6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering 11- 13 October 2010

Characteristics of the non-Sinusoidal Coefficient

of the Voltage at Node Containing a Thyristor
Compensator in Presence of Harmonics
Malek. Bouharkat*and Djamel. Bellala**
*Department of Electrical Engineering, Batna University, Email: mbouharkat@yahoo.fr
**Department of Industrial Engineering, Batna University, Email: bellala_djamel@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract In general, the reactive power compensation
phenomenon is well known but still, industries are
equipped with nonlinear powerful loads such as electric
furnaces; what enables us to appreciate the importance
of the problem and its multiple overlaps in the field of
economy. For this kind of loads, the power
compensation encounters some difficulties when setting
the electrical supply networks with compensation means,
what let several principal questions been always asked;
equilibrium, evaluation of the balance of the reactive
power at non-sinusoidal voltage nodes and the choice of
the compensation installations at nodes of the nonsinusoidal network [1-4]. From this problematic it is
interesting to know about the evolution and the values
influencing the reactive power in a nonlinear load node
by revealing the indices which evaluate the energy
characteristics of an electrical supply network such as
the non-sinusoidal coefficient [4-9].

E
Ip

The model in study, is a limited power system,

with reactance Xs = 0, feeding a node to which is
connected a linear load represented by impedance
ZH=RH+jXH, this latter is of an inductive character and
its power is generally is varying. A static compensator
is connected at the same node. This latter is composed
of two adjustable branches; capacitive and inductive
(fig1). Both of the compensator and the load constitute
a nonlinear element.
To set a complete analysis on the non-sinusoidal
phenomenon, the study of various modes
corresponding to multiple adjustments of the
compensator branches have been made, this can be
obtained by varying the conduction angles of triacs
[1-3].
We seek to determine the non-sinusoidal
coefficients of the load voltage for a working installed
power of the compensator rated 5%, 10% and 20% of
that of the system (K2=XS/XP=0.05 ; 0.1 ; 0.2). For
these power ratios, we consider a variation of the
power of the load going of 1 up to 0,5 (decreases by 2
times), i.e:
X*H=X*H/XH0=1up to 2

Z load

I
XC

XL

System
controller

Fig.1. Diagram of the studied model

II. NON-SINUSOIDAL ANALYSIS FOR THE

Keywords Reactive Power, Energy Balance, nonSinusoidal Coefficient, Static Compensator.

I. INTRODUCTION

XS

FUNDAMENTAL VALUES

A Equations
Let
: load reactance corresponding to the
working installed power, it is equal to that of the
compensator when
(initial mode) [3].
If we set
, we can obtain:

or

For impdance ZP, we get:

where:
(1)
If the compensator must provide reactive power,
then Xp would be capacitive, if it must consume
some, the latter would be inductive.
Starting from K2 = XS/XP, and taking into account
(1) we get:
(2)
with :

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70

(8)
In addition, the relationship between the powers of
the compensator branches can be defined as follows:

By replacement in expression (5)

We assume that this ratio is adjustable, it is a

function of the required optimal mode.
By setting K2C=K2L.K2Linto expression (2) we find:

We get:
(9)

Or
(3)
Using the same way, puting K2L = K2C/KCL, we can
get:
(4)

The fundamental voltage of the node will then

have the expression,
(10)
Taking into account (9) we get:

Thus, by assigning a value to one of the

compensator reactance's, we can find the other by
using expressions (3) or (4) in accordance with the
ratio KCL. This ratio is taken as a variable within the
limits KCL=1.5 up to 2.5 to concretely show the effect
of the possible various adjustments; but in general it
can go beyond 2,5. It can be also lower than 1 but in
this case, the resulting branch of the compensator will
be inductive, however, under these conditions the
compensator must necessarily be capacitive. Finally,
it is taken, by its lower limit, which is different from
1, to avoid the resonance for the possible mode when
=0 [3].

Thus we can write for the fundamental current of

the load

III.
NALYSIS OF THE NON- SINUSOIDAL PHENOMENON
IN PRESENCE OF HARMONICS

A Equations
Likewise, we can write the equations at higher
harmonics.

A For the Mode L=C

The compensator current at the n th harmonics is

expressed as:

The non-sinusoidal coefficient is given by:

(5)

In reference to the equivalent diagrams

corresponding to different models (fig. III. 2,3 and 4)
we get, for the considered mode,

Or by replacing IC0 and ILC by their values,

In addition on the basis of the equality,

For the fundamental values,

(6)
Where currents
expressions:

, and

with:

are given by

We get:

From expressions (8) and (10) we can write:

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71

Having the expression of

, the power
ratios defined by coefficients
the variation
interval kept for the load power, after calculations, the
following tables are obtained.

conversely, the capacitive effect increases in the

direction of 0 towards
by reaching its maximum
at the vicinity of
. The interaction of these two
effects makes birth to the curves obtained for various
cases. In the considered cases, the inductive effect at
higher harmonics is larger than that the capacitive one
and decreases with the relative increase in the
working installed power of the capacitive branch,
(figures 2.a, b and 3.a, b).
IV. RESULTS

XH*

KNS

1.5
2

2.5

/2

0.481

0.327

0.359

0.491

0.636

0.503

0.341

0.375

0.513

0.666

0.321

0.219

0.248

0.340

0.429

0.335

0.229

0.259

0.356

0.450

0.263

0.179

0.206

0.283

0.354

0.275

0.188

0.216

0.297

0.371

0.237

0.162

0.188

0.258

0.321

0.248

0.169

0.197

0.271

0.337

0.189

0.128

0.151

0.208

0.256

0.205

0.139

0.164

0.226

0.279

Fig.2.a Plots of the non-sinusoidal voltage with

respect to : l=c and k2=0.1

XH*

Tableau.1
Values of the non-sinusoidal voltage
with respect to : l=c and k2=0.1

1.5

2
2.5

/2

0.844

0.560

0.613

0.859

1.171

0.907

0.599

0.656

0.922

1.269

0.573

0.387

0.439

0.614

0.806

0.619

0.417

0.479

0.666

0.880

0.411

0.324

0.374

0.524

0.677

0.515

0.349

0.403

0.568

0.739

0.429

0.291

0.340

0.477

0.612

0.464

0.314

0.368

0.518

0.660

0.376

0.255

0.302

0.425

0.539

0.407

0.276

0.328

0.462

0.590

Fig.2.b Plots of the non-sinusoidal voltage with

respect to : l=c and k2=0.1

Tableau.2 Values of the non-sinusoidal voltage with

respect to : l=c and k2=0.2
In accordance with the carried out calculations
we can plot the static characteristics of the nonsinusodal node. These latter's are represented, for the
considered mode by figures 2.a, b et 3.a, b
The shapes of the curves as well as the
appearance of extremums are simply explained.
Referring to work [9-10], we can say that the
inductive effect increases in the direction of /2
towards 0, by

Fig.3.a - Plots of the non-sinusoidal voltage with

respect to : l=c and K2=0.2

reaching its maximum in the neighborhood of

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72

the voltage.
VII. REFERENCES

[1] Boudjella Houari, Contrle des puissance et des

tensions dans rseau de transport au moyen de
dispositifs FACTS, thse de magister janvier 2008 Sidi
Bel Abbes.

Fig. 3.b. Plots of the non-sinusoidal voltage with

respect to : l=c and k2=0.2
V. RESULTS INTERPRETATION
The curves showing the non-sinusoidal coefficient
of the voltage are represented by figures 2.a, b et 3.a,
b, in accordance with the non-sinusoidal equation,
where cases K2= 10 and 20% are considered, with a
ratio variation K2C/K2L going from 1, 5 to 4.
One can note, from the curves, that KNS(U) is
relatively very high, and it is higher as much than K2
increase and K2C/K2L decrease.
has reached its maximum values in the interval
and when the working installed
power of the compensator constitutes 10% of that of
the network, with
We can say that the most suitable wavelength for
adjustment is delimited by:
.
VI. CONCLUSION

The curves observation on figures 2.a, b and 3.a,

b, shows that the adjustment mode when l=c of the
compensator branches (synchronous adjustment) can
give birth to an important compensation effect of the
non-sinusoidal voltage, by opposition to the mode in
which one of the branches is absent.
This analysis allows fixing immediately and at
the preliminary stage, for the considered
mode
, the zone in which
is the lowest
one.
We thus can deduce, if we take into
consideration the approximation aspect of
, that
more than 10 intervals of compensator adjustment are
at the first glance limited by the harmonic content of

Sixth International Conference on Electrical Engineering CEE 2010

[2] LIPSKIJ A. M, Relations entre les indices de qualit

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