Agni College of Technology ME 6412 Thermal Engineering Lab I

AGNI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering

OMR, Thalambur, Chennai - 600130
ME 6412 Thermal Engineering Lab I

IV semester
Academic Year: 2015-2016
Name
: ___________________________
Reg. No
: ___________________________
Year
: ____________________________
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: ____________________________
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Mechanical Engineering
2015 2016
ME 6412 Thermal Engineering Laboratory I

S.
No.
Date
Name of the Experiment
Page No.
Staff sign
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
Signature of Staff in Charge
Agni College of Technology
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
Syllabus
ME 6412 THERMAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY I
List of Experiments
I.C Engine Lab and Fuels Lab
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Valve timing and port timing diagrams for IC Engines.

Actual PV diagrams of IC engies.
Performance test on four stroke Diesel Engine.
Heat Balance test on four stroke Diesel Engine.
Morse Test on Multi cylinder petrol Engine.
Retardation test to find frictional power of a Diesel Engine.
Determination Flash point and Fire point.
1.
2.
3.
Study of steam Generators and Turbines.

Performance and Energy balance Test on a Steam Generator.
Performance and energy balance Test on Steam Turbine.
Steam Lab
CONTENTS
S.No
Name of the Experiment
Page.No
1.
Valve timing diagram for four stroke diesel engine
2.
Port timing diagram for two stroke petrol engine.
3.
Performance test on single cylinder Diesel engine with hydraulic loading
11
4.
Performance test on single cylinder diesel engine.
15
5.
Performance test on twin cylinder diesel engine.
19
6.
Morse Test on Multi cylinder petrol engine.
23
7.
Retardation test to find frictional power of a diesel engine.
27
8.
Heat balance test on single cylinder diesel engine
31
9.
Heat balance test on twin cylinder diesel engine
35
10.
Determination Flash point and Fire point.
39
11.
Study of steam Generators and Turbines.
40
.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

EX.NO:
DATE:
AIM
To draw the valve timing diagram showing the relative crank angles corresponding to opening and
closing of inlet and exhaust valves of a given four stroke diesel engine.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
The given engine, Thread, scale, chalk etc.,
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
DESCRIPTION
Valve timing is the regulations of the points in the cycle at which the valves are set to open
and close. Theoretically speaking for both valves, the opening and closing occur at the dead centre.
But since the valves require finite period of time in which open or close without abruptness, a slight
lead time is necessary for proper operation.
The design of valve operating cam provides for the smooth transition from one position to
other while the cam setting determines the timing of the valve. To take the advantage of the dynamic
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
effects of gas flow is necessary to provide valve overlap and the timing of the valves so that they are
opened and closed at positions other than TDC or BDC.
PROCEDURE
A cut model of four stroke diesel engine showing different parts of the engine viz. piston,
piston rings, inlet and exhaust valves, rocker arm, push rod, cams, gears, connecting rod and crank is
provided. A marking corresponding to TDC is provided on the flywheel. An indicator is provided so
that markings can be made against it on the flywheel.
The circumference of the flywheel is measured.

The flywheel is rotated in clockwise direction.
Markings corresponding to the opening and closing of inlet and exhaust valves are made on
the flywheel.
The distances between these markings and the nearest dead centers are measured.
These distances are converted into crank angles.
These angles are expressed with respect to nearest dead centers.
CALCULATIONS
Distance on the flywheel
Crank angle=
X 360
Circumference of the wheel
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN

Circumference of the fly wheel =
S. No
EVENTS
1.
Inlet Valve Open
2.
Inlet Valve Close
3.
Fuel Injection Open
4.
Fuel Injection Close
5.
Exhaust Valve Open
6.
Exhaust Valve Close
in cm
Positions
Distance w.r.t.
nearest dead centre
Angle w.r.t.
nearest dead centre
cm
degrees
MODEL CALCULATION
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
RESULT
VIVA
1. How will differentiate 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines.
2. What do you understand about valve overlapping?
3. What will be the influence of the injection timing in the performance of the engine?
4. What is clearance volume?
5. Define compression ratio.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM OF A TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE

EX.NO:
DATE:
AIM
To determine the period of port opening and closing and to draw the port timing diagram for the two
stroke petrol engine
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Given engine model, Measuring tape, marker etc.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
PROCEDURE
Identify the inlet, exhaust and transfer ports

Ascertain the correct direction of rotation of the flywheel by observing correct sequence of
opening and closing of ports
Measure the circumference of fly wheel
Rotate the flywheel in correct direction and mark the position of TDC and BDC on the
flywheel against a reference point
Rotate the flywheel slowly and mark the position at which the inlet port just begins to open.
Continue the rotation and mark the position at which it closes
In the same way mark the position of the exhaust port and transfer port opening and closing
Measure the circumferential distances between the various markings with respect to the
nearest dead centre
Tabulate the readings. Determine the period of port opening and closing at rated speed. Also
draw the port timing diagram.
FORMULAE
Crank angle=
Distance on the flywheel

X 360
Circumference of the wheel
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
OBSERVATION AND TABULAR COLUMN

Circumference of the fly wheel =
S.
No.
Port Open/Close
1.
Inlet port open
2.
Inlet port closes
3.
Transfer port open
4.
Transfer port close
5.
Spark ignition
6.
Exhaust port open
7.
Exhaust port Close
Position
in cm
Distance w.r.t nearest
dead centre
cm
Angle w.r.t nearest dead

centre
degrees
MODEL CALCULATION
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
PORT TIMING DIAGRAM
RESULT
VIVA
1. What is the use of carburetor?
2. What do you understand about scavenging?
3. What will be the influence of the spark timing in the performance of the engine?
4. What is stroke volume?
5. What is the use of fuel injection pump in diesel engine?
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE

DIESEL ENGINE COUPLED TO HYDRAULIC DYNAMOMETER
EX.NO:
DATE:
AIM
To conduct a performance test on the given single cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine and to draw the
following characteristic curves:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Specific Fuel Consumption Vs Brake Power

Mechanical Efficiency Vs Brake Power
Brake Thermal Efficiency Vs Brake Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency Vs Brake Power
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Given Engine, Stop watch, Tachometer etc.,
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
ENGINE DETAILS
Type
Power
Speed
Orifice diameter
Coefficient of discharge
Dynamometer arm length radius
: Single cylinder four stroke Diesel engine Coupled to

hydraulic dynamometer.
: 5 HP
: 1500 rpm.
: 20 mm.
: 0.62
: 310 mm
DESCRIPTION
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
The engine is of single cylinder four stroke type coupled to hydraulic dynamometer which is
used for loading the engine. A graduated tube with two way valve arrangement is provided for fuel
flow measurement. Temperature sensors with digital indicators are attached to cooling water outlet
line and exhaust gas line.
PROCEDURE
The cooling water lines are opened.

The fuel in the tank and the valve (used to allow fuel from tank) position are checked.
The engine is started at no load.
The time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption is noted by keeping the right side knob in closed
position.
Supply of fuel from the main tank is ensured after taking the above reading.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
TABULAR COLUMN:
S.No.
Dynamometer
Reading
Units
kg
Water Manometer
Reading
h1
h2
cm
cm
Time for
10cc of F.C.
FC
SFC
BP
IP
HI
mech
sec.
kg/hr
kg/kW hr
kW
kW
kW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
MODEL CALCULATION
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
The required dynamometer load reading is set.

All the above readings are noted down.
The experiment is repeated for different current settings.
The readings are tabulated neatly.
FORMULAE
2 NT
kW
60000
a)
Break Power ( BP )=
b)
Fuel consumption ( FC )=
10 X 103 X sp . gr . X 3600 kg
t
hr
t - Time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption

sp. gr. - specific gravity of diesel = 0.86
c)
Specific Fuel Consumption ( SFC )=
d)
Heat Input ( HI )=
FC kg
BP kW hr
FC X CV kJ
3600
s
CV - Calorific Value of diesel = 40500 kJ/kg

e)
X 100
( BP
HI )
Brake Thermal Efficiency ( br )=
BP - Brake Power, kW
IP - Indicated Power, kW
= BP + FP
FP - Frictional Power, kW
(To be determined from FC Vs BP plot)
( HIIP ) X 100
f)
Indicated Thermal Efficiency I =
g)
Mechanical Efficiency mech=
( BPIP ) X 100
RESULT
VIVA
1. Define specific fuel consumption?
2. Define Brake Power?
3. Define Brake Thermal Efficiency?
4. What is indicated thermal efficiency?
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
5. Define compression ratio.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
PERFORMANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE

DIESEL ENGINE
EX.NO:
DATE:
AIM
To conduct a performance test on the given single cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine and to draw the
following characteristic curves:
a.
b.
c.
d.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
Given Engine, Stop watch, Tachometer etc.,
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
ENGINE DETAILS
Type
Power
Speed
Bore
Stroke
Orifice diameter
: Single cylinder four stroke Diesel engine Coupled to an

eddy current dynamometer.
: 5 HP (3.7 kW)
: 1550 rpm.
: 108 mm.
: 204 mm.
: 20 mm.
DESCRIPTION
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
The engine is of single cylinder four stroke type coupled to an eddy current dynamometer
which is used for loading the engine electrically. A Voltmeter and an Ammeter are provided to note
voltage and current in the loaded conditions. A graduated tube with two way valve arrangement is
provided for fuel flow measurement. Temperature sensors with digital indicators are attached to
cooling water outlet line and exhaust gas line.
PROCEDURE

The engine is started at no load.
position.
Voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted down.
The engine is loaded by rotating the knob on the loading panel.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
TABULAR COLUMN
S.No.
Voltage
Current
Units
Volts
amps.
Time for
10cc of F.C.
sec.
FC
SFC
BP
IP
HI
mech
kg/hr
kg/kW hr
kW
kW
kW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Maximum load calculation

BP=VxI in W
V= Volts and I =amps
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
MODEL CALCULATION
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
The required current reading is set.

All the above readings are noted down.
The experiment is repeated for different current settings.
FORMULAE
VX I
kW
1000
a)
Break Power ( BP )=
b)
Fuel consumption ( FC )=
10 X 103 X sp . gr . X 3600 kg
t
hr

c)
Specific Fuel Consumption ( SFC )=
d)
Heat Input ( HI )=
FC kg
BP kW hr
FC X CV kJ
3600
s
CV -Calorific Value of diesel = 40500 kJ/kg

e)
X 100
( BP
HI )
Brake Thermal Efficiency ( br )=
= BP + FP
(To be determined from FCVs BP plot)
( HIIP ) X 100
f)
g)
( BPIP ) X 100
RESULT
VIVA
1. How will you calculate specific gravity of a fuel?
2. Define knocking.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
3. What will be the influence of the compression ratio in the efficiency of the engine?
4. What is Frictional Power?
5. How can you reduce knocking?
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
PERFORMANCE TEST ON TWIN CYLINDER FOUR STROKE

DIESEL ENGINE
EX.NO:
DATE:
AIM
To conduct a performance test on the given twin cylinder diesel engine and to draw the following
characteristic curves:
a.
b.
c.
d.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Given Engine setup, Stop watch, etc.,
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
ENGINE DETAILS:
Type
: Twin cylinder four stroke Diesel engine with mechanical loading device.
Power
: 10 HP ( 7.4 kW )
Speed
: 1500 rpm
Bore
: 87.5 mm
Stroke
: 110 mm
Orifice Diameter : 23 mm
Effective Brake Drum radius : 21.5 cm
DESCRIPTION
The engine is of twin cylinder four stroke type with mechanical loading arrangement. A
graduated tube with two way valve arrangement is provided for fuel flow measurement. Temperature
sensors with analog dial indicators are attached to cooling water (inlet and outlet) and exhaust gas
lines. Air is allowed to pass through a cubical tank to avoid turbulence. An orifice meter with
manometer arrangement is provided to facilitate air flow measurement.
PROCEDURE
The maximum load (full load) is calculated from the engine ratings.
The fuel in the tank and the valve (to allow fuel from the tank) position are checked.
The engine is started at no load condition.
The time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption is noted.
The engine is loaded in equal steps (say 2 kgf).
The above readings are noted and neatly tabulated.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
TABULAR COLUMN
S.No.
load
W1
load
W2
WnetX
9.81
Torque
WXr
Units
kgf
kgf
Nm
Time for
10cc of
F.C.
sec.
FC
SFC
B.P
I.P
H.I
mech
kg / hr
kg / kW hr
kW
kW
kW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Maximum load calculation:
BP =2NT/60000 in kW
T-Torque= WxR in N-m
W= (T/R) /9.81=
in kg
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
MODEL CALCULATION
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
FORMULAE REQUIRED
a)
Brake Power ( BP )=
2 NT
kW
60000
N - Speed in rpm
Torque T =(W net X Reff )Nm

W Net =(W 1W 2 ) X 9.81
b)
10 X 103 X Sp . gr X 3600 kg
(
)
Fuel Consumption FC =
t
hr
sp. gr. - specific gravity of Diesel= 0.86
c)
Specific Fuel Consumption ( SPC )=
d)
Heat Input ( HI )=
FC kg
BP kW hr
FC X CV kJ
3600
s
CV - Calorific Value of diesel = 40500 kJ/kg

e)
X 100
( BP
HI )
Break Thermal Efficiency ( br )=
= BP + FP
(to be determined from BP Vs FC plot)
( HIIP ) X 100
f)
g)
( BPIP ) X 100
RESULT
VIVA
1. Give some types of loading in the engines.
2. What are the processes in the diesel cycle?
3. How will you calculate calorific volume?
4. What is stroke volume?
5. What is auto ignition?
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
MORSE TEST ON A 4 CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE COUPLED WITH

HYDRAULIC DYNAMOMETER
EX. NO:
DATE:
AIM
To conduct a morse test on a four stroke 4 cylinder petrol engine coupled with a hydraulic
dynamometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Dynamometer, Tachometer, etc.,
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
SPECIFICATIONS
1. Number of cylinders = 4
2. Stroke = 75 mm
3. Speed = variable
DESCRIPTION
Morse Test consists of determining the brake horse power of the engine at any particular speed
and then cutting one cylinder at a time and measuring the BHP of the rest. The desired cylinder can be
cut off by removing the spark plug in the case of spark ignition (SI) engines.
DEFINITIONS
1. Brake Power (BP): The net power available at the output shaft of the internal combustion
engine is called brake power. It is the power available after some power is utilized for
overcoming friction.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
2. Indicated Power (IP): The horse power developed inside the cylinder is called Indicated
Power.
3. Friction Power (FP): The difference between indicated power and brake power is called
Friction Power.
4. Mechanical Efficiency: The ratio of brake power to the indicated power expressed as a
percentage is called Mechanical Efficiency.
PROCEDURE
The engine is first started by checking the fuel, lubricating oil, cooling water etc., with all
4 cylinders working.
The speed of the engine is adjusted to a particular value say 1500 rpm and the BP of the
engine at that speed is calculated.
Now cylinder 1 is cut-off and the speed is adjusted to 1500 rpm byn decreasing the load
and the BP is found out.
The difference of BP of all the 4 cylinders and that of the cut off cylinder gives the IP of
the cylinder of the cut-off cylinder.
In this way each cylinder is cut-off and the BP is found out.
From the value of BP the IP of all the cylinders is found out.
The sum of the indicated powers of all the cylinders gives the indicated power of the
entire engine.
The Mechanical Efficiency is then calculated at that particular speed
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
TABULAR COLUMN
CONDITION
S
SPEED
LOAD
W
BRAKE POWER
INDICATED
POWER
MECHANICAL
EFFICIENCY
rpm
kg
watts
watts
1200
All cylinders
Working
1100
1000
1200
First cylinder
is cut off
1100
1000
1200
Second
cylinder
is cut off
1100
1000
1200
Third cylinder
is cut off
1100
1000
1200
Fourth
cylinder
is cut off
1100
1000
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
MODEL CALCULATION:
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
FORMULAE
a)
Brake Power ( BP )=
WXN
X 0.75 watts
Dynamometer Constant
W = Load applied in kg,

N = Speed in rpm,
Dynamometer constant = 2000
Efficiency of the Hydraulic Dynamometer = 0.75
b)
Total Indicated Power ( IPT )=( IP 1+ IP 2+ IP 3+ IP 4 ) watts

IP1 = BP BP1
IP2 = BP BP2
IP3 = BP BP3
IP4 = BP BP4
BP 1=
c)
W1 X N
2000
BP
X 100
IP T
( )
RESULT
VIVA
1. What is the use of Morse Test?
2. What are the possible methods to improve efficiency of a diesel engine?
3. What are the possible methods to reduce Nox from a diesel engine?
4. What are the possible methods to reduce HC from a diesel engine?
5. What are the devices are there to measure fire point of any fuel?
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
RETARDATION TEST TO FIND THE FRICTIONAL POWER OF

A 4 - STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
EX. NO:
DATE:
AIM
To conduct the retardation test on the given single cylinder 4-stroke diesel engine and to draw the
graph between the Drop in speed and the time taken.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Stop watch, Tachometer
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
ENGINE DETAILS:
Type
: Single cylinder four stroke Diesel engine coupled to

alternator with water rheostat
Power
: 5 HP (3.7 kW)
Speed
: 1500 rpm
Maximum allowable current : 10 amps
DESCRIPTION
The engine is of single cylinder four stroke type loaded mechanically with a brake drum
Dynamometer a graduated tube with two way valve arrangement is provided for fuel flow
measurement of the engine. Temperature sensors with analog dial indicators are attached to cooling
water outlet line and exhaust gas line.
PROCEDURE
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016

The engine is started at no load and allowed to run at the rated speed for about 5 minutes.
After the engine has attained the rated speed, the fuel supply is cut off. The time taken for the
speed to decrease through 100 rpm from the rated speed is noted.
As soon as the reading is taken, the fuel is again allowed to flow and the maximum speed is
reached to achieve
Time for 200, 300 and 400 rpm drop of speed from the maximum speed is taken.
The engine is now loaded to 50% of the full load and is allowed to attain the rated speed.
After attaining the rated speed, the same procedure is followed and the time for the various
speed reductions is noted.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
TABULAR COLUMN
r = 0.2865 m
S. No.
Speed Variation
Drop in speed
N
Time for the speed

drop at no loadt1
Time for the speed

drop at 50% loadt2
rpm
Rpm
sec
sec
1
2
3
4
5
MODEL CALCULATION:
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
FORMULAE
a)
Brake Power ( BP )=
b)
Brake Torque ( T ) =
c)
Torque at
d)
VXI
kW
1000
BP X 60000
Nm
2 N
1
T
Load= Nm
2
2
T
(
=
FrictionalTorque ( T f )
1
2
X t2
(t 1 t 2 )
t1 is the time for a drop of 100 rpm at no load

t2 is the time taken for a drop of 100 rpm at 50% load.
e)
Frictional Power ( FP )=
2 N T f
60000
RESULT
VIVA
1. What is the use of retardation test?
2. What is frictional power?
3. Define Break power?
4. What are the effects of co in global warming?
5. Define Thermal efficiency?
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
TABULAR COLUMN
Inlet cooling water Temperature =
Inlet air Temperature =
Load
S. No
Units
Vol
t
amp
Mano meter
Readings
h1
h2
cm
cm
Time for
10 cc of
fuel
Time for
1 lit.of
water
collectio
n
sec
sec
Temp.
of
exhaust
gas
o
Temp. of
cooling
water at
outlet
0
QI
QBP
Qcw
Qeg
Qun
% QI
%QBP
%Qcw
%Qeg
%Qun
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL

ENGINE
EX. NO:
DATE:
AIM
To conduct heat balance test on the given diesel engine and to draw up a heat balance sheet showing
the proportion of useful work and various losses.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Stop watch, tachometer
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
ENGINE DETAILS
Type
Power
Speed
Orifice diameter
Bore
Stroke
: Single cylinder four stroke Diesel engine coupled to an eddy

current dynamometer
: 5 HP (3.7 kW)
: 1550 rpm
: 20 mm
: 108 mm
: 204 mm
DESCRIPTION
The engine is of single cylinder four stroke type coupled to an eddy current dynamometer which is
used for loading the engine electrically. A graduated tube with two way valve arrangement is provided
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
for fuel flow measurement. Temperature sensors with digital indicators are attached to cooling water
outlet line and exhaust gas line.
PROCEDURE
The 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 of full load are estimated.
The fuel in the tank and the valve (to allow fuel from the tank) positionare checked.
The time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption is noted by keeping the rightside knob in closed
position.
The following readings are also noted:
o Temperature of cooling water outlet
o Temperature of exhaust gas
o Manometer readings
The engine is loaded (with 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and fullload) and all the abovereadings are noted
down.
ISO 9001:2008
MODEL CALCULATIONFORMULAE
a)
Maximum Load / Full Load ( W max )=
2015 2016
BP rated X 60000
2 N rated R eff X 9.81
BPrated- Rated Brake Power, kW

Nrated - Rated Speed, rpm
Reff
- Effective Radius of the brake drum
VI
kW
1000
Heat carried away by cooling water ( Qcw ) =mw C pw ( t w 2t w 1)
c)
1 kg
mw mass flow rate of cooling water=
t2 s
b)
Brake Power ( BP )=
t2 - time for 1litres of water collection

cpw - specific heat of water = 4.187 kJ / kg K
tw1 - temperature of cooling water at inlet , o C
tw2 - temperature of cooling water at outlet, o C
d)
Heat carried away by exhaust gases ( Q eg )=mg C Pg (t got gi )

mg - mass flow rate of exhaust gases = mf + ma
mass flow rate of fuel ( mf ) =
10 X 103 X sp . gr
t1

t1 - time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption
mass flow rate of air ( ma )= a C d A o 2 g ha

Cd - Co efficient of discharge of orifice meter = 0.62
Area of orifice meter ( A o)=
d2
4
d - Diameter of orifice
ha =
( h1h2 ) X w
( a X 100)
Density of air at roomtemperature ( a ) =
( a at STP ) X 273
(t R + 273)
h1, h2 - manometer readings cm

w - Density of water = 1000 kg / m3
a at STP = 1.18 kg / m3
tR- Room Temperature , o C
cpg - specific heat of exhaust gases = 1.005 kJ / kg K
tgo- temperature of exhaust gases , o C
tgi - temperature of atmospheric air, o C
e)
Heat Input ( HI )=mf X C .V

mf - mass flow rate of fuel , kg / s
C.V. - Calorific Value of diesel = 40,500 kJ / kg
f)
Unaccounted Heat Loss ( Qun ) =HI( BP+Qcw +Qeg )
kJ
s
RESULT
VIVA
1. What is the use of heat balance test?
2. What are the possible unaccounted losses?
3. How will you reduce heat losses?
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
4. What is requirement of cooling water in engine?

5. How heat loss affects the engine performance?
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
TABULAR COLUMN
Inlet cooling water Temperature =
Inlet air Temperature =
Load
S. No
Units
W1
W2
kgf
kgf
Mano meter
Readings
h1
cm
h2
cm
Time for
1lit.of
water
collectio
n
sec
Time
for
10cc of
Fuel
sec
Temp.
of
exhaust
gas
o
Temp. of
cooling
water at
outlet
0
QI
QBP
Qcw
Qeg
Qun
% QI
%QBP
%Qcw
%Qeg
%Qun
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
kW
1.
2.
3.
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5.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON TWIN CYLINDER 4 STROKE DIESEL

ENGINE
EX. NO:
DATE:
AIM
To conduct heat balance test on the given diesel engine and to draw up a heat balance sheet showing
the proportion of useful work and various losses.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Stop watch, tachometer
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
ENGINE DETAILS
Type
Power
Speed
Orifice diameter
Bore
Stroke
Effective Brake drum radius
: Twin cylinder four stroke Diesel engine

: 10 HP (7.4 kW)
: 1500 rpm
: 23 mm
: 87.5 mm
: 110 mm
: 215 mm
DESCRIPTION
The engine is of twin cylinder four stroke type with mechanical loading. A graduated tube with two
way valve arrangement is provided for fuel flow measurement. Temperature sensors with analog dial
indicators are attached to cooling water (Inlet &outlet) line and exhaust gas line. Air is allowed to pass
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
through a cubical tank to avoid turbulence. An orifice meter with manometer is provided to facilitate
air flow measurement.
PROCEDURE
The 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 of full load are estimated.
The fuel in the tank and the valve (to allow fuel from the tank) position are checked.
position.
The following readings are also noted:
o Temperature of cooling water outlet
o Temperature of exhaust gas
o Manometer readings
The engine is loaded (with 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and full load) and all the above readings are noted
down.
ISO 9001:2008
MODEL CALCULATION: FORMULAE

a)
Maximum Load / Full Load ( W max )=
2015 2016
BP rated X 60000
2 N rated R eff X 9.81
BPrated- Rated Brake Power, kW

Nrated - Rated Speed, rpm
Reff
- Effective Radius of the brake drum
b)
Brake Power ( BP )=
2 NT
kW
60000
N - Speed in rpm
T - Torque in N-m = Wnet x Reff
c)
Heat carried away by cooling water ( Qcw ) =mw C pw ( t w 2t w 1)

mw mass flow rate of cooling water=
1 kg
t2 s
t2 - time for 1 litres of water collection

cpw - specific heat of water = 4.187 kJ / kg K
tw1 - temperature of cooling water at inlet, o C
tw2 - temperature of cooling water at outlet, o C
d)
Heat carried away by exhaust gases ( Q eg )=mg C Pg (t got gi )

mg - mass flow rate of exhaust gases = mf + ma
mass flow rate of fuel ( mf ) =
10 X 103 X sp . gr
t1

t1 - time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption
mass flow rate of air ( ma )= a C d A o 2 g ha

Cd - Co efficient of discharge of orifice meter = 0.62
Area of orifice meter ( A o)=
d2
4
d - Diameter of orifice
ha =
( h1h2 ) X w
( a X 100)
h1, h2 - manometer readings cm
Density of air at room temperature ( a )=
( a at STP ) X 273
(t R +273)
tR - Room Temperature, C
cpg - specific heat of exhaust gases = 1.005 kJ / kg K
tgo- temperature of exhaust gases , o C
tgi- temperature of atmospheric air, o C
e)
Heat Input ( HI )=mf X C .V

mf - mass flow rate of fuel , kg / s
C.V. - Calorific Value of diesel = 40,500 kJ / kg
f)
Unaccounted Heat Loss ( Qun ) =HI( BP+Qcw +Qeg )
kJ
s
RESULT
VIVA
1. What is the use of heat balance test?
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
2. What are the possible unaccounted losses?

5. How heat loss affects the engine performance?
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
TABULAR COLUMN
Sl.No.
sample oil
condition
open cup
closed cup
Flash point
Fire point
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
DETERMINATION OF FLASH AND FIRE POINTS OF A LIQUID FUEL

EX. NO:
DATE:
AIM
To determine the flash and fire points of the given oil using Pensky-Morteins apparatus.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Thermometer, Pensky-Morteins apparatus
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Flash and Fire points

Flash point is the temperature to which the oil must be heated to give off sufficient vapour to form an
inflammable mixture with air.
Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the production of combustible gas from the oil is enough
to maintain a steady flame after ignition.
DESCRIPTION
The apparatus consists of a brass cup with a filling mark inside.

The cup is surrounded by electric heating elements.
The brass cup is closed with a cover where provisions are made to insert thermometer, to
introduce test flame and to connect the stirrer.
PROCEDURE
The oil cup is cleaned and dried.
The oil is poured in the cup up to the filling mark.
The flash and fire points are noted in the open conditions.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
The cup is covered with the given lid.

The heater is connected to the mains and the rate of heating is adjusted.
As the oil temperature increases, the test flame is applied at an interval of 20 oC to find the
flash and fire points.
RESULT
VIVA
1. What is flash point?
2. Define fire point.
3. What is latent heat of vaporization?
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
STUDY OF STEAM GENERATORS AND TURBINES

EX. NO:
DATE:
AIM
To study and understand the principle of steam boilers and turbines.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
DEFINITION
Boiler, also called steam generator is the engineering device which generates steam at constant
pressure .It is a closed vessel, generally made of steel in which vaporization of water takes place. Heat
required for vapourization may be provided by the combustion of fuel in furnace, electricity, nuclear
reactor, hot exhaust gases, solar radiations.,etc.
TYPES OF BOILERS
Boilers are of many types. Depending upon their features they can be classified as given under:
(a)Based upon the orientation /axis of the shell.
(i)Vertical boiler has a vertical shell..
(ii)Horizontal boiler has its shell horizontal.
(iii)Inclined boiler has its shell inclined .
(b)Based upon utility of boiler.
(i)Stationary boiler
(ii)Portable boiler
(c)Based on the type of firing employed.
(i)externally fired boiler; e.g : Lancahsire boiler, Locomotive boiler
(ii)Internally fired boiler ., e.g .Cochran boiler, Babcock and Wilcox boiler
(d)Based on the tube content.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
(i)Fire tube boiler e.g : Cornish, Cochran, Lancashire, Locomotive boiler.

Hot gases flow through the tubes and water surrounds them.
(ii)Water tube boiler
Water flows through the tubes and hot gases surrounds them.
e.g : Babcock and Wilcox boiler, Stirling boiler, La- Mont boiler, Benson boiler .
(e)Based on the type of fuel used.
(i)solid fuel boiler :e.g : coal fired boilers.
(ii)Liquid Fuel boiler ,e.g: Oil fired boilers.
(iii)Gas fired boiler :e.g: Natural gas fired boilers.
(f)Based on circulation
According to the flow of the water/steam is caused by the density difference which is
due to the temperature variation.
(i)Natural circulation
Here, the circulation of water/steam is caused by the density difference which is due
to the steam temperature.
(ii)Forced Circulation boilers
Here, the circulation of water /steam is caused by a pump, or fan.
One Water tube boiler is discussed below.
BABCOCK AND WILCOX BOILER
SV : Safety valve
MH :Man hole
PG :Pressure Gauge
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
BP :Baffle Plate
WLI: Water Level Indicator
APP :Anti priming pipe
SH :Super heater
H :Header
D: Door
BDV: Blow down valve
WT: Water Tubes
FV: Feed Valve
MC: Mud collector
FD: Fire Door
G: Grate
Definition
Babcock and Wilcox boiler is an example of water tube boiler which is horizontal straight tube boiler
and may be designed for stationary or marine purposes.
The particulars relating to this boiler are
Diameter of the drum
1.22 to 1.83 m
Length
6.096 to 9.144 m
Size of the water tubes
7.62 to 10.16 cm
Size of the super heater tubes
3.84 to 5.71 cm
Working pressure
40 bar (max)
Steaming capacity
40000 kg/hr (max)
Efficiency
60 to 80 %
The Babcock and Wilcox Boiler consist of a drum connected to a series of front end and rear end
header by short riser tubes. To these headers are connected a series of inclined water tubes of solid
drawn mild steel.
The angle of inclination of the water tubes to the horizontal is about 15 or more. A hand hole is
provided in the header in front of each tube for cleaning and inspection of tubes. A feed valve is
provided to fill the drum and inclined tubes with water the level of which is indicated by the water
level indicator. Through the fire door the fuel is supplied to grate where it is burnt.
The water from the drum flows through the inclined tubes via down take header and goes back into the
shell in the form of water and steam via uptake header. The steam gets collected in the steam space of
the drum. The steam then enters through the anti-priming pipe and flows in the super-heater tubes
where it is further heated and is finally taken out through stop valve and supplied to the engine when
needed. At the lowest point of the boiler is provided the mud collector to remove the mud particles
through a blow down clock.
BOILER MOUNTINGS
1. WATER LEVEL INDICATOR
It is used for knowing the level of water in the boiler.
2. SAFETY VALVE
Its function is to prevent the steam pressure from exceeding a limiting maximum pressure value.
Safety valve should operate automatically by releasing excess steam and bring pressure down within
safe limits.
3. FUSIBLE PLUG
It is a safety device used for preventing the level of water from going down below a critical point and
thus avoids overheating. It is mounted at crown plate of combustion chamber.
4. PRESSURE GAUGE
It is mounted at front top. Pressure is continuously monitored so as to avoid occurrence of over
shooting of boiler pressure.
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
5. STOP VALVE
It regulates the flow of steam from the boiler .This is generally mounted on highest part of boiler shell
and performs function of regulating the flow of steam from boiler.
6. FEED CHECK VALVE
It is a non-return valve at the end of delivery pipe from feed water pump and is placed on boiler shell
slightly below normal water level. It is used to fill the boiler with water.
7. BLOW OFF COCK
It is used for cleaning by discharging the water and sediments from bottom of boiler. Blow off cock
also helps in regulating the salt concentration as frequent draining helps in throwing out salt deposited
over period of time. Opening blow off cock removes deposited sediments in boiler.
8. MANHOLE AND MUD BOX
Manhole provides the opening for cleaning, inspection and maintenance purpose.
Mud box is a collection chamber for collecting the mud.
ACCESSORIES
1. SUPER HEATER
Its purpose is to super heat steam and is a type of heat exchanger in which steam flows inside tubes
and hot gases surround it.
2. ECONOMISER
An economizer is a device used to heat feed water by utilizing the heat in the exhaust flue gases before
leaving through the chimney.
3. AIR PREHEATER
An air preheater is used to recover the heat from the exhaust flue gases. It is installed between the
economizer the chimney. The air required for the purpose of combustion is drawn through the air
preheater where its temperature is raised. It is then passed through the ducts to the furnace. The air is
passed through the tubes of the heater internally while hot flue gases are passed over the outside of the
tubes.
STEAM TURBINES
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which rotary motion is obtained by the gradual change of
momentum of the steam.
In general a steam turbine consists of the following
1. The nozzle in which the heat energy of high pressure steam is converted to kinetic energy,
so that the steam issues from the nozzle with a very high velocity.
2. The blades change the direction of steam issuing form the nozzle, so that a force acts on the
blades due to the change of momentum and propel them.
PRINCIPLE
The principle of steam turbine is the generation of high velocity steam jet by the expansion of high
pressure steam and then conversion of kineticenergy, so obtained into mechanical work on rotor
blades.
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINE
1. According to the mode of steam action
(i)Impulse turbine (ii) Reaction turbine
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
2. According to the direction of steam flow

(i)Axial flow turbine (ii) Radial flow turbine
3. According to the exhaust condition of steam
(i)Condensing turbine (ii) Non condensing turbine
4. According to the pressure of steam
(i)High pressure turbine
(ii) Medium Pressure turbine
(iii) High pressure turbine
5. According to the number of stages
(i)Single stage turbine (ii) Multi stage turbine
IMPULSE TURBINE
An impulse turbine is a turbine which runs by the impulse of steam jet of this turbine; the steam is first
made to flow through the nozzle. Then the steam jet impinges on the turbine blades (which are curves
like blades) and are mounted on the circumference of the wheel. The steam jet after impinging glides
over the concave surface of the blades and finally leaves the turbine.
REACTION TURBINE
In a reaction turbine, the steam enters the wheel under pressure and flows over the blades. Thesteam,
while gliding, propels the blades and makes them to move. As a matter of fact, the turbine runner is
rotated by the reactive forces of steam jets. The backward motion of the blades is similar to the recoil
of a gun.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE STEAM AND TURBINE AND A STEAM ENGINE

S.
N
o
1
Criteria
Steam Turbine
Thermal Efficiency
Balancing
Speed
Lubrication
Need of Flywheel
6
7
Steam consumption
Compactness
Construction
Cost
High
As there is no reciprocating
parts in steam turbine, perfect
balancing is possible.
Higher and greater range of
speed is possible
simple
As the power generation here
is at a uniform rate, a
flywheel is not required.
Less
More compact
Lighter construction and
easier maintenance
Affordable cost than the
steam engine
Steam Engine
Less
Hard to achieve perfect balancing
and needs heavy foundation.
Lesser range of speed.
Complicated
A flywheel is needed.
More
Bulky
Complex construction
Costly than the steam turbine.
RESULT
ISO 9001:2008
2015 2016
ISO 9001:2008

Agni College of Technology ME 6412 Thermal Engineering Lab I

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AGNI COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME 6412 Thermal Engineering Lab I

ME 6412 Thermal Engineering Lab I

ME 6412 Thermal Engineering Laboratory I

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