................................................................................................................

3
1.

.........................................................................4
1.1.

2.

.....................................................................................6

...................................................7
2.1.
.............................................................................................. 7
2.1.1. ..................................................................................8

3.

....................................9

4.

......................................................11

..................................................................................................... 13
................................................................................................... 14

.
, ,
.
.
, , ,,
.
, .

, .
.
,

.

1.

(Cd, . cadmium) - IIB .

- kalamin. CdS,
. 1817.
.

1. - (48Cd)

(.
).
.

2. (48Cd)

1
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC
%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC
4


( ).
, , .
.

,
,

e-

I
II
III
1.

IIB, 5
8650 kg/m3, 2

112,411 u
155 (161) pm
148 pm
158 pm
[Kr]4d105s2
2, 8, 18, 18, 2
2

594,22 K
(321,07 C)
1040 K
(767 C)
13,0010-3 m/mol
100 kJ/mol
6,192 kJ/mol
2.310 m/s (293,15 K)
1,69 ()
1,46 ()
233 J/(kg*K)
13,8106 S/m
96,8 W/(m*K)
867,8 kJ/mol
1631,4 kJ/mol
3.616 kJ/mol


. : 106Cd (1,215%),
108
Cd (0,875%), 110Cd (12,390%), 111Cd (12,750%), 112Cd (24,070%), 113Cd (12,260%), 114Cd
(28,860%) 116Cd (7,50%), 113Cd (-emiter).
112Cd
.

111

In

1.1.

,
- (CdO) ,
:
2Cd(s) + O2(g) 2CdO(g)
- .
:
CdO(s) + 2H+ Cd2+ + H2O
.
HCl H2SO4 :
Cd(s) + H2SO4(aq) Cd2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) + H2(g)
Cd2+
.
, :
CdCl2 + 2NaOH Cd(OH)2 + 2NaCl
- (CdS) ,
.
- .


- (CdSe) - (CdTe)
.2

2.
.

,
.

.
, (
, ) .
.

2.1.

II Hg2+, Pb2+, Cu2+, Bi3+, As3+,

Sb3+, Sn2+ Sn4+.
. HCl -.

II :
: Hg(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) Bi(III).
.

2 . ,: , , , 1994. . 52.
7


: As(III), Sb(III), Sn(II) Sn(IV).
.
,
.

2.1.1.

1. (H2S)
-
0,3 mol/L
Cd2+ + H2S CdS + 2H2+

:
CdS + 2H2+ Cd2+ + H2S
-
:
3CdS + 2NO3- + 8H+ 3Cd2+ + 2NO + 3S +4H2O
-,
( (II)-).
2. (NaOH)
Cd(II) - ,
:
Cd2+ + 2OH- Cd(OH)2


3. (NH3, NH4OH)
:
Cd(OH)2 + 4NH3 Cd(NH3)42+ + 2OH -
.
- ,
CdS, :
Cd(NH3)42+ + H2S CdS + 2NH4+ + 2NH3

4. (KCN)
- ,
(II):
Cd2+ + 2CN- Cd(CN)2

Cd(CN)2 + 2CN- Cd(CN)42 KCN

:
Cd(NH3)42+ + 4CN- Cd(CN)42- + 4NH
- -
CdS, :
Cd(CN)42- + H2S CdS + 2HCN + 2CN-

3.

.
.
9


.
.
.
70% Cd, 20% Zn, kao
: Cu, Co, Ni, As.
(
) :
+ H2SO4 = SO4 + H2
.
:
2As +3H2 = 2AsH2
70 90,
5 25.
. Cu2, Co3, Ni2
:

2 + Zn = Zn2 +
As23 CuSO4 .
:
Cu 0.1mg/l, Co 0.2mg/l
,
,
.
,

SHG
Cd2+ + Zn2+ + Cd

5g/l.

10


.

450 500 .

. :
Zn + Cd + 2NaOH = Na2ZnO2 + Cd + H2O
:3
Zn + 2NaOH = Na2ZnO2 + H2

4.

,
. 0,1-0,5 g/g, 0,1-5 ng/m3
0,1 g .
, ,
.
,
, (.
) . , 80%
.
Ni-Cd ,
, , , (
, ),
.
.

3 . , . ,: ,
, , , 2001.. 129.
11

prirodni izvori
ubriva
sagorevanje fosilnih goriva
proizvodnja gvoa i elika
proizvodnja obojenih metala
proizvodi kadmijuma
ostalo
spaljivanje otpada
3. (%)

.
,
.
1-2 g , 0,1-0,2 g.4

4 http://medicinarada.rs/biomonitoring/#kadmijum
12

19. ,
.
, ,
,
.
,
.

,
, ,
. ,
.

.
(), ,
. .

()
, , ,

.
13



, ,
,
.

, .

.

1. . , . ,:
, , , ,
2001;
2. . ,: , , , 1994.;
3. http://medicinarada.rs/biomonitoring/#kadmijum;
4. https://sr.wikipedia.org

14