Resume Paper

(Kelas C_270110120061_Aulia Nur Cahyo)

Title

Shale Hydrocarbon as a new energy resource

With economic growth of 5-6 %, energy demand also
increases. Additionally demographics bonus and the
increasing purchasing power of Indonesian society ,
especially the middle class there must be offset adequacy of
energy supplies . Unfortunately, most of the results of the
exploitation of the energy we still export priority so feared
there would be scarcity of energy supplies is therefore needed
investments in the energy sector , especially Shale Gas . The
composition of primary energy consumption in Indonesia is

Introduction

still 54.4 percent of petroleum ( PEN 2005-2025 ) , followed

by natural gas , coal ( 14.1 percent ) , hydropower ( 3.4
percent ) , geothermal ( 1.4 percent ) and other renewable
energy ( 0.2 percent ). So there mus be a new unconventional
energy that must be in a big reserve. Shale hydrcocarbon
might be a new energy source. At least, 450 tcf that well
preserved in Indonesia. But there are many challanges. There
are not many shale that could be a good reservoir, in this
paper authors will explain many categories shale that could be
prospect as a shale gas or shale hydrocarbon.

Objectives are to
able to

Explaining a Prospect Shale as a Reservoir

Explaining About Shale Hydrocarbon potential in
Indonesia

Methods
The paper is written based on the secondary data, which is
obtained by collecting and resuming existing subject related
paper.

Discussion

Shale Gas Property

Shale is a class name for all fine-grained argillaceous
sediments, including mud, clay, and mudstone. Shale, as
defined based on the grain size, can be defined to be clay and
silt; clay < 4 microns and silt 4 to 62 microns. From actual
examples of producing shale gas fields in U.S., we know
certain shale gas/oil criteria such as Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro)
and Total Organic Content (TOC) values must be greater than
1%, Hydrogen Index (HI) values are >100, and shale
thicknesses are greater than 75 ft. These must be present for
successful shale gas ventures. Shale gas system includes
adsorbed gas and pore gas. Also, in shale gas projects,
kerogen is a critical factor that affects the quality of the shale
gas. The quality of the shale gas can be assessed by the
mineral framework and pore system. The mineral
composition of shale includes quartz, feldspar, clay minerals,
calcite, dolomite, siderite, pyrite, phosphate and organic
matter. Reservoir porosity greatly affects the hydrocarbon
capacity, where porosity in shale gas reservoirs are greatly
affected by clay mineral content. A group of clay minerals to be
considered is the Smectite Group. The Smectite group is comprised
of (Ca, Na, H) (Al, Mg, Fe, Zn)2 (Si, Al) 4O10 (OH)2-xH2O. This
clay mineral group contains an H2O element that reduces the shale
porosity. Smectite will swell during slick water fracs and thus
contributes to poor reservoir quality by reducing effective porosity.
Another clay mineral that causes concern is illite. While high illite
percentage is a benefit to hydraulic stimulation, because illite is
highly brittle, it may cause stuck pipe. Quartz also is very
influential to shale gas productivity; for as with illite, quartz

provides brittleness within the shale gas reservoir. The more quartz
content, the more effective will be the hydraulic stimulation but if,
the quartz content is small the shale will be more plastic and thus
will be less effective to hydraulic simulation. Another common
factor, as seen in producing shale gas fields in the United States, is
the age of the shale reservoir which primarily ranges in age from
Paleozoic to Mesozoic (Figures 1- 2). In those old basins, the clay
minerals are usually trioctahedral smectite, Mg-rich chlorite,
interstratified chlorite/smectite and corrensite. Diagenesis of
Smectite to chlorite depicts a trend toward diminished swelling and
increased stability (Chang et al., 1986; Kook Son-Byeong et al.,
2001). While in younger basins, clay minerals are dioctahedral and
make mechanical instability.

Shale Gas Potential In Indonesia

Shale gas potential is largely in the western regions ,

especially the basin on the island of Sumatra , Java and
Borneo. In depressions on the island of Sumatra been
anticipated at 233.05 Tcf , Java at 47.64 Tcf , and the island of
Borneo at 193.93 Tcf . Most of the potential is in the basin
which has been proven to produce conventional oil and gas
basins northern Sumatra , Sumatra basin center, its South
Sumatra basin , basin north west java , basin north east java ,
Kutai basin , Barito basin . Tarakan basin , and the Bintuni
Basin .

Result

Shale is a class name for all fine-grained argillaceous

sediments, including mud, clay, and mudstone. Shale, as
defined based on the grain size, can be defined to be clay and

silt; clay < 4 microns and silt 4 to 62 microns. From actual

examples of producing shale gas fields in U.S., we know
certain shale gas/oil criteria such as Vitrinite Reflectance (Ro)
and Total Organic Content (TOC) values must be greater than
1%, Hydrogen Index (HI) values are >100, and shale
thicknesses are greater than 75 ft. These must be present for
successful shale gas ventures. And the most important is the
shale must be brittle, so it may content many illite,smectite
and quartz over there. In Indonesia there are so many reserved
of shale gas, but the characteristics of the shale in Indonesia is
so diffrent. In Indonesia the shale is mormomilonite rich so
thats why the shale would be swelling. And hard to produced,
there must be a new technology to solve this problem.

References

Rahmalia,Dewi. 2012. Shale gas Potential Indonesia, More to

East. Indonesian Petroleum Association Journal.Jakarta
R Sukyar dan R . Fakhruddin 2013, Unconventional Oil and
Gas Potential in Indonesia with Special Attention to
Shale Gas andCoal-bed Methane ; Badan Geologi
mass potential = shale gas, The oil and gas year indonesia
2012