Optimization of Hydraulic Design of Water Supply Tree Network Based on Present Worth Analysis Yugandhara Lad', Prof. J S Main! & Prof. SD Chawathe! Abstract Water is Life. Water is one of the basic human needs. Water has a direct bearing of health of human being. Thus, safe, wholesome and adequate drinking water is the constitutional right of every human being. But the cost incurred on the water supply is the main intention of any government body and also is the main focus of this paper. Moreover, the cost of distribution system of the Water Supply Scheme accounts for around 60 to 70 % of the total expenses of the scheme. Thus the cost on distribution system becomes an important consideration. Hence, an optimal cost design of water distribution network on the basis of present worth analysis is the main aim of this study. A Rural Water Supply System (Branched Network) in Malegaon Taluka, Nashik from Master Balancing Reservoir (MBR) to the Ground Service Reservoirs (GSRs) of 30 villages is considered in this study for determining the ‘most optimal design based on Present Worth of the system by varying the pumping heads at the MBR. Keywords Tree Water Distribution Network; Cost Optimization; Present worth Analysis Introduction: In India the Government has set a target for making available water to 100% of both rural and urban population. Since over 78% of country’s population resides in villages scattered all over the country, the problem of providing water to the rural population has assumed a gigantic proportion which requires careful planning and speedy implementation to meet the target. Both of these necessitate appropriate designs for the systems to be used. Thus water supply systems form an integral part of civilization. Keeping in focus the rural area and its distribution system, a Regional Rural Water Supply Scheme (RRWSS) for 30 villages in Nashik District consisting of a distribution system from MBR to the GSRs of the villages as shown in Figure 1 is selected as a reference scheme for this study. In view of the above said RRWSS, itis aimed to design a least cost Feeder Main system by using Present Worth Analysis. BRANCH Programme Version 3.0 is used to design the branched Feeder Main Network. It also gives the capital cost of pipes. But for determining the present worth of the system, the pumping machinery and the electrical energy cost has to be considered, which is not incorporated in BRANCH programme. ‘Thus a new programme is developed in Java which determines the present worth of the feeder main scheme which accounts for the above mentioned costs viz. Capital cost of pipes, the pumping machinery cost and the electrical energy cost. Scope of Study + Branch Programme Version 3.0 is used to design the network and to obtain the capital cost of pipes fora varying range of pumping heads at the MBR. + Developing a Programme Code in Java Language for determining the present worth of the system on Present Worth Analysis method. + Running the Java Programme to determine the Present worth of the system for the varying Pumping Heads. + Plotting a graph comparing the present worth of the system versus the pumping heads and then 1 Civil & Environmental Dept., Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra State Journal of Indian Water Works Association 67 January-March 2012Figure I: Tree Feeder Main Network of Malmatha 30 villages scheme In Nashik district determining the most optimal solution for the system Data Colle 1. The Data Collection required forthe study is + A30 villages feeder main network map is collected from Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran (MIP). ‘+The past population data ofall the 30 villages iscollected from Hydralics Department, MIP + The District Schedule Rates (DSR) is collected ffom MIP, forthe present cost of -water pipeline diameter sizes + Thedataof presentcost of pumping machinery and eletrical energy in Rs /kiloWatt and Rs / kiloWart Hour respectively is collected. + Java Runtime Environment JRE) setup and Eclipse Ganymede is installed on Computer 2. A network diagram of the 30 villages feeder ‘main map is developed (Figure 1). This network diagram shows the Elevated Storage Reservoir (ESR)as the Source Node and the Ground Service Reservoir (GSR) 3s the intermediate and terminal nodes, It i assumed that a minimum residual pressure of 3 meters is maintained in the GSRs ‘of the villages, The local distribution network is rot considered in the stay. 3. Using past population data, population for every villages forecasted by arithmetical mean method fora design period of 30 years 4. Water Demand is calculated, considering the forecasted population for every year of the design period. 15% leakage losses are considered while ‘Journal of Indian Water Works Association “Famuary-March 2012calculating the water demand. 5. BRANCH Programme Version 3.0 is used to determine the capital cost of pipes. The Inputs required in BRANCH programme are: + ‘The water demand for the 30th year (Le. 2040) for every node in liters per second (Ips) + The minimum and maximum allowable headloss in meters/kilometer. ed at the + Minimum Residual Pressure requi terminal node in meters, + Commercial diameter sizes, their cost and C values. (DSR values). Here the minimum diameter of 150 mm is considered for the design. + Elevations of all the nodes. + HGL of the source node. 6. On the basis of the minimum residual pressure requirement at the terminal nodes from BRANCH programme, the pumping head at the ESR is varied from 16 mis to 27 mts. 7. The capital cost of pipeline is determined from BRANCH programme for each pumping head from 16 to 27 mts, with an increment of I meter head. 8. The present worth of the scheme for one particular pumping head (18 m) is calculated manually. The Data on the present cost of Pumping machinery in Rs./kW is collected and is assumed to be escalating by 6% every year. The Energy cost is assumed to be escalating by 5% every five years. 9. Aprogramme code is developed in Java language on Eclipse Ganymede for the formulation of the Present worth Analysis method. This programme incorporates the capital cost of pipes from BRANCH programme, the capital cost of the pumping machinery at the first installation, the present worth of the pumping machinery at the time of replacement and the present worth of the ‘energy cost spent every year. The Present worth of the system is determined using this programme for each pumping head. 10. A graph of present worth of the system versus the pumping head is plotted (Figure 2). The most optimum present worth of the system is determined from the graph. Constraints and Assumptions 1, The Pumping Machinery and Electrical Equipment Cost per Killowatt as on today is 18,000/- per lowat. 2. This Capital Cost of Pumping Machinery and Electrical Equipmets has been assumed to be escalating by 6% every year. 3. The Present Electrical Energy Charges is 4.5/- per Killowatt Hour. Its is assumed to be escalating by 5 %every 5 years. Present Worth Analysis Method Steps: + Population is forecasted for 30 years of Design Period by the appropriate method for Population Forecasting depending on the Past Population Data, (In this Example the Population is forecasted by Arithmetical Increase Method since the past population data considered shows that the community is well settled), + Water Demand is calculated for the 30 years of Design Period (Starting from 2011 to 2040) form the respective population of that year. + A Particular Pumping Head is Considered at the source and the working Hp of the Pumps is calculated. + Considering 50% standby, the Installed Hp of the Pumps is calculated. + Considering 6% escalation in the Capital Cost of Pumping Machinery every year, calculating the Capital Cost of the Pumping machinery for each year till 15th year, since the life of Electrical Equipments is 15 years and the pumps to be installed for the 2nd stage are installed in the 15th year. Joumal of Indian Water Works Association 69 January-March 2012+ For Energy Cost to be spent every year, Hours of Pumping is to be calculated. For the Ist and the 2nd stage, the Hours of Pumping is so considered that at the end of 15 years, the water supply is for 24 hours + The Kilowatt Hour is calculated considering the Working Hp. + From the Present Electrical Energy Cost = 450 Paise/KWH (Data collected from Govt. Body). the Escalated Electrical Energy Cost to be spent each year is calculated. (Escalation of 5% every 5 years is considered), + From the above calculations, Present Cap. Cost of Cap. Cost Worth of = pipes + of Pumping scheme Machinery in Ist yr PW of Energy Cost every yr + Present Worth of Pumping Machinery in 15th Year Results and Discussions BRANCH Version 3.0 is used to find out the capital cost of Pipes for each Pumping Head. The output of Branch is given in Table 1 corresponding to the pumping heads. ‘Table 1: BRANCH output for capital cost of pipes ‘Sr. Pumping Heads Capital Cost of No. Branched Network in 1000 Rupees 1 16 164877550 2 7 161604340 3 18 160831420 4 19 159717220 3 20 159111780) 6 21 158506340 7 2 157902950 8 23 157426970 9 24 157426950 10 25 156852830 26 156278660. 12 27 157002140 ‘The Present Worths obtained for various heads under consideration after executing the programme are given in Table 2. A graph of the present worth of the system versus the pumping head is plotted in the Figure 1. The graph shows a U-curve and hence the most economical pumping head is 23 meters, since the present worth of the entire system is the minimum for 23 meters pumping head. ‘Table 2: Present Worth for respective Pumping Heads Sr | Pumping Heads in | Present Worth of the No meters scheme in Rupees 1 16 172163492 2 7 169345647, 3 18 168728106 4 19 168369269 5 20 168219200 _ 6 2 168069132 7 2 - 167921012 8 2B 167900514 9 24 168355853 10 25 168237113 i ~ 26 168118308 1B 27 169297167 Figure 2: Pumping heads vs Present worth in rupees Summary and Conclusions In this dissertation work, a Present Worth Analysis methodology for the least present worth of branched water distribution feeder main network is presented. First, a map of the feeder main network of the 30 villages of “Malmatha” scheme in Nashik is obtained from government agency. This map gives the elevation of the source node, the intermediate and the terminal nodes as well as the length of the pipes. ‘The past population for every village is obtained from the agency and is forecasted for a design period of 30 years by arithmetical mean method. The water ‘demand is calculated from this forecasted population incorporating a 15 % leakage losses and is entered as an input in BRANCH programme Version 3.0, which Journal of Indian Water Works Association 70 January-March 2012gives the capital cost of pipes. The hydraulics of the network is so optimized in BRANCH programme Version 3.0 such that, a minimum of 3 meters of residual pressure is maintained in the terminal node This BRANCH programme is run for twelve varying pumping heads from 16 meters to 27 meters and their respective capital costs of pipes is noted down. The drawback of BRANCH programme is that it gives the capital cost of pipes only and does not determine the optimal present worth of the system. Thus a Java programme is encoded in Eclipse Ganymede which determines the Present worth of the system for varying pumping heads considering the capital cost of pipes, the capital cost of pumping machinery and the present worth of the electrical energy spent every year. A graph of the present worth of the scheme versus the pumping head is plotted in Figure 2. From the graph, itcan be seen that when the pumping head is low, the capital cost of pipes is considerably high. Thus the total present worth of the scheme is higher. As we go on increasing the pumping head, the energy cost on pumping gradually increases, but the capital cost of the pipes gradually decreases. The overall present worth of the scheme reduces upto a certain pumping head beyond which, the capital cost of pipes reduces but the energy cost on pumping is increased tremendously. Thus from this point of pumping head, the total present worth of system increases. As a result, a U-shaped curve is formed. The lowest point on the curve gives the most optimum present worth of the system. In this case, 23 meters pumping head gives the minimum present worth of the scheme of about 16,79,00,514/-. BRANCH programme version 3.0 gives the capital cost of pipes only. This programme does not include the pumping machinery cost and the energy cost which is required to find out the minimum cost of the scheme. Thus, Present Worth Analysis Method needs to be carried out to determine the minimum cost of the water supply system. The Present Worth Analysis method includes the pumping machinery cost and the energy cost along with the capital cost of pipes. This Analysis Method involves tedious manual calculations. Thus a programme is designed in Java which determines the Total Present Worth of the feeder network for any number of pumping heads. Thus, by using BRANCH programme along with Java programme on Present worth Analysis, the most optimized feeder network has been designed. Reference: 1, “Optimal design of branched Water supply networks” Anand V. Chipluokar and P. Khanna, Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 109, no. 3, june, 1983, ©asce, issn, 0733-9372/83/0003-0604/S01.00. Paper no, 18003 : 2. “Round Table on Strategies for Rural Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation” 21st October 2009, Scope Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi 3. “The Water Distribution (A System approach to water distribution modeling and control), Robert DeMoyer, Je and Lawrence B. Horwitz 4. “Optimal Expansion of Water Distribution Systems” Dr. Prashant P Bhave, Journal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. Ill, No. 2, April, 1985. ASCE, ISSN (0733-9372/85/0002-0177/S01.00. Paper No. 19634 5. “Design Of Branched-Water-Supply Network On ‘Uneven Terrain”, Brian Young, Joumal of Environmental Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 4, July/August, 1994 ASCE ISSN 0733-9372/94/0004-0974/$2,00 + $.25 per page. ‘Technical note No. $226. 6. Models in Water Distribution System (Water Distribution Systems: Simulation and Sizing) by Thomas M. Walski, ‘ohannes Gessler, John W. Sjostrom) 7. A Computer Program in Quick BASIC for the Least Cost Design of Branched Water Distribution Networks, Prasad M-Modak, Juzer Dhoonis, UNDP? World Bank, ‘Asia Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Development Project, RAS/86/160, December 1991 8. Review of modelling software for piped distribution networks. http:/Awww.skat.ch Notes on Hydraulies by $ D Chawate. 10, “Model-based Design of Water Distribution and ‘Sewage Systems”, Hermann M, Orth, Asian Institute of ‘Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, A Wiley-Interscience Publication 11, “Analysis of Water Distribution Networks” PR Bhave, Gupta, Narosa Publications Manual on Water Supply and Treatment” (Third Edition, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, New Delhi, March 1991 13, “Planning and Computerized Design of Conveyance Systems for Water”, Manish Bhamare, M.Tech Dissertation, VITI, 2005-2006 12. ooocooc0 Journal of Indian Water Works Associ n January-March 2012