FmRadio

14: FM Radio Receiver
FM Radio Block Diagram

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
Channel Selection (1)
FM Demodulator
Differentiation Filter
Pilot tone extraction
Polyphase Pilot tone
Summary
DSP and Digital Filters (2015-7310)
FM Radio: 14 1 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz
[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

FM Radio: 14 2 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Each channel: 100 kHz

FM Radio: 14 2 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Baseband signal:
Mono (L + R): 15 kHz

FM Radio: 14 2 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Baseband signal:
Stereo (L R): 38 15 kHz

FM Radio: 14 2 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Baseband signal:
Pilot tone: 19 kHz

FM Radio: 14 2 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Baseband signal:
Pilot tone: 19 kHz
RDS: 57 2 kHz

FM Radio: 14 2 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Baseband signal:
Pilot tone: 19 kHz
RDS: 57 2 kHz
FM Modulation:

FM Radio: 14 2 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Baseband signal:
Pilot tone: 19 kHz
RDS: 57 2 kHz
FM Modulation:
Freq deviation: 75 kHz

FM Radio: 14 2 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Baseband signal:
Pilot tone: 19 kHz
RDS: 57 2 kHz
FM Modulation:
Freq deviation: 75 kHz
LR signal is multiplied by 38 kHz to shift it to baseband

FM Radio: 14 2 / 12
Aliased ADC

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
FM band: 87.5 to 108 MHz

Normally sample at fs > 2f
FM Radio: 14 3 / 12
Aliased ADC

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

However:
FM Radio: 14 3 / 12
Aliased ADC

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

However:
fs = 80 MHz aliases band

down to [7.5, 28] MHz.
FM Radio: 14 3 / 12
Aliased ADC

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

However:

ve frequencies alias
to [28, 7.5] MHz.
FM Radio: 14 3 / 12
Aliased ADC

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

However:

to [28, 7.5] MHz.
We must suppress other
frequencies that alias to the
range [7.5, 28] MHz.
FM Radio: 14 3 / 12
Aliased ADC

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

However:

to [28, 7.5] MHz.
Need an analogue bandpass filter to extract the FM band.
FM Radio: 14 3 / 12
Aliased ADC

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

However:

to [28, 7.5] MHz.
Need an analogue bandpass filter to extract the FM band. Transition band

mid-points are at fs = 80 MHz and 1.5fs = 120 MHz.
FM Radio: 14 3 / 12
Aliased ADC

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

However:

to [28, 7.5] MHz.

You can use an aliased analog-digital converter (ADC) provided that the
target band fits entirely between two consecutive multiples of 21 fs .
FM Radio: 14 3 / 12
Aliased ADC

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

However:

to [28, 7.5] MHz.

You can use an aliased analog-digital converter (ADC) provided that the
target band fits entirely between two consecutive multiples of 21 fs .
Lower ADC sample rate ,. Image = undistorted frequency-shifted copy.
FM Radio: 14 3 / 12
Channel Selection

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
FM band shifted to 7.5 to 28 MHz (from 87.5 to 108 MHz)
FM Radio: 14 4 / 12
Channel Selection

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

We need to select a single channel 200 kHz wide
FM Radio: 14 4 / 12
Channel Selection

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

We shift selected channel to DC and then downsample to fs = 400 kHz.
Assume channel centre frequency is fc = c 100 kHz
FM Radio: 14 4 / 12
Channel Selection

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

We must apply a filter before downsampling to remove unwanted images
FM Radio: 14 4 / 12
Channel Selection

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

The downsampled signal is complex since positive and negative
frequencies contain different information.
FM Radio: 14 4 / 12
Channel Selection

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

We will look at three methods:
1 Freq shift, then polyphase lowpass filter
FM Radio: 14 4 / 12
Channel Selection

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

2 Polyphase bandpass complex filter
FM Radio: 14 4 / 12
Channel Selection

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

2 Polyphase bandpass complex filter
3 Polyphase bandpass real filter
FM Radio: 14 4 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
fc
Multiply by ej2r 80 MHz to shift

channel at fc to DC.
fc = c 100 k
fc
80 M
c
800
FM Radio: 14 5 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
fc

fc = c 100 k
fc
80 M
c
800
Result of multiplication is complex

(thick lines on diagram)
FM Radio: 14 5 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
fc

fc = c 100 k
fc
80 M
c
800

Next, lowpass filter to 100 kHz
k
= 2 200
80 M = 0.157
FM Radio: 14 5 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
fc

fc = c 100 k
fc
80 M
c
800

k
= 2 200
80 M = 0.157
M =
60 dB
3.5
= 1091
FM Radio: 14 5 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
fc

fc = c 100 k
fc
80 M
c
800

k
= 2 200
80 M = 0.157
M =
60 dB
3.5
= 1091
Finally, downsample 200 : 1
FM Radio: 14 5 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
fc

fc = c 100 k
fc
80 M
c
800

k
= 2 200
80 M = 0.157
M =
60 dB
3.5
= 1091

Polyphase:

1092
Hp (z) has 200 = 6 taps
FM Radio: 14 5 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
fc

fc = c 100 k
fc
80 M
c
800

k
= 2 200
80 M = 0.157
M =
60 dB
3.5
= 1091

Polyphase:

1092
Complex data Real Coefficients (needs 2 multiplies per tap)
FM Radio: 14 5 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
fc

fc = c 100 k
fc
80 M
c
800

k
= 2 200
80 M = 0.157
M =
60 dB
3.5
= 1091

Polyphase:

1092
Complex data Real Coefficients (needs 2 multiplies per tap)
Multiplication Load:
2 80 MHz (freq shift) + 12 80 MHz (Hp (z)) = 14 80 MHz
FM Radio: 14 5 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Channel centre frequency fc = c 100 kHz where c is an integer.
FM Radio: 14 6 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Write c = 4k +
cl
where k = 4 and l = cmod 4
FM Radio: 14 6 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Write c = 4k +
cl
FM Radio: 14 6 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Write c = 4k +
cl
We multiply u[r] by ej2r 800 , convolve with h[m] and then downsample:
v[n] =
PM
j2(200nm) 800
h[m]u[200n
m]e
m=0
[r = 200n]
FM Radio: 14 6 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Write c = 4k +
cl
PM
c
v[n] = m=0 h[m]u[200n m]ej2(200nm) 800
PM
4k+l
mc
= m=0 h[m]ej2 800 u[200n m]ej2200n 800
[r = 200n]
[c = 4k + 1]
FM Radio: 14 6 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Write c = 4k +
cl
PM
c
v[n] = m=0 h[m]u[200n m]ej2(200nm) 800
[r = 200n]
PM
4k+l
mc
= m=0 h[m]ej2 800 u[200n m]ej2200n 800
[c = 4k + 1]
PM
mc
ln
= m=0 g[c] [m]u[200n m]ej2 4

[g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800 ]
FM Radio: 14 6 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Write c = 4k +
cl
PM
c
v[n] = m=0 h[m]u[200n m]ej2(200nm) 800
[r = 200n]
PM
4k+l
mc
= m=0 h[m]ej2 800 u[200n m]ej2200n 800
[c = 4k + 1]
PM
mc
ln
= m=0 g[c] [m]u[200n m]ej2 4

[g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800 ]
ln PM
j2 ln
4 indep of m]
= (j)
[
e
g
[m]u[200n
m]
m=0 [c]
FM Radio: 14 6 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Write c = 4k +
cl
PM
c
v[n] = m=0 h[m]u[200n m]ej2(200nm) 800
[r = 200n]
PM
4k+l
mc
= m=0 h[m]ej2 800 u[200n m]ej2200n 800
[c = 4k + 1]
PM
mc
ln
= m=0 g[c] [m]u[200n m]ej2 4

[g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800 ]
ln PM
j2 ln
4 indep of m]
= (j)
[
e
g
[m]u[200n
m]
m=0 [c]
FM Radio: 14 6 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Write c = 4k +
cl
PM
c
v[n] = m=0 h[m]u[200n m]ej2(200nm) 800
[r = 200n]
PM
4k+l
mc
= m=0 h[m]ej2 800 u[200n m]ej2200n 800
[c = 4k + 1]
PM
mc
ln
= m=0 g[c] [m]u[200n m]ej2 4

[g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800 ]
ln PM
j2 ln
4 indep of m]
= (j)
[
e
g
[m]u[200n
m]
m=0 [c]
Multiplication Load for polyphase implementation:
G[c],p (z) has complex coefficients real input 2 mults per tap
FM Radio: 14 6 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Write c = 4k +
cl
PM
c
v[n] = m=0 h[m]u[200n m]ej2(200nm) 800
[r = 200n]
PM
4k+l
mc
= m=0 h[m]ej2 800 u[200n m]ej2200n 800
[c = 4k + 1]
PM
mc
ln
= m=0 g[c] [m]u[200n m]ej2 4

[g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800 ]
ln PM
j2 ln
4 indep of m]
= (j)
[
e
g
[m]u[200n
m]
m=0 [c]
(j)
ln
{+1, j, 1, +j} so no actual multiplies needed

FM Radio: 14 6 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Write c = 4k +
cl
PM
c
v[n] = m=0 h[m]u[200n m]ej2(200nm) 800
[r = 200n]
PM
4k+l
mc
= m=0 h[m]ej2 800 u[200n m]ej2200n 800
[c = 4k + 1]
PM
mc
ln
= m=0 g[c] [m]u[200n m]ej2 4

[g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800 ]
ln PM
j2 ln
4 indep of m]
= (j)
[
e
g
[m]u[200n
m]
m=0 [c]
(j)
ln
{+1, j, 1, +j} so no actual multiplies needed

Total: 12 80 MHz (for G[c],p (z)) + 0 (for j ln ) = 12 80 MHz
FM Radio: 14 6 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Channel frequency fc = c 100 kHz where c = 4k + l is an integer
FM Radio: 14 7 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800
FM Radio: 14 7 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800

j2 c(200s+p)
800
g[c],p [s] = gc [200s + p]= h[200s + p]e
[polyphase]
FM Radio: 14 7 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800

j2 c(200s+p)
800
g[c],p [s] = gc [200s + p]= h[200s + p]e
[polyphase]
cp
j2 cs
j2 800
4
= h[200s + p]e
FM Radio: 14 7 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800

j2 c(200s+p)
800
g[c],p [s] = gc [200s + p]= h[200s + p]e

cp
j2 cs
j2 800
4
= h[200s + p]e
[polyphase]
j2 cs
4
, h[200s + p]e
FM Radio: 14 7 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800

j2 c(200s+p)
800
g[c],p [s] = gc [200s + p]= h[200s + p]e

cp
j2 cs
j2 800
4
= h[200s + p]e
j2 cs
4
, h[200s + p]e
j2 (4k+l)s
4
Define f[c],p [s] = h[200s + p]e
[polyphase]
= j ls h[200s + p]
FM Radio: 14 7 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800

j2 c(200s+p)
800
g[c],p [s] = gc [200s + p]= h[200s + p]e

cp
j2 cs
j2 800
4
= h[200s + p]e
j2 cs
4
, h[200s + p]e
j2 (4k+l)s
4
[polyphase]
= j ls h[200s + p]
Although f[c],p [s] is complex it requires only one multiplication per

tap because each tap is either purely real or purely imaginary.
FM Radio: 14 7 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
cm
g[c] [m] = h[m]ej2 800

j2 c(200s+p)
800
g[c],p [s] = gc [200s + p]= h[200s + p]e

cp
j2 cs
j2 800
4
= h[200s + p]e
j2 cs
4
, h[200s + p]e
j2 (4k+l)s
4
[polyphase]
= j ls h[200s + p]
Although f[c],p [s] is complex it requires only one multiplication per

tap because each tap is either purely real or purely imaginary.
Multiplication Load:
cp
6 80 MHz (Fp (z)) + 4 80 MHz (ej2 800 ) = 10 80 MHz
FM Radio: 14 7 / 12
FM Demodulator

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Complex FM signal centred at DC: v(t) = |v(t)|ej(t)
FM Radio: 14 8 / 12
FM Demodulator

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

We know that log v = log |v| + j
FM Radio: 14 8 / 12
FM Demodulator

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d
The instantaneous frequency of v(t) is dt .
FM Radio: 14 8 / 12
FM Demodulator

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d

d
We need to calculate x(t) = dt =
d(log v)
dt
FM Radio: 14 8 / 12
FM Demodulator

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d

We need to calculate x(t) =
d
dt
d(log v)
dt
1 dv
v dt
FM Radio: 14 8 / 12
FM Demodulator

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d

d
dt
d(log v)
dt
1 dv
v dt
1
|v|2
v dv
dt
FM Radio: 14 8 / 12
FM Demodulator

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d

d
dt
d(log v)
dt
1 dv
v dt
1
|v|2
v dv
dt
FM Radio: 14 8 / 12
FM Demodulator

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d

d
dt
We need:
(1) Differentiation filter, D(z)
d(log v)
dt
1 dv
v dt
1
|v|2
v dv
dt
FM Radio: 14 8 / 12
FM Demodulator

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d

d
dt
d(log v)
dt
1 dv
v dt
We need:
(2) Complex multiply, w[n] v [n] (only need part)
1
|v|2
v dv
dt
FM Radio: 14 8 / 12
FM Demodulator

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d

d
dt
d(log v)
dt
1 dv
v dt
We need:
(3) Real Divide by |v|2
1
|v|2
v dv
dt
FM Radio: 14 8 / 12
FM Demodulator

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d

d
dt
d(log v)
dt
1 dv
v dt
We need:
(3) Real Divide by |v|2
1
|v|2
v dv
dt
x[n] is baseband signal (real):

FM Radio: 14 8 / 12

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
FM Radio: 14 9 / 12

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Window design method:

(1) calculate d[n] for the ideal filter
(2) multiply by a window to give finite support
FM Radio: 14 9 / 12

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d jt
Differentiation: dt
e
= jejt
FM Radio: 14 9 / 12

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d jt
Differentiation: dt
e
= jejt
D(ej ) =
j || 0
0 || > 0
FM Radio: 14 9 / 12

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d jt
Differentiation: dt
e
= jejt
Hence d[n] =
1
2
R 0
jn
je
d =
=
D(ej ) =
h
j || 0
0 || > 0
i
jn 0
j
e
ejn
2
jn
j 2 n2
0
n0 cos n0 sin n0
n2
[IDTFT]
FM Radio: 14 9 / 12

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d jt
Differentiation: dt
e
= jejt
Hence d[n] =
1
2
jn
d =
=
D(ej ) =
h
j || 0
0 || > 0
i
jn 0
j
e
ejn
2
jn
j 2 n2
0
n0 cos n0 sin n0
n2
[IDTFT]
|H| (dB)
1
0.5
0
0
je
1.5
|H|
R 0
-20
-40
0
-60
-80
0.5
1.5
2
(rad/sample)
2.5
0.5
1.5
2
(rad/sample)
2.5
kHz
Using M = 18, Kaiser window, = 7 and 0 = 2.2 = 2140
400 kHz :
FM Radio: 14 9 / 12

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d jt
Differentiation: dt
e
= jejt
Hence d[n] =
1
2
jn
d =
=
D(ej ) =
h
j || 0
0 || > 0
i
jn 0
j
e
ejn
2
jn
j 2 n2
0
n0 cos n0 sin n0
n2
[IDTFT]
|H| (dB)
1
0.5
0
0
je
1.5
|H|
R 0
-20
-40
0
-60
-80
0.5
1.5
2
(rad/sample)
2.5
0.5
1.5
2
(rad/sample)
2.5
kHz
400 kHz :
Near perfect differentiation for 1.6 ( 100 kHz for fs = 400 kHz)
FM Radio: 14 9 / 12

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

d jt
Differentiation: dt
e
= jejt
Hence d[n] =
1
2
jn
d =
=
D(ej ) =
h
j || 0
0 || > 0
i
jn 0
j
e
ejn
2
jn
j 2 n2
0
n0 cos n0 sin n0
n2
[IDTFT]
|H| (dB)
1
0.5
0
0
je
1.5
|H|
R 0
-20
-40
0
-60
-80
0.5
1.5
2
(rad/sample)
2.5
0.5
1.5
2
(rad/sample)
2.5
kHz
400 kHz :
Near perfect differentiation for 1.6 ( 100 kHz for fs = 400 kHz)
Broad transition region allows shorter filter
FM Radio: 14 9 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Aim: extract 19 kHz pilot tone, double freq real 38 kHz tone.
FM Radio: 14 10 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
FM Radio: 14 10 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
20 kHz
j2n 400
kHz
(1) shift spectrum down by 20 kHz: multiply by e
FM Radio: 14 10 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
20 kHz
j2n 400
kHz

(2) low pass filter to 1 kHz to extract complex pilot at 1 kHz: H(z)
FM Radio: 14 10 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
20 kHz
j2n 400
kHz

(3) square to double frequency to 2 kHz

jt 2
[ e
= ej2t ]
FM Radio: 14 10 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
20 kHz
j2n 400
kHz


jt 2
[ e
= ej2t ]
40 kHz
+j2n 400
kHz
(4) shift spectrum up by 40 kHz: multiply by e
FM Radio: 14 10 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
20 kHz
j2n 400
kHz


jt 2
[ e
= ej2t ]
40 kHz
+j2n 400
kHz

(5) take real part
FM Radio: 14 10 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
20 kHz
j2n 400
kHz


jt 2
[ e
= ej2t ]
40 kHz
+j2n 400
kHz

(5) take real part
More efficient to do low pass filtering at a low sample rate:
FM Radio: 14 10 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
20 kHz
j2n 400
kHz


jt 2
[ e
= ej2t ]
40 kHz
+j2n 400
kHz

(5) take real part
Transition bands:
F (z): 1 19 kHz,
H(z): 1 3 kHz
FM Radio: 14 10 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
20 kHz
j2n 400
kHz


jt 2
[ e
= ej2t ]
40 kHz
+j2n 400
kHz

(5) take real part
Transition bands:
F (z): 1 19 kHz,
H(z): 1 3 kHz,
G(z): 2 18 kHz
FM Radio: 14 10 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
20 kHz
j2n 400
kHz


jt 2
[ e
= ej2t ]
40 kHz
+j2n 400
kHz

(5) take real part
Transition bands:
F (z): 1 19 kHz,
H(z): 1 3 kHz,
G(z): 2 18 kHz
= 0.28 M = 60, = 0.63 27, = 0.25 68
FM Radio: 14 10 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
FM Radio: 14 11 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
FM Radio: 14 11 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Anti-alias filter: F (z)

n
th
j2 20
Each branch, Fp (z), gets every 20 sample and an identical e
FM Radio: 14 11 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

n
th
j2 20
p
So Fp (z) can filter a real signal and then multiply by fixed ej2 20
FM Radio: 14 11 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

n
th
j2 20
p
Anti-image filter: G(z)
n
Each branch, Gp (z), multiplied by identical ej2 10
FM Radio: 14 11 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

n
th
j2 20
p
n
So Gp (z) can filter a real signal
FM Radio: 14 11 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

n
th
j2 20
p
n
Multiplies:
F and G each: (3 + 2) 400 kHz
FM Radio: 14 11 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

n
th
j2 20
p
n
Multiplies:
F and G each: (3 + 2) 400 kHz, H + x2 : (2 30 + 4) 20 kHz
FM Radio: 14 11 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

n
th
j2 20
p
n
Multiplies:
Total: 13.2 400 kHz
FM Radio: 14 11 / 12


Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

n
th
j2 20
p
n
Multiplies:
[Full-rate H(z) needs 273 400 kHz]
Total: 13.2 400 kHz
FM Radio: 14 11 / 12
Summary

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary
Aliased ADC allows sampling below the Nyquist frequency

Only works because the wanted signal fits entirely within a
Nyquist band image
FM Radio: 14 12 / 12
Summary

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Nyquist band image
Polyphase filter can be combined with complex multiplications to

select the desired image
subsequent multiplication by j ln shifts by the desired multiple
of 41 sample rate
No actual multiplications required
FM Radio: 14 12 / 12
Summary

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Nyquist band image

of 41 sample rate
FM demodulation uses a differentiation filter to calculate
d
dt
FM Radio: 14 12 / 12
Summary

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Nyquist band image

of 41 sample rate
d
dt
Pilot tone bandpass filter has narrow bandwidth so better done at a

low sample rate
double the frequency of a complex tone by squaring it
FM Radio: 14 12 / 12
Summary

Aliased ADC
Channel Selection
FM Demodulator
Summary

Nyquist band image

of 41 sample rate
d
dt
Pilot tone bandpass filter has narrow bandwidth so better done at a

low sample rate
double the frequency of a complex tone by squaring it
This example is taken from Harris: 13.
FM Radio: 14 12 / 12

FmRadio

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FmRadio

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14: FM Radio Receiver

FM Radio Block Diagram

DSP and Digital Filters (2015-7310)

14: FM Radio Receiver

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz

[This example is taken from Ch 13 of Harris: Multirate Signal Processing]

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM spectrum: 87.5 to 108 MHz

LR signal is multiplied by 38 kHz to shift it to baseband

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM band: 87.5 to 108 MHz

DSP and Digital Filters (2015-7310)

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM band: 87.5 to 108 MHz

DSP and Digital Filters (2015-7310)

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM band: 87.5 to 108 MHz

fs = 80 MHz aliases band

DSP and Digital Filters (2015-7310)

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM band: 87.5 to 108 MHz

fs = 80 MHz aliases band

DSP and Digital Filters (2015-7310)

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM band: 87.5 to 108 MHz

fs = 80 MHz aliases band

DSP and Digital Filters (2015-7310)

FM Radio Block Diagram

FM band: 87.5 to 108 MHz

fs = 80 MHz aliases band

Need an analogue bandpass filter to extract the FM band.

DSP and Digital Filters (2015-7310)