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Single Phase Induction Motor

Single phase induction motor is an AC motor where electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy
to perform some physical task. The single-phase induction machine is the most frequently used motor for
refrigerators, washing machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and so forth. They are commonly used in
low power applications, in domestic and industrial use. The capacity of this motor varies from fractional horse
power (HP) to 2 HP. In addition to this, single phase motors are reliable, cheap in cost, simple in construction
and easy to repair.
Single phase induction motor:
Like three phase motor, a single phase motor also consists of
i)
A stator which carries single phase winging and
ii)
A squirrel cage type rotor
However there is one main difference between two Induction Motors: 3-phase Induction Motors are selfstarting but single phase Induction Motor is not self-starting.
This is due to the fact that the stator winding of the 3 phase IM produces rotating flux, the single phase
motor winding produces alternating (pulsating) flux. An alternating flux acting on a stationary squirrel cage
rotor cannot produce rotation.
There are many methods to make a single phase Induction Motors self-starting. The single phase IM are
classified as
1. Split phase Induction Motor: These motors are started by two phase motor action with the help of an
additional winding known as starting winding.
2. Capacitor motor: These are also started by the 2 phase motor action by using a capacitor.
3. Shaded pole motors: These are started by using shaded pole principle.
Construction:
The stationary part in single phase IM is called stator and the rotating part is called rotor.
Stator:
It is the stationary part of the machine and is buildup of sheet steel laminations to minimize the eddy current
losses. The laminated construction keeps iron losses to minimum. The stampings are made up of material like
silicon steel which minimizes the hysteresis loss. They are provided with slots on its inner periphery. Stator has
two windings which are placed at 90 electrical degree. One winding is called starting winding, it has highly
resistive and low inductance property. Other winding is called running winding, it has highly inductive and low
resistance property.
Rotor:
The construction of the rotor of the single phase induction motor is similar to the squirrel cage three phase
induction motor.
This type of rotor consist of a cylindrical laminated core, having parallel slots on it. Rotor consists of uninsulated
copper
or
aluminium bars, placed in
the slots. The bars are
permanently shorted at both
the ends with the help of
conducting rings called end
rings. The entire structure
looks like cage hence called
squirrel cage rotor.
The construction and symbol is shown in the Fig.1

As the bars are permanently shorted to each other, the resistance of the entire rotor is very very small. The
air gap between stator and rotor is kept uniform and as small as possible. The main feature of this rotor is that it
automatically adjusts itself for same number of poles as that of the stator winding. The absence of slip ring and
brushes make the construction of single phase induction motor very simple and robust
NOTE: We know that for the working of any electrical motor whether its ac or dc motor, we require two
fluxes as, the interaction of these two fluxes produced the required torque, which is desired parameter
for any motor to rotate.
Working of Split phase Induction Motor
The stator of a Split
with

phase induction motor is provided


an auxiliary or starting winding S in
addition to the main or running
winding M. The starting winding is
located 90 degree electrical from the
main winding. This starting winding
operates during the brief period
when
the motor starts up. Starting winding has high resistance and
relatively small reactance. Main winding has low resistance and
relatively high reactance. Consequently, there is 25 to 30 degree
phase shift between two windings.
When an a.c. supply is given
to the motor then current splits into two parts say Im and Is. Im is
flowing through main winding and Is is flowing through starting winding. Im is lags by greater angle due to
more inductive & Is is lags by smaller angle due to less inductive. Since, main winding is made highly
inductive while the starting winding highly resistive, the currents have reasonable phase angle.
m
s
Main windings creates flux
& Starting winding creates flux
. Both the flux having phase
angle difference which set up r.m.f. Due to r.m.f., rotor starts rotating. When the rotor speed reaches 70-80%
of the normal speed then centrifugal switch is operated. Centrifugal switch disconnected electrically from the
circuit. Motor runs continue till power on. Hence, it is also called as Resistance Start Induction Run Motor.
D.O.R:- (Direction Of Rotation)
DOR can be changed by interchanging the connection of either starting winding or running
winding but not both the winding.
Application
a. Small machine tools
b. Duplicating machines
c. Oil burners
Capacitor Start Induction Motor:Capacitor start / induction run motors are similar in construction to split phase motors. The major
difference is the use of a capacitor connected in series to start windings to maximize starting torque.
Capacitor is connected in series with starting winding.
This motor is similar to Split phase induction motor except that the starting winding has as many turns as the
main winding. A capacitor C is connected in series with the starting winding through a centrifugal switch as
shown in figure. The value of capacitor is so chosen that the current Is in the auxiliary coil leads current Im in
main coil by about 80.

Consequently, starting torque (Ts =


kImIssin) is much more than that of
a split-phase motor. The starting
winding is opened by the
centrifugal switch when the motor
attains about 75% of the rated
speed. The motor then operates as a
single-phase induction motor and
continues to accelerate till it reaches
the normal speed.
D.O.R:- (Direction Of Rotation)
DOR can be changed by making starting winding as running winding and vice versa.
Application:- Capacitor start Induction Motors are used where high torque required.
1. Refrigerator 2. Drilling machine 3. Lathe machine
4. Pumps
5. Printing press 6. Compressor
7. Large fans
Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Motor
The Permanent Split Capacitor motor also has a cage rotor and the two windings named as main and
auxiliary
windings similar to that of a Capacitor Start and Induction Run Motor. It has only one
capacitor connected in series with the starting winding.
The
capacitor C is permanently connected in the circuit both
at
the
starting and the running conditions.
The
connection diagram of a Permanent Split Capacitor
Motor is shown below.
It
is
also called as a Single Value Capacitor Motor. As the
capacitor
is always in the circuit and thus this type of motor does
not
contain any starting switch. The auxiliary winding is
always
there in the circuit. Therefore, the motor operates as the
balanced two-phase motor.
The motor produces a uniform torque and has noise
free operation.
Advantages of Permanent Split Capacitor Motor
The Single Value Capacitor Motor has following advantages.
No centrifugal switch is required.
Efficiency is high.
As the capacitor is connected permanently in the circuit, the power factor is high.
It has a higher pullout torque.
Applications:
Used in fans and blowers in heaters and air conditioners.
Used in refrigerator compressors.
Used in office machinery.

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