshold of - 17 dB

Delay Spread : Delay suffered of the PN in chips

Next PN

Agregate Ec, and Ec/Io

PN

Ec/Io (peak)
Peak of PN Received

Next PN

Hatched Area
Aggregate Ec/Io

Threshold -17 dB

Interval used to make aggregrate measurements

Using a Threshold of - 17 dB

Peak Ec/Io : Maximum Value of Ec/Io in the measured interval

Aggregate Ec/Io : The aggregate power interval of Ec/Io :
*Vertically: From signal peak to Threshold (-17 dB)
*Horizontally: Width defined by PN Inc
Aggregate-Peak : Aggreated Power - Peak Power ( dB)

3GPP Concepts
Frame Structure
Physical ChannelsHave a Two Layer Structure:
Radio frame: 10 ms frame consisting of 15 timeslots
Timeslot: 667 usec slot consisting of a number ofSymbols
Symbols are Defined as:
One Symbol Consistsof a Number of Chips .
The Number of Chips per Coded Symbol is Equaltothe Spread
Factor of the Physical Channel
Chip is a Bit atthe Final Spreading Rate of 3.84 Mchips/s

3GPP Timing Options

The 3GPP System has Two Timing Modes:
Asynchronous Operation - OriginalMode
GPS Synchronized -Added after Harmonization
Asynchronous Mode:
Eliminates need forGPS SatelliteReceivers
Allows Operation in Tunnels, Buildings,and Subways W here
Satellite Reception is Difficult
Requires Greater Search Time, More DifficultHandoffs
GPS Synchronized Mode:
Simpler, Faster Searching to Ease Soft Handoffs
Requires Base Station to Receive GPS SatelliteSignals

Downlink Sync Channel

The Primary SCH is:
An unmodulated, 256 bit Gold Code
The Code is Sent atthe Beginning of each Timeslot
All Base Station use the Same, 256 bitGold Code

The Secondary SCH is:

A Sequence of15, unmodulated, 256 bit Gold Codes
The Pattern is Sent using the first 256 bits of each Timeslot(15 )
The Pattern of Codes (64 total)correspond to the Scrambling Code (Long
Code) Group being used by the Base Station

Both Channels are Orthogonalto Each Other,but are NOT Orthogonal

tothe Other Channels.

Sync Frame Structure

Primary Sync: Sends same Code in each Slot
Slot 0

Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot 3

Slot 4

Slot 5

Slot 6

Slot 7

Slot 8

Slot 9

Slot 10

Slot 11

Slot 12

Slot 13

Slot 14

One Timeslot = 667 usec

One Frame = 10 ms

Secondary Sync: Sends a Pattern of Codes in each Frame

Slot 0

Code 1

Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot 3

Slot 4

Slot 5

Slot 6

Slot 10

Slot 11

Slot 12

Code1

Code 2

Code 8

Code 9 Code 10 Code 15 Code 8 Code 10 Code 16 Code 2

Code 7

Code 15 Code 7

This Pattern of 256 bitCodes is Scrambling Group 1

Slot 7

Slot 8

Slot 9

Slot 13

Slot 14

Code 16

Scramble Codes and Synch Channel Patterns

- P-CPICH , P-CPCCH
- Each BS P-CPICH has different code
- Re-use Pattern - 512

2e18- 1
Code Generator
17 chips per code
262,143 codes
8192 codes
only used
512 Code Groups
16 codes/group

G-1
16 codes

1-Pri code

15 Sec codes

G-2
16 codes

1-Pri code

Group 1
8 Primary codes
(G-1/1, G2-1..G-8/1)

Sec Synch Code Pattern 1

15 codes
(7 Pri codes repeated twice
+ 1code only once )

G-3
16 codes

15 Sec codes

1-Pri code

Group 2
8 Primary codes
(G-1/1, G2-1..G-8/1)

......
.......

15 Sec codes

G-511
16 codes

1-Pri code

G-512
16 codes

15 Sec codes

Sec Synch Code Pattern 2

15 codes
(7 Pri codes repeated twice
+ 1code only once )

1-Pri code

15 Sec codes

Group 64
8 Primary codes
(G-1/1, G2-1..G-8/1)

Sec Synch Code Pattern 64

15 codes
(7 Pri codes repeated twice
+ 1code only once )

Mobile Synch and Channel

Decodes
Base 2
Base 1
Base 3
One Timeslot= 625 usec

Base 1

P-SCH

P-SCH

S-SCH

PCCPC H

PCCPC H

P-SCH

S-SCH

PCCPC H

PCCPC H

P-SCH

Base 2

PCCPC H

S-SCH

PCCPC H

PCCPC H

P-SCH

P-SCH
PCCPC H

PCCPC H

S-SCH

P-SCH

Base 3

S-SCH

S-SCH

PCCPC H

S-SCH

PCCPC H

P-SCH
PCCPC H

PCCPC H

S-SCH

PCCPC H

PCCPC H

M obile Searcher
Slot -0
P-S
Base 1 S-S

P-CCPCH : G-1/N
Other Ch's: G-1/15 Secs

Slot -1
P-S
S-S

P-CCPCH : G-1/N
Other Ch's: G-1/15 Secs

Slot-2
P-S
S-S

P-CCPCH : G-1/N
Other Ch's: G-1/15 Secs

Slot .
P-S
S-S

P-CCPCH : G-1/N
Other Ch's: G-1/15 Secs

Slot14
P-S
S-S
..

P-CCPCH : G-1/N
Other Ch's: G-1/15 Secs

Lessons Learned from CDM A (IS95)

CDMA problems:

missing neighbor

pilot pollution

absolute timing delays

phone search window settings (multipath)

Integrated phone and receiver provides highest productivity

E7472A Drive Test System (IS-95)

Spectrum (receiver)

Phone Pilots

Receiver Pilots
Phone Messaging

Key Benefits

Integrating the receiver and phone

W hat isthe symptom?

Dropped call
Blocked call
Poor FER
Failed termination

W hy did ithappen?
Low Ec
High Io
Pilot pollution
Timing/Delay problem
Missing neighbor

Phone provides the Whatand Receiver provides the Why

Agilent provides an integrated solution

DetectPilot Pollution

Agilent Digital CD MA Rx isindependent of network

Not Good
Good

View
pilot pollution
from all 512
possible PNs

Make individual Ec and Io measurements, Delay, and Multipath

measurements to help understand which pilots need to be optimized out.

Integrated Phone and Receiver

Provides answers to what and why

What is the
symptom?
Phone

Receiver

Why did
it happen?

What?

Poor voice quality (high FER)

Why?

There is a "missing neighbor". PN 428 is NOT

measured by the phone because it is NOT in the
Neighbor List.

CDM A Drive Test

Optimization Tools from Agilent
Post-processing
Collection Software
Mi
Ne ssing
igh
bor

Receiver

Phone

Real-time mapping

Freq Coverage Requirements

Only downlinks shown

BW shown inside boxes
Max 5 MHz BW for now
MSS

TDD

UMTS

5M
2010 2025

cdma2000

869

1805

1.25M 1.25
832

869

894

1880

1930

1.25M

Japan

1990

2110

2170

1.25M

Korea

1805

1.25/ 5M

1.25M

Korea

894

2170 2200

5M

1.25M

Japan

832

IS-95A

5M Korea

5M
5M
1.25M 1.25

2110

1880

1930

1990

2.1 GHz receiver with 5 MHz BW introduced in 2nd half 2000

1.9 GHz receiver with 5 MHz BW in 2nd half 2000
Solutions available today or introduced in 2nd half 2000
Solutions not planned for intro in 2nd half 2000
AgilentTechnologies Confidential

Up to 4 phones and 4 receivers

Reduce Drive Time with Simultaneous Measurements

Optimize Multiple Carrier Networks w/ 1 Drive Test System

Monitor Competitors Network

Measurements Evolution 2G to 3G
Critical Receiver Attributes
In-band performance (nf, toi)
Out-of-band performance
DSP processing

IS95
Phone
FER
RSSI
Dropped calls
Blocked calls
Messages

Receiver
Ec/I0
Ec
I0
Delay
Aggregate Ec/I0
Delay Spread
Channel Power
Spectrum
...

cdma2000
Phone
FER
RSSI
Dropped calls
Blocked calls
Messages

Receiver
Ec/I0
Ec
I0
Delay
Aggregate Ec/I0
Delay Spread
Channel Power
Spectrum
...

UMTS
Phone
FER??
RSSI??
Dropped calls
Blocked calls
Messages

Receiver
Sync Channel
Scrambling codes
Channel Power
Spectrum
...

Channel Power, Spectrum, Perch

Scan/Scrambling Decode

Primary Sync
Spectrum

Channel Power

Secondary Sync

AgilentTechnologies Confidential

Primary Sync Display with markers

To measure chip offseton sectors of same cell

Secondary Sync

Primary Sync

AgilentTechnologies Confidential

UserInterface

User List

Primary Sync

(Scrambling Code)

Scrambling Code
Top N display

Scrambling Code
decoded

No Scrambling Code
(only Secondary Sync)

No Scrambling
Code
No Secondary Sync

AgilentTechnologies Confidential

Scrambling Code Measurement

Scrambling
Code

Scrambling Code Ec/Io

AgilentTechnologies Confidential

Multiple Simultaneous Measurements

Primary Sync

Show Value
Secondary Sync and Scrambling Code

Scrambling Code
AgilentTechnologies Confidential

SSCH value
SSCH Ec
SSCH Ec/Io
Scrambling Code Ec
Scrambling Code Ec/Io
Time (chips)
Scrambling-SSCH

Sector Timing Offset( valid for NTT specs)

Timing (chip) offset is used to identify

sector when Scrambling codes are identical

Same Scrambling code

for 2 sectors of
same base stationdraw

AgilentTechnologies Confidential

A G ILENT Drive Test Roadmap for 3G

Lead Customer
Relationships
Proto (Alpha)
Early Field Trials

Product
Releases
Proto (Beta)
Field Trials

2110-2170Mz Dn Prototype 3G
1920-1980Mz
measurements
Up
* W-CDM A
5 MHz B W
(long code scan)
* U MTS
1.25 MHz B W
(scrambler code
C W Power
Decode)
Chanl Power
* cdma2000
Perch scan
int. GPS

First Release
3G Drive Test

...

IMT-2000 band
Rx msmts
2110-2170M Hz Dn
* UMTS
1920-1980M Hz Up * cdma2000
PCS band (1X/3X)
1930-1990M Hz Dn
1X Rxs
1850-1910M Hz Up
850M Hz
Bandwidths:
900M Hz
5 MHz B W
1800M Hz
1.25 MHz B W
1900M Hz

1st Release
AgilentTechnologies Confidential

Second Release
3G Drive Test

Enhancements
More Freq Bands ?
3G phones
* cdma2000
* U MTS

Data

Future

Up to 4 phones and 4 receivers

Reduce Drive Time with Simultaneous Measurements

Optimize Multiple Carrier Networks w/ 1 Drive Test System

Monitor Competitors Network

Scalability...COMMON GUI LOOK AND FEEL

Inter-format scalability (add technologies)
CDMA, TDMA, GSM

NE W

CDMA 2000

WCDMA

GPRS

EDGE

NE W

NE W
CW/Site selection
Optimization
Trouble Shooting
Benchmarking
Indoor

Add Rx, Phones

NE W

Post-Processing
Data Test

NE W

Application scalability

Intra-format Hardware/Equipment scalability

(add receivers and phones)