r

1722s

HEAVY LIFIS
- -

.
SECTION I

INSTALLiiTION
CRITERIA
--.~_--.-.____._._

1.1 Installation Criteria

.I

i.

1.1.1

Lcxatior.
of Lift
-.-~ ,-..-~Attsc%er.ts
_,_.,. .-.-__
The position of the lift attacbmnt should be such

that easy access is ensured for their fnstal.l.ation.

It is preferable that a mintim or no tine-consming
lift atzdunent removal is rqui:ed after the iastd.lation procedure.
The lift attacbents have to be situated in a rectangular or preferably fn a square pattern L-0ur.d the '
c-0-g.
1.1.2 -..c-,-Slin-lc Clearance

_.
Durizg Fnstallation there should be no

obsrrxtion

h the s&hg hcea between the 1F-Ftivj -mints.

Duzinq lift!ng, slings should not beai agaixt any
pa--t of the lFct, unless designed to take the load.
Adk?Fstc

prorection has to be gzovided ti ?revent

the sliags from damzge duzing welding Ln the slhq

area.
1.1.3 Shackle
_I
- - - CLearance
A

clear profile is zequi=ed Car the shackle 21 a

padeye and for Astallation cf tie gLn md the nut.

The pi?tale

diameter should

be, a imxiaua of 6 mm

larger , and a tiinun of 4 mm Luger thm. the diameter

of the

shack&e pin.

See fig. 11 overleaf.

-.

_ :..
I
---

I
I

_-.

1 ..I .3

Cmt'd
-.....

-.

-\
\

1,

i :oo 1 440 1 210

200 ) 150 / 170
1
___,.~-__-___-.--~__-rl__-..C_-.~ 250

160

Lao .

1~ 1co

300 I 190 I

il0

I 130 I 620

I360

400

.
:3

170

I.230

i6O

I 250

72!J

3C3

I
1

so0 1 190 1 240

ho
1 %!I f 42.9
..-. -l_l--..--.-----_..
- - ..-._ -.-_.-590 )

3iO

600

220

600

270

7*
1

I 490

Note: G.P. shackle is qxeen ain shackle.

2S0 )

1
.

190

300

350

290

240

350

430

11910

I:LGO

4ao

62s

To avoid problems during Installation, there might be given

-,
i

strict linitations to the allowable tilt during lifting of

an object; when no linitations are mentioned, the tilt nay
not exceed 2% over the lenqth or tie width.
If sling lenqtb adjustxent is required to prevent unacceptable
tilt of the object, a rnax~u~ of two shackle to shackle connections may be used, in other words a maximun of 3 shackles in one
slLng 6 shackle rope is acceptable.
...

1.2

Structural.Criteria
_-__-- 1.2.1

Eesiln
Philosoa
-_ ~_~._l--~---.
The design of the lifting system should allow for late
informatAon regarding the lccation of the centre of gravity and
the final weight.
Tilrc-consuming cutting and grinding for renxxal or relocation
of pdeyes should be avoided.
TJ avoid loss of allowable lift wight of the pre-determined
padeye/sling configuration, use of a counterweight to adjust
the offet of the c.o.g. is not considered.
To avoid loss of costly offshore handling time it is preferable
to use a system of pre-installed slings on padcyes or if
necessary one spreader frame pfzr lift.. The list of one
spreader fra with offshore adjustable slirq configurations.is
not considered. The nu;cimum sling force will govern the safe
working load of all lift facilities in one system.
Lift- Weight
The lift weight of every object, except piles has to be
determined as follows:
a) Fztablish the theoretical peight from an accurate weight
t;lke-off.
b) &Id 10% for inaccuracies in the total weight (if unweighed).

1.2.3

Distribution of LiftWi.ht
\J over the Lift Points
_,;,_~_~_-_-..-.-,-l_.------~--The determination oE the load distribution over the lift pints
has to Ix done according to pxition of the centre of gravity,
as shorn in the sketch.

0
+

;'

1.2.6 .QFno/shackle Force

and Padeve
Forces
___-*. .-_
,,-

The n&m sling force will govern the safe workmg load of all
.

lift facilities in one system.

The padeye force in the direction a-c the syste4 line olc the sling
is equal to the sling force.

i
I

me maxtium padeye force in one lift system will govern the design
of all padeyes.

Due to unavoidable ~salin~ent of the "as built" padeyes, an additional

...
i:,r. ., ,,
I

force.of 5% of the hcr.i=cntal padeye force Sas to-be takke- inti account
acting p-e-qeodicular to the padcye, at the top of the shackle bow.
_.
L? case the lift pint crfentztion cannot be designed tiwarls t!~e

cent-e of hook, the lif<poizt shall be designed for a hoztiontil

-1arce ,qual to the cspzmcnt due to the desiped tiscrientition
plus an additional force of 5% of the hoorizon*~ padeye force to

'

allow for constxction errors.

using a double slfnq, t-m princi& padeye des,iqs u? be a?GU.ed:
d)

A dcdle gadeye, i.e. two ?izhol~:s in the same plate.

b) A 'trumion' padeye, i.e. two p!nholes or fFxFng pzofnts for

Lhe sling oxf of the plane of the systcx ltie.
cl

One shackle wi';h 2 sling erds.

Due to frfczion of the sling over the hook, LTI the case of ap_oll.cation
of double slings, a load dis!xxbance of 10% ovez both aarts has to be
expected: that means, one part takes fS%, the other takes 45% of the
total load. This phencnenan introduces an extra moment into the padeye..

1.2.7

Factors
Allowable stresses and Safetv-1-1___
----...--

I
In the design oE tie padeye, transfer of stress 'throuch ~4s
-\

thickness' of plates will not be allowed in order to avoid

laminhr tearing U&ss the natezial has T.T.T. ?roperrjes.

.-\
I

The dlowable stresses of lift attacbents:

BGsldfng stress

allow = 0.60+ uy
* -y

tie.z s t r e s s hl.e.cnu!n)

a l l o w 5 0 . 4 0 fuy

C:xcbined Strrss

allow = 0.66 *cy

Tension Stress

allow * 0.60

Bexizg Stzess

allow J 0 . 7 8 *QY
_

me allowable s--esses can aLso be i~ accordance wi*A A.I.S.C.

spacffications exc&t that the na...m sheazstzess shall not
be norf &an 409 of yi.i?ld..Fxztbe---,ore a l/3 fzcrease of stzessrs
shall not be considered.
Safe workizg load of sltigs and shackles will be based on tir&uz~
ce-r.i;'ied breakAg load.

Safety fat tar shac!&es = 5

slings = 3

1.2.8

of Centre
Cf Gravitv and Centre o= Eook
Pccentricitv
,._~_,_-_-,...--~~-r.---~--~--"--."---=~--L_I_..
The allowable psition of the centre of gravity (c.o.g.1
is restricted by the strn of the f~~llowing two variables:
A.

8.

The maxizmm possii&? shift of the centre of hook

(c.o.h.) by Length adjus*Zznt of the sLLrqs Ln cotsbination with the matium allowable eCCent=iCfty of
the c.0.g. due to the mwcimm allowable tilt of the
object. (small d.hUenSiOnS Of CrosS)

The m&m al.low&le eccentzicity of t!Ie c.0.g.

considerhg the .stre?qb of the crane hook.
(large dimension 0: cross)

positicn..---.----l-.z--of C.O.G. n dotted area:

. ---I

The snail Cimensicns of the cross as civen tithe sketch are only
when.the rigging is csrcposed of 4 slfngs with the same nctial
le.nq!k corzzcted with shackles to the padeyes of tie lift object.
Wixen the pmjections of centre of hook and centre of
gravity in the plane of the centre of lift attichments do
not coilcide, the lift attachments should be pointed to
the centre of hook.

1.2.8

(cont'd)
When the lift attachments have been built in, an eventual tisaliwent
of the lift attachments with regard to tie cent-e of hook must be
smaller than 3 degrees, measured in the horizontal plane.
When the posLt.ion of the cent-e of gravity falls outside the dimensions
(;iven in the sketch above the lift shaU be considered separately for
the relation of the liftweight to hook capacity.

1.2.9. W.-m..Rook Load

.
The hook load is defined as follows:
Hook load is tSe sum of lit weight and weiqbt of rigging.
The hook load shbL1 be used on aJ.1 lift C-awin&.

. .._

SEC'XON

I I

2.0

LIFT ATUKWlENT?
---_-._

(Padeyes, Lift Bars etc.)

The different types of lift attachments are :

- Single Padeyes
- Double Padeyes
- Lift Beams
- Trunnions

The main criteria to select a particular type of lift

attachment are :
The lift capacity
The restrictions and adjustments possible on pxitions
o f c.0.g.

The loads introduced in the lifted dbject

The time required for installation and removal of the
lifting gear:

The requirements im,xsed on the lift attachments in general

are covered by the Chapters :
- Installation Criteria
- Structural Criteria

The use of lifting frames or spreader frames is considered

undesirable if these frames are attached to the lifting
attachncnt by means of slings.

._

2.1

Sincle Padeyes
~~ .See fig. 1 for layout
See fig. 2 for dimensions Heerema standard padeyes
Advamaces of Sinn~le
Padeves
-.,,l_l--b
_--.--.----Relatively simple lift attachment
Not very space consuming
No limitations for guides and bumpers
No limitations for seafastening attachments
Raving of slings easy (for slaller shackles)
Disadvahtaces
of Sirxle Padeves
___-.
-~_-~-----___
-The naxCuum padeye force is limited due to mimum shackle
capacity (703 d)
t-bxtioum use of 3 shackles in one line, so the position of the
c.0.g. is restricted
The direction of the mai plate is fixed, therefore the position
of the C.O. hook in the horizontal is restricted to a mxium
misalignment of 3
The roof of the lifted object is subjected to the horizontal
cmpnents of the sling forces.
The padeyes till probably project above the roof of the object so
cutting of the padeye is necessary

SEE OIMENSIONS
S T A N -D A R
- O PAD-EYES
F lGe.2

REINFORCEMENTS
--OF ROOF

\ e*

IA

MODULE ROOF
PLAN
------.
..__s-~-o__

._

--

A
SYMMFTRK
L_-i_-_.
-S L -I N G
- ARR.,

SYMME-TRIG
SLING
..-~_-__-__,__
_-_I-~_

SECTIONB-3
-_-.~
-,-

ELEVATION--IIA-A
-I~

P4EEXS
-LAY-OUT
FIG. 1

----sh;y
0,s

136

144

15

12

120

LO8

0,7f

193

167

20

2s
253

195
233
298

2s
30
35

140
163
190

124

1,C
2,O
3,o

16
20

20s

4,Q
se0

36S

??i
33s

40
50

23s
t75

3SO

55

37.5

60

6,O
7,O

213
400
420
425

-__--*-

25
2s
30
35
40
48

14.5
160

245
263

305
313

275

315

255

to
13
:3
13
16

(7)
(9)
(4)
(9)
(111

:9 (13)
25 (Ii)
28 (20)
30 (2:)

.
...

2.2

Double Padeyes
-,
See f i g . 3 and f i g . 4 f o r lay-out
Padeves
- -_....-_.
.-I.
-Advaxapes -of Double
Obviously the lift. capacities are about double the capacities cf
single padeyes
Relative simple arrangement
Not very space consuming
- No ltitations for guides and bumpers
No limitations for seafastening attachmnts
The difference ir sliog force due Lo friction over the crane hooi:
results in sling force due to fric:i.cn over the cram hook
results in bending mments in the plan of the mati plate of
padeye. (the most favorable direction)
.
Disadvmzwes
of Double
Padeves
_--_.-..--4f&&~mun use of 3 shackles in one ltie so the position of the,
c.0.g. is restricted
The direction of the centre of hook in the horizontal pla.. is
restricterl to a max5mum mi.sal&meot of 3
he work line of each sling sepe:ate doesn t go through the
sysces~ pint of the structure hexe ext.ra ?ocal ioads on the min
plate can occur
The roof of the lifted object is subjected to horizontal caqxnents of the sling forces
The padeyes ~511 probably project above the roof so cuttirq of
the padeye is necessary

A SYM~IFTRIC
---..^--v.sLIN G ARR..
.,-.-

ELEVATION
A-A
w-.__l____

SFCl-lONBs.B*

LAY-OUT PADEYES
-FIG. 3
-

DE.TAIL - 1I -

I
7
I
I
1
.,,/
iI
1.
I
!
.i
.)1
DO,U&E PADEYE
--we

FIG. 4
-

2 . 3 Lift-it55
_ B eams
See fig. 5 and fig. 6 for lay-out
Advantaees
of Lifting Beams
__~
.--.em---._--._I_
Suitable for heavy lifts
This lift system is adaptable to changes in location of the
c.o.g. at a late stage of the module construction, by adjusting the pitch of the link plate, see fig. 6.
This system fmcticns like an universal joints (rotation
around 2 perpendicular axis) hence the possibie positions
of the c.o.g:wUl only be restricted by: the crane hook
strength and the allowable module tilt.
No limitations for guides and bumpers -
No limitatiors for seafasce.tig attachments
Lift bars take one component of horizontal components of
sling loads.
Details of pick-up points in module are simple
Pick-up points in modules and lift- bars can be fabricated and instailed prior final dete&.nation of c.o.g.
Easy removing of lifting bars and slings
Disadvantages of Lift&ilp Bars
~Lirting bars rave to be removed to allow installing next
module (lower modules)
Holes in roof have to be ciosed (walding),
Sophisticated joint (load distribution)
Tight fabrication tolerances required for pick-up point in
module
Intersection roof bracing with main roof beams
Onshore rigging of lifting bars necessary

4.

MO0UL.E R O O F P L A N

A SYIA-rrnr
-_
SLING ARR.
---._p

ELEVATION A-A

..

LIFTING
--.____--GEAM
FIG. 5

DETAIL
2
-~.---.-__
_-. *_ILIFTING BEAM

u II

SECTIONC-C
m-p__
---..-----..-&zz~

-tIETP,- I L-
1-

LINK PLATE

. --~
LIFTING BEAM
FIG. 6

-:

2.4

TrLlhnionS
~-~-See fig. I and fig. 8 for lay-out
Advahtaees Trunnions
_l---m.Suitable for heavy lifts
Offshore rigging of slings possible
No limitations for guides ahd bumpers
No limitations for seafastening attachments
Disadvantarres Trumions
l_-_;--l_--.Direction of the -0J;in plate is fixed sc the position of the
..
c.0.g. is restricted
- Trumions have tc be cut off prior to installation of upper
module
The roof of the lifted object is subjected to horizontal
components of the slihg forces
- T&nions are subjected to high bending mccents due to a 45$
- 55% load distribution on either lug and also due to a pmslole offset caused by clearance between retaining plate and
maih plate.

MOdULE F?QOf P L A N
-

A SYMMETRIC
ll--5Ll NG

SYr?PIETRlC S L I N G

A R R A-..--NGEMENT

..
I
E L E VA T I O N A-A_

_SECTION
- B.0

,TRUNNIONS
_;
FIG.7

...i
.-s

/-I

_--

1
1
-1
11

c
3

--m-e
- - - ----z-.--=-&3
-

bG
. .._

TRUNNIONS
FIG. 8

--i

4.

3.

6.

7.

6.

0*.

fC.

.li .

---. --- frc.3 ,a shack13 kol:

cr reasczs 0, a sccc- loa& r--Ts=PC
to the s ikole cf tie paleyes, the fcllcwinq recc.zezlaticns are given Selow:

To estah:lis;l rouqk?- tT:e ee3eral c?i.-,ensions 05 the ~a+

eye, tke skatct: 5hc.a hereuder ixiicates tke zaycz c?imers ions.

.
4
L
>
-~I~., ; ,( -!.,,. I ' L I :.A*',.'.- ;: ,,.7
x e = d t!!roush ,e = 1.3d
-- .' -.--x t = 0.5 d tkrou$i t = 0.7 d
x a = 0.75 b 'Lkouch a = 0.4 b
x c=b
Note -1.
++2t the thic!c.ess ratio ol the check;latss is a
bi.?ding recommendation.
The follswln~ is recsm.ended:

1t !.s advised to use, for psd eyes , a steel quality being

eqal to the steel quclity of the load str-:ct"re itself.
.
This is to overccce welding poblem.
The following types of steel are generally used:
Yiell
T-me of steel
- stress
- DiY 17100, ST 37-3N
235 N/m?
233 N/m2
FZ 36i-D-N
EU 25,
,.. 235 N/m2
DIX 17100, ST 42-3N
275 N/m2
EU 25,
F& 430-D-N
355 N/m2
DIX 17100, ST 52-3N
355 N/m2
FE 510-D-N
EU 25,
For the calculation of the contact stresses bet;Jeen the
sh2ckle bolt 2x6 FinhOle the fO,ZUlaS Of Eerz CJJL be used.
kereurder:
These 50 zulzs are sh~lified
c?3
P=Axtx--(d-3)
If

d-D

( 0 .O j C t;?en assuse

ia

calc~~l~A~tion Of 1: d-3 p 0 .OS !I

See for the exglana:ion cf t,d and D the skecc:? 05

article

6.3.

fcr St 37-jN : A = 56
for ST 52-3N : A = 96 0'
.For other steel qualities of which t!?e yield st:ess lies
between 235 ,Y/xn* arid 335 Nj/xa2, A nay be found throuc$
ir,ter;,olatfon.
Tke exzr 2pl2tion to higher qr2des of steel is d.a;.serous
azd is Caerefore r.20: alicwed.
3 to be expressed iz~ kg;-'. D, d,

to be expressed in m.

Note that in above formula a certain safety factor is bcilt

in. So no additional safety factor Is rewired.

P
- -

The forces ? 1' 0'2' ?3 ad r.03er.t M L-e assme& to set i.?

of tke cross sectlzn.
t-5-e zeutral axis
The lccatics cf tkis neutral as1.s skali he estljlis>.e6 grc?erly (csiz~ the static zcf.ect r:Le) .
TCe ;cc=ent of kertia I shall Se established src?erl;! to
calclate t:?e benc?Ly stress (?,I he to the x2e.c.t Z-!.
Tk.e stresses 1s the crcsssecticn shall te cSc:la:eti zk
&eckeci aqai:.st t>.e z~~izz*~a allcweC val*.zes as is ir.<.cated FT~ article 5.13. ,
Note that .X = P1 x a-xi/Z.

It nay Se r.ecessazy fcr scte cases to have ::?e stzssses

ckecke& in oder crosssectfcns.
T.L.e sketches si.,sr?? o;l r.ext ?aGe Illustrate the calcuiatlor. 2rocelcres.

for tke calrdazicn of the circ~3fereztbal we16 CC tke

c.L.eek?:late cne dial1 itic!.~2cZe a safe:-/
- facoz c f 2 .

The ?ad eyes shall be desiped such that the forces zun
"sn00ti-ly" fron tke shackle to the structure of the Iced.
It is geserzlly knowr. that ccncentzaticz cf stresses occ-uz
irl stiff ccqonents cf any structure.
Therefore the stiff and flexible parts iz? the ccnstzuction
shall be established so that measures can be taken to avoid
ar.y overstressizg in such stizf ;?arts.
The thickness ratio of the varicus plates of th.e pad eyes,
'=eners shall be kept within reasonable
includhg its stL,
1131t.5.
?or the cheek;late thickness ratio a rsccmendation is
given uzzder article 6.2, which has to be considered as
bfadizg.
iGelding causes shzickage.
Ir. the case that the adjacent st?Jcture has 'no flexibilftp,
this sbrizkage will cause second=,- stresses, which nay
reach high values or even cracks nay occur.
Ia case 5at such str esses work perpendicular to the
plai:: of plates, laxhose cracks xay occur.
Three diziensional fixation of coponer.ts may give brittle
fracture.
To overccz,e abcve problems the foll0wir.g recomendations
are given kelow:
In ccrzers vhere a three di3ensicnal fixation OCC'ZS,
2.1
at least one cf the slates or str-ctural metiers shall
be notched to clear,, the welds and cor?ers.
b1)
Crossing of welds should be avcided.
Also this cm be solved by notching.
The welds shall be properly designed. Any additional
cl
thickness of welds nears also extra heat ih?ut in the
base material, so extra shzizkage and/or seconda,7
stresses.

.
...

-7heXins
.
qives her: input in the kase material in a zone
Lmediately adjacent to the wel?. .
In this so called keat affec ted :cne (9.A.Z.) tke matezisl
properties kave char.qed d=e to t?.e beat input.
In qe?era!. the quality of steel reduces (znoze brittle, .
less strenqzh, etc.).
Therefore the sake cf azy additicca: ccnnecticn by ;neans
cf welding in this B.A.Z. should be avoided.
Cne may assure that the wilt5 05 the E.X.Z. on either sicte
of the weld equals about,the thickness of t.%s weld.
So the ~inix~z~ clearsxe between t-do welds shall be at least
the width of both E'.X.Z.

t'nless otkervise stated ir: the war< speciZication,the following cedes shall be used fcr the fabrication of padeyes:
a) AISC Xanu&1 of the Lxerican Instixte of Steel Ccnstruction.
b) ASNE 3oiler ar,d Pressure Vessel Code of the Jmericaz
Society of .M.eck.aniczl Engineers.
c) API RP ZA, Planning, Desigxixg and Constrxting Fixed
Of?shore ?latfor=s.
It shculd be zoted here t!!at the AISC mar.ual refers to
A.S2?f and AWS codes.
These cedes are kcluded nainly in t3.e ASYX cedes.
_.II

T3e followixg sectiocs. of b-b.? AS?? coees apply

Section XI : Material specifications - ?a:t A - Ferrous
Section II : Material speciffcaticns - Part C - Xelding Xcds,
Electrcdes a~?d Filler ,Yetals.
Section V : Non Des tructive Zxazization
Secticn VIII: Pressure Vessels - Divisicn 1
Set tion VIII: Pressure Vessels - Division 2, Alternative X~les
Section IX : Welding and Brati:q Qualifications

II

II

II

II

The steel cuality of the pad eyes shall. be ec_-al to the

steel quality c f the load struc?:re.
This is to ove rcoce weEin prcbleks.
Only fine grain normalized steel shall be used.
The tem?eratcre,at whic:?,an Impact ZnerFI AbsoGtion Test
(Shaqy V-notch) wouic? be done, should be at least -2OOC.

17

II

II

I
.I
..:
il
z+.
t!
4
:.
c-

/I

. .
.

il
/I

T?Ae -plates nay be ccc- into skate by flaize cutting cr

_ , hadever wi-.ile cbservizg article 7.5.
zac:1i.linc

!I
I
I
+
I

XfteZ the check?lates have been relc?ed or., the ?i??.ole

fcr Lie shackle shall 5e brought to tke prcr;er size an6
finished by xachidnc; only.
The muqhest allcwable qra3.e is 400 Ru, whereby
1 ?.u = 0.000025 rm. (SO : 400 Ru = 0.01 mn).
' Idicr:e ix c?rawLzr-s, 400 R:: irith:
'c7
- - - - 1

I
I

A l l welts .+hzll develcped f-11 strengrh of t::e lightest

!I

or weakest neder, uzless otherwise Indicatec! i;: the

kawincs.

I
/I --

I
,/I
.ll
:I1

t h e welilzc; prccess a c~T.s~~L= v i s u a l ixpeczicn

Duzinq
shall be caxiel out.
.

In case cf heat tzeatzen-,, the rec&zed tem;erz:uze ccntzol

procedures shall be zF?lied.
If pcssible auzcnati c tile-teaperatnre recor2.s shall be nade.

An inspection shall be carried out for 100'3 cn the cozrectness of t5e tiiaensiczs of the pac?eyes, the wells an< t!-.e
criectaticn of the paleye.

_ All Eull penetrate 2 rells an& where possible all fillet

Wel?tS shall
be inspected fcr 100% .by ultra scnic means.

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