Commission on Higher Education

in collaboration with the Philippine Normal University

TEACHING GUIDE FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Mathematics
CORE SUBJECT

This Teaching Guide was collaboratively developed and reviewed by educators from public
and private schools, colleges, and universities. We encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Commission on
Higher Education, K to 12 Transition Program Management Unit - Senior High School
Support Team at k12@ched.gov.ph. We value your feedback and recommendations.

Published by the Commission on Higher Education, 2016

Chairperson: Patricia B. Licuanan, Ph.D.
Commission on Higher Education
K to 12 Transition Program Management Unit
Office Address: 4th Floor, Commission on Higher Education,
C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City
Telefax: (02) 441-1143 / E-mail Address: k12@ched.gov.ph

DEVELOPMENT TEAM

Team Leader: Debbie Marie B. Verzosa, Ph.D.

Writers: Leo Andrei A. Crisologo, Lester C. Hao,
Eden Delight P. Miro, Ph.D., Shirlee R. Ocampo, Ph.D.,
Emellie G. Palomo, Ph.D., Regina M. Tresvalles, Ph.D.
Technical Editors: Mark L. Loyola, Ph.D.,
Christian Chan O. Shio, Ph.D.
Copy Reader: Sheena I. Fe
Typesetters: Juan Carlo F. Mallari, Regina Paz S. Onglao
Illustrator: Ma. Daniella Louise F. Borrero
Cover Artists: Paolo Kurtis N. Tan, Renan U. Ortiz
CONSULTANTS
THIS PROJECT WAS DEVELOPED WITH THE PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY.

University President: Ester B. Ogena, Ph.D.

VP for Academics: Ma. Antoinette C. Montealegre, Ph.D.
VP for University Relations & Advancement: Rosemarievic V. Diaz, Ph.D.
Ma. Cynthia Rose B. Bautista, Ph.D., CHED
Bienvenido F. Nebres, S.J., Ph.D., Ateneo de Manila University
Carmela C. Oracion, Ph.D., Ateneo de Manila University
Minella C. Alarcon, Ph.D., CHED
Gareth Price, Sheffield Hallam University
Stuart Bevins, Ph.D., Sheffield Hallam University
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL SUPPORT TEAM

CHED K TO 12 TRANSITION PROGRAM MANAGEMENT UNIT

Program Director: Karol Mark R. Yee

Lead for Senior High School Support: Gerson M. Abesamis
Lead for Policy Advocacy and Communications: Averill M. Pizarro
Course Development Officers:
Danie Son D. Gonzalvo, John Carlo P. Fernando
Teacher Training Officers:
Ma. Theresa C. Carlos, Mylene E. Dones
Monitoring and Evaluation Officer: Robert Adrian N. Daulat
Administrative Officers: Ma. Leana Paula B. Bato,
Kevin Ross D. Nera, Allison A. Danao, Ayhen Loisse B. Dalena

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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
DepEd General Mathematics Curriculum Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Chapter 1 Functions
Lesson 1: Functions as Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lesson 2: Evaluating Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11

Lesson 3: Operations on Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Chapter 2 Rational Functions
Lesson 4: Representing Real-Life Situations Using Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

Lesson 5: Rational Functions, Equations, and Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

Lesson 6: Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

Lesson 7: Representations of Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

Lesson 8: Graphing Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Chapter 3 One-to-One and Inverse Functions
Lesson 9: One-to-One Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Lesson 10: Inverse of One-to-One Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

Lesson 11: Graphs of Inverse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

Chapter 4 Exponential Functions

Lesson 12: Representing Real-Life Situations Using Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . .

88

Lesson 13: Exponential Functions, Equations, and Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

94

Lesson 14: Solving Exponential Equations and Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

96

Lesson 15: Graphing Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Lesson 16: Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

107

Chapter 5 Logarithmic Functions

Lesson 17: Introduction to Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

114

Lesson 18: Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

125

Lesson 19: Basic Properties of Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

128

Lesson 20: Laws of Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

130

Lesson 21: Solving Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

136

Lesson 22: The Logarithmic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

147

Chapter 6 Simple and Compound Interest

Lesson 23: Illustrating Simple and Compound Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

156

Lesson 24: Simple Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

158

Lesson 25: Compound Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

166

Lesson 26: Compounding More than Once a Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Lesson 27: Finding Interest Rate and Time in Compound Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

185

Chapter 7 Annuities
Lesson 28: Simple Annuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

196

Lesson 29: General Annuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

210

Lesson 30: Deferred Annuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

224

Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Stocks and Bonds

Lesson 31: Stocks and Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

234

Lesson 32: Market Indices for Stocks and Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

241

Lesson 33: Theory of Efficient Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

245

Chapter 9 Basic Concepts of Loans

Lesson 34: Business Loans and Consumer Loans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

249

Lesson 35: Solving Problems on Business and Consumer Loans (Amortization and
Mortgage) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Chapter 10 Logic
Lesson 36: Propositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Lesson 37: Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

268

Lesson 38: Constructing Truth Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

Lesson 39: Logical Equivalence and Forms of Conditional Propositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

285

Lesson 40: Valid Arguments and Fallacies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

292

Lesson 41: Methods of Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

306

Biographical Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

319

Introduction
As the Commission supports DepEds implementation of Senior High School (SHS), it upholds the vision
and mission of the K to 12 program, stated in Section 2 of Republic Act 10533, or the Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013, that every graduate of basic education be an empowered individual, through a
program rooted on...the competence to engage in work and be productive, the ability to coexist in fruitful
harmony with local and global communities, the capability to engage in creative and critical thinking,
and the capacity and willingness to transform others and oneself.
To accomplish this, the Commission partnered with the Philippine Normal University (PNU), the
National Center for Teacher Education, to develop Teaching Guides for Courses of SHS. Together with
PNU, this Teaching Guide was studied and reviewed by education and pedagogy experts, and was
enhanced with appropriate methodologies and strategies.
Furthermore, the Commission believes that teachers are the most important partners in attaining this
goal. Incorporated in this Teaching Guide is a framework that will guide them in creating lessons and
assessment tools, support them in facilitating activities and questions, and assist them towards deeper
content areas and competencies. Thus, the introduction of the SHS for SHS Framework.

The SHS for SHS Framework

The SHS for SHS Framework, which stands for Saysay-Husay-Sarili for Senior High School, is at the
core of this book. The lessons, which combine high-quality content with flexible elements to
accommodate diversity of teachers and environments, promote these three fundamental concepts:

SAYSAY: MEANING

HUSAY: MASTERY

SARILI: OWNERSHIP

Why is this important?

How will I deeply understand this?

What can I do with this?

Through this Teaching Guide,

teachers will be able to
facilitate an understanding of
the value of the lessons, for
each learner to fully engage in
the content on both the
cognitive and affective levels.

Given that developing mastery

goes beyond memorization,
teachers should also aim for deep
understanding of the subject
matter where they lead learners
to analyze and synthesize
knowledge.

When teachers empower

learners to take ownership of
their learning, they develop
independence and selfdirection, learning about both
the subject matter and
themselves.

The Parts of the Teaching Guide

This Teaching Guide is mapped and aligned to the DepEd SHS Curriculum, designed to be highly usable
for teachers. It contains classroom activities and pedagogical notes, and integrated with innovative
pedagogies. All of these elements are presented in the following parts:
1. INTRODUCTION

Highlight key concepts and identify the essential questions

Show the big picture

Connect and/or review prerequisite knowledge

Clearly communicate learning competencies and objectives

Motivate through applications and connections to real-life

2. MOTIVATION

Give local examples and applications

Engage in a game or movement activity

Provide a hands-on/laboratory activity

Connect to a real-life problem

3. INSTRUCTION/DELIVERY

Give a demonstration/lecture/simulation/hands-on activity

Show step-by-step solutions to sample problems

Give applications of the theory

Connect to a real-life problem if applicable

4. PRACTICE

Provide easy-medium-hard questions

Give time for hands-on unguided classroom work and discovery

Use formative assessment to give feedback

5. ENRICHMENT

Provide additional examples and applications

Introduce extensions or generalisations of concepts

Engage in reflection questions

Encourage analysis through higher order thinking prompts

Allow pair/small group discussions

Summarize and synthesize the learnings

6. EVALUATION

Supply a diverse question bank for written work and exercises

Provide alternative formats for student work: written homework, journal, portfolio, group/
individual projects, student-directed research project

ii

On DepEd Functional Skills and CHEDs College Readiness Standards

As Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) welcome the graduates of the Senior High School program, it is
of paramount importance to align Functional Skills set by DepEd with the College Readiness Standards
stated by CHED.
The DepEd articulated a set of 21st century skills that should be embedded in the SHS curriculum across
various subjects and tracks. These skills are desired outcomes that K to 12 graduates should possess in
order to proceed to either higher education, employment, entrepreneurship, or middle-level skills
development.
On the other hand, the Commission declared the College Readiness Standards that consist of the
combination of knowledge, skills, and reflective thinking necessary to participate and succeed - without
remediation - in entry-level undergraduate courses in college.
The alignment of both standards, shown below, is also presented in this Teaching Guide - prepares
Senior High School graduates to the revised college curriculum which will initially be implemented by
AY 2018-2019.
College Readiness Standards Foundational Skills

DepEd Functional Skills

Produce all forms of texts (written, oral, visual, digital) based on:
1. Solid grounding on Philippine experience and culture;
2. An understanding of the self, community, and nation;
3. Application of critical and creative thinking and doing processes;
4. Competency in formulating ideas/arguments logically, scientifically,
and creatively; and
5. Clear appreciation of ones responsibility as a citizen of a multicultural
Philippines and a diverse world;

Visual and information literacies

Media literacy
Critical thinking and problem solving skills
Creativity
Initiative and self-direction

Systematically apply knowledge, understanding, theory, and skills

for the development of the self, local, and global communities using
prior learning, inquiry, and experimentation

Global awareness
Scientific and economic literacy
Curiosity
Critical thinking and problem solving skills
Risk taking
Flexibility and adaptability
Initiative and self-direction

Work comfortably with relevant technologies and develop

adaptations and innovations for significant use in local and global
communities;

Global awareness
Media literacy
Technological literacy
Creativity
Flexibility and adaptability
Productivity and accountability

Communicate with local and global communities with proficiency,

orally, in writing, and through new technologies of communication;

Global awareness
Multicultural literacy
Collaboration and interpersonal skills
Social and cross-cultural skills
Leadership and responsibility

Interact meaningfully in a social setting and contribute to the

fulfilment of individual and shared goals, respecting the
fundamental humanity of all persons and the diversity of groups
and communities

Media literacy
Multicultural literacy
Global awareness
Collaboration and interpersonal skills
Social and cross-cultural skills
Leadership and responsibility
Ethical, moral, and spiritual values

iii

The General Mathematics

Teaching Guide
Implementing a new curriculum is always subject to a new set of challenges.
References are not always available, and training may be too short to cover all the
required topics. Under these circumstances, providing teachers with quality resource
materials aligned with the curricular competencies may be the best strategy for
delivering the expected learning outcomes. Such is the rationale for creating a series of
teaching guides for several Grade 11 and 12 subjects. The intention is to provide
teachers a complete resource that addresses all expected learning competencies, as
stated in the Department of Educations official curriculum guide.
This resource is a teaching guide for General Mathematics. The structure is quite
unique, reflective of the wide scope of General Mathematics: functions, business
mathematics, and logic. Each lesson begins with an introductory or motivational
activity. The main part of the lesson presents important ideas and provides several
solved examples. Explanations to basic properties, the rationale for mathematical
procedures, and the derivation of important formulas are also provided. The goal is to
enable teachers to move learners away from regurgitating information and towards an
authentic understanding of, and appreciation for, the subject matter.
The chapters on functions are an extension of the functions learned in Junior High
School, where the focus was primarily on linear, quadratic, and polynomial functions.
In Grade 11, learners will be exposed to other types of functions such as piecewise,
rational, exponential, and logarithmic functions. Related topics such as solving
equations and inequalities, as well as identifying the domain, range, intercepts, and
asymptotes are also included.

iv

The chapters on business mathematics in Grade 11 may be learners' first opportunity

to be exposed to topics related to financial literacy. Here, they learn about simple and
compound interest, annuities, loans, stocks, and bonds. These lessons can hopefully
prepare learners to analyze business-related problems and make sound financial
decisions.
The final chapter on logic exposes learners to symbolic forms of propositions (or
statements) and arguments. Through the use of symbolic logic, learners should be able
to recognize equivalent propositions, identify fallacies, and judge the validity of
arguments. The culminating lesson is an application of the rules of symbolic logic, as
learners are taught to write their own justifications to mathematical and real-life
statements.
This Teaching Guide is intended to be a practical resource for teachers. It includes
activities, explanations, and assessment tools. While the beginning teacher may use
this Teaching Guide as a script, more experienced teachers can use this resource as a
starting point for writing their own lesson plans. In any case, it is hoped that this
resource, together with the Teaching Guide for other subjects, can support teachers in
achieving the vision of the K to 12 Program.

First Quarter
Hour 1

Hour 2

Hour 3

Hour 4

Week a

Lesson 1

Lesson 1, 2

Lesson 3

Lesson 3

Week b

Lesson 4

Lesson 5, 6

Lesson 6

Lesson 7

Week c

Lesson 7

Lesson 8

Lesson 8

Review/Exam

Week d

Lesson 9

Lesson 10

Lesson 10

Lesson 11

Week e

Lesson 11

Review/Exam

Lesson 12

Lesson 12, 13

Week f

Lesson 14

Lesson 14

Lesson 15

Lesson 15

Week g

Lesson 16

Lesson 16

Review/Exam

Review/Exam

Week h

Lesson 17

Lesson 17

Lesson 18, 19

Lesson 19, 20

Week i

Lesson 20

Lesson 21

Lesson 21

Lesson 21

Week j

Lesson 22

Lesson 22

Review/Exam

Review/Exam

Second Quarter
Hour 1

Hour 2

Hour 3

Hour 4

Week a

Lesson 23

Lesson 24

Lesson 25

Lesson 25, 26

Week b

Lesson 26

Lesson 27

Lesson 27 / Review

Review/Exam

Week c

Lesson 28

Lesson 28

Lesson 29

Lesson 29

Week d

Lesson 29

Lesson 30

Lesson 30

Review/Exam

Week e

Lesson 31

Lesson 31

Lesson 32

Lesson 33

Week f

Lesson 34

Lesson 35

Lesson 35

Review/Exam

Week g

Lesson 36

Lesson 36

Lesson 37

Lesson 37

Week h

Lesson 38

Lesson 39

Lesson 39

Lesson 39

Week i

Lesson 40

Lesson 40

Lesson 40

Lesson 41

Week j

Lesson 41

Lesson 41

Review/Exam

Review/Exam

vi

K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CORE SUBJECT
Grade: 11
Core Subject Title: General Mathematics

Semester: First Semester

No. of Hours/Semester: 80 hours/semester
Prerequisite (if needed):

Core Subject Description: At the end of the course, the students must know how to solve problems involving rational, exponential and logarithmic functions; to solve
business-related problems; and to apply logic to real-life situations.

CONTENT
Functions and
Their Graphs

CONTENT STANDARDS

The learner demonstrates

understanding of...
1. key concepts of
functions.

2. key concepts of rational

functions.

PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS

The learner is able to...

1. accurately construct
mathematical models to
represent real-life
situations using
functions.

2. accurately formulate and

solve real-life problems
involving rational
functions.

K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum General Mathematics December 2013

LEARNING COMPETENCIES

CODE

The learner...
1. represents real-life situations using functions, including
piece-wise functions.

M11GM-Ia-1

2. evaluates a function.

M11GM-Ia-2

3. performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,

and composition of functions

M11GM-Ia-3

4. solves problems involving functions.

M11GM-Ia-4

5. represents real-life situations using rational functions.

6. distinguishes rational function, rational equation, and
rational inequality.
7. solves rational equations and inequalities.
8. represents a rational function through its: (a) table of
values, (b) graph, and (c) equation.
9. finds the domain and range of a rational function.
10.
determines the:
(a) intercepts
(b) zeroes; and
(c) asymptotes of rational functions
11.
graphs rational functions.
12.
solves problems involving rational functions,
equations, and inequalities.

M11GM-Ib-1
M11GM-Ib-2
M11GM-Ib-3
M11GM-Ib-4
M11GM-Ib-5
M11GM-Ic-1
M11GM-Ic-2
M11GM-Ic-3
Page 1 of 5

CONTENT

CONTENT STANDARDS
3. key concepts of inverse
functions, exponential
functions, and
logarithmic functions.

K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CORE SUBJECT
PERFORMANCE
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
STANDARDS
3. apply the concepts of
1. represents real-life situations using
inverse functions,
one-to one functions.
exponential functions,
2. determines the inverse of a one-to-one function.
and logarithmic functions
3. represents an inverse function through its: (a) table of
to formulate and solve
values, and (b) graph.
real-life problems with
4. finds the domain and range of an inverse function.
precision and accuracy.
5. graphs inverse functions.
6. solves problems involving inverse functions.
7. represents real-life situations using exponential
functions.
8. distinguishes between exponential function, exponential
equation, and exponential inequality.
9. solves exponential equations and inequalities.
10. represents an exponential function through its: (a) table
of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation.
11. finds the domain and range of an exponential function.
12. determines the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of
an exponential function.
13. graphs exponential functions.
14. solves problems involving exponential functions,
equations, and inequalities.
15. represents real-life situations using logarithmic
functions.
16. distinguishes logarithmic function, logarithmic equation,
and logarithmic inequality.
17. illustrates the laws of logarithms.
18. solves logarithmic equations and inequalities.
19. represents a logarithmic function through its: (a) table
of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation.
20. finds the domain and range of a logarithmic function.
21. determines the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of
logarithmic functions.
22. graphs logarithmic functions.
23. solves problems involving logarithmic functions,
equations, and inequalities.

K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum General Mathematics December 2013

CODE
M11GM-Id-1
M11GM-Id-2
M11GM-Id-3
M11GM-Id-4
M11GM-Ie-1
M11GM-Ie-2
M11GM-Ie-3
M11GM-Ie-4
M11GM-Ie-f-1
M11GM-If-2
M11GM-If-3
M11GM-If-4
M11GM-Ig-1
M11GM-Ig-2
M11GM-Ih-1
M11GM-Ih-2
M11GM-Ih-3
M11GM-Ih-i-1
M11GM-Ii-2
M11GM-Ii-3
M11GM-Ii-4
M11GM-Ij-1
M11GM-Ij-2

Page 2 of 5

CONTENT
Basic Business
Mathematics

CONTENT STANDARDS

The learner demonstrates

understanding of...
1. key concepts of simple
and compound interests,
and simple and general
annuities.

2. basic concepts of stocks

and bonds.

3. basic concepts of
business and
consumer loans.
Logic

The learner demonstrates

understanding of...
1.

key concepts of
propositional logic;
syllogisms and
fallacies.

K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CORE SUBJECT
PERFORMANCE
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
STANDARDS
The learner is able to...
24. illustrates simple and compound interests.
25. distinguishes between simple and compound interests.
1. investigate, analyze and
26. computes interest, maturity value, future value, and
solve problems involving
present value in simple interest and compound interest
simple and compound
environment.
interests and simple and
27. solves problems involving simple and compound
general annuities using
interests.
appropriate business and
28. illustrates simple and general annuities.
financial instruments.
29. distinguishes between simple and general annuities.
30. finds the future value and present value of both simple
annuities and general annuities.
31. calculates the fair market value of a cash flow stream
that includes an annuity.
32. calculates the present value and period of deferral of a
deferred annuity.
2. use appropriate financial
33. illustrate stocks and bonds.
instruments involving
34. distinguishes between stocks and bonds.
stocks and bonds in
35. describes the different markets for stocks and bonds.
formulating conclusions
36. analyzes the different market indices for stocks and
and making decisions.
bonds.
37. interprets the theory of efficient markets.
3. decide wisely on the
38. illustrates business and consumer loans.
appropriateness of
39. distinguishes between business and consumer loans.
business or consumer
40. solves problems involving business and consumer loans
loan and its proper
(amortization, mortgage).
utilization.
The learner is able to...
41. illustrates a proposition.
42. symbolizes propositions.
43. distinguishes between simple and compound
1. judiciously apply logic
propositions.
in real-life arguments.
44. performs the different types of operations on
propositions.
45. determines the truth values of propositions.
46. illustrates the different forms of conditional
propositions.
47. illustrates different types of tautologies and fallacies.

K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum General Mathematics December 2013

CODE
M11GM-IIa-1
M11GM-IIa-2
M11GM-IIa-b-1
M11GM-IIb-2
M11GM-IIc-1
M11GM-IIc-2
M11GM-IIc-d-1
M11GM-IId-2
M11GM-IId-3
M11GM-IIe-1
M11GM-IIe-2
M11GM-IIe-3
M11GM-IIe-4
M11GM-IIe-5
M11GM-IIf-1
M11GM-IIf-2
M11GM-IIf-3
M11GM-IIg-1
M11GM-IIg-2
M11GM-IIg-3
M11GM-IIg-4
M11GM-IIh-1
M11GM-IIh-2
M11GM-IIi-1
Page 3 of 5

CONTENT

CONTENT STANDARDS

2. key methods of proof

and disproof.

K to 12 BASIC EDUCATION CURRICULUM

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL CORE SUBJECT
PERFORMANCE
LEARNING COMPETENCIES
STANDARDS
48. determines the validity of categorical syllogisms.
49. establishes the validity and falsity of real-life arguments
using logical propositions, syllogisms, and fallacies.
2. appropriately apply a
50. illustrates the different methods of proof (direct and
method of proof and
indirect) and disproof (indirect and by
disproof in real-life
counterexample).
situations.
51. justifies mathematical and real-life statements using
the different methods of proof and disproof.

K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum General Mathematics December 2013

CODE
M11GM-IIi-2
M11GM-IIi-3
M11GM-IIj-1
M11GM-IIj-2

Page 4 of 5

(x, y)
x

(x, y)
y

f = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 5), (4, 5)}

g = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7)}
h = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), . . . , (n, 3n), . . .}
f
g

y
x

x
(1, 3)

(1, 4)

x2X

h
y
y = 17

x=7

X
y = 11

19

x = a

(a, b)
y

(a, c)
x=a

y 2Y
13

x=2

(a) (b) (c)

(d)

x
y
x

x
y

y = 2x + 1
y = x2

2x + 2

x2 + y 2 = 1
p
y = x+1
2x + 1
y=
x 1

(e)

y = bxc + 1

bxc

x=0

+1

[ 1, +1)

( 1, 1) [ (1, +1)
R

[ 1, 1]

f (x)

f (x) = 2x + 1
q(x) = x2 2x + 2
p
g(x) = x + 1
2x + 1
r(x) =
x 1
F (x) = bxc + 1

bxc

40
40

C(x) = 40x

A = xy
x + 2y = 100
A(x) = x(50

0.5x) = 50x

x
y = (100

0.5x2

300
1
m
t(m)

t(m) =

300
300 + m

8.00
1.50
d

0 < m 100
m > 100

x)/2 = 50

0.5x

F (d)

F (d) =

bdc

8
8 + 1.5bdc

0<d4
d>4

d
b4.1c = b4.9c = 4

25

100

100

100

T (x)
T (x)

15

1, 000
400

f (x) =

8
<1000

:1000 + 400dx

0x3
3e

x>3
700

f (x) = 700d x4 e x 2 N
150
130

110
100

f (x) =

8
>
>
150x
>
>
>
>
<130x
>
>
110x
>
>
>
>
:100x

0 x 20
21 x 50
51 x 100
x > 100

x2N

x
f
a

f (a)

x = 1.5
f (x) = 2x + 1
q(x) = x2 2x + 2
p
g(x) = x + 1
2x + 1
r(x) =
x 1
F (x) = bxc + 1

bxc

1.5

f (1.5) = 2(1.5) + 1 = 4
q(1.5) = (1.5)2 2(1.5) + 2 = 2.25
p
p
g(1.5) = 1.5 + 1 = 2.5
r(1.5) =

3 + 2 = 1.25

2x + 1
2(1.5) + 1
3+1
=
=
=8
x 1
(1.5) 1
0.5

F (1.5) = bxc + 1 = b1.5c + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2

g( 4)

r(1)

g(x)

r(x)

f
f (3x

1)

q(2x + 3)

f (3x

1)

f (3x

x
1) = 2(3x

q(3x + 3)

q(2x + 3) = (2x + 3)2

f (x) = 2x + 1

1) + 1 = 6x

q(x) = x2

2 + 1 = 6x

2x + 2

2(2x + 3) + 2 = (4x2 + 12x + 9)

f (x) = x

(3x

1)

(2x + 3)
4x

6 + 2 = 4x2 + 8x + 5

f (0)

f ()

f (3)

f (x + 1)

f ( 1)

f (3x)

3x

f (x) =

4
x

f (1)

f (2)

f ( 1)
p
f ( 2)

2 2

f (1/x)

4x

f (2x)

2/x

f (x) =

f (3)

f (4)

f (12)
f (x 3)

1
f
1 x

f (x2 + 4x + 7)

3
p

x 6
3x 2
1 x

x2 + 4x + 4

|x + 2|

200
25
C(x) = 25x + 200

C(x)
2700

s(t) =
g = 10m/s2

5t2 + 100

3950

1
3

2
5

1 2
5
6
5+6
+ =
+
=
3 5
15 15
15
11
=
15

1
x

2
3

5
(x

1
x

2
x

x
x2

10
21

3)(x

5)

(x2

8x + 15)

5
2(x 3)
x 5 + 2x 6
+ 2
= 2
8x + 15 x
8x + 15
x
8x + 15
3x 11
= 2
x
8x + 15

15
8

10 15
25
35
6 2 5 6 3 5
25

=
=
21 8
37 222
6 3 7 6 2 2 2
28

x2
x2

x2
x2

4x 5 x2

3x + 2 x2

4x 5
3x + 2

x2
x2

5x + 6
3x 10

5x + 6
(x + 1)(x 5) (x 2)(x 3)
=

3x 10
(x 2)(x 1) (x 5)(x + 2)
(x

(x + 1)
(x5)
2)(x 3)
=

+ 2)
(x2)(x
1)
(x5)(x

(x + 1)(x 3)
x2 2x 3
=
= 2
(x 1)(x + 2)
x +x 2

g
f +g

(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)

f

(f

g)(x) = f (x)

g(x)
f g
x

f /g
g(x) = 0

(f g)(x) = f (x) g(x)

(f /g)(x) = f (x)/g(x)

 g(x) = x2 + 2x
x+7
h(x) =
2 x
x 2
t(x) =
x+3

f (x) = x + 3
p(x) = 2x

v(x) = x2 + 5x + 4

(v + g)(x)

(f + h)(x)

(f p)(x)

(p

7) = 2x2

(v/g)(x)

f )(x)

(v + g)(x) = x2 + 5x + 4 + x2 + 2x

(f p)(x) = (x + 3) (2x

8 = 2x2 + 7x

21

x+7
2 x x+7
(x + 3)(2 x) + (x + 7)
= (x + 3)
+
=
=
2 x
2 x 2 x
2 x
6 x x2 + x + 7
13 x2
13 x2
1
x2 13
=
=
=

=
2 x
2 x
2 x
1
x 2
f )(x) = (2x 7) (x + 3) = 2x 7 x 3 = x 10

(f + h)(x) = (x + 3) +

(p

(v/g)(x) = (x2 + 5x + 4) (x2 + 2x

f (x) = 2x + 1

8) =

x2 + 5x + 4
x2 + 2x 8

q(x) = x2

2x + 2

r(x) =

f1 (x) = x2 + 3
q(x)
x2

+3
q(x) + f (x) = (x2

2x + 2) + (2x + 1)

= x2 + 3
= f1 (x)
f1 (x) = q(x) + f (x)
f2 (x) = x2

4x + 1

f (x)

2x + 1
x 1

q(x)
f (x) = (x2

q(x)

=x

2x + 2)

f (x)

(2x + 1)

4x + 1

= f2 (x)
f2 (x) = q(x)

f (x)
f3 (x) =
2x2 + x
x 1

2x2 + x
x 1

r(x) =
f (x)

r(x)
2x + 1
f (x) + r(x) = 2x + 1 +
x 1
(2x + 1)(x 1) 2x + 1
=
+
x 1
x 1
(2x + 1)(x 1) + (2x + 1)
=
x 1
(2x2 x 1) + (2x + 1)
=
x 1
2x2 + x
=
x 1
= f3 (x)

(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g(x)

f1 (x) = q(x) + f (x) = (q + f )(x)

f2 (x) = q(x)

f (x) = (q

f )(x)

f3 (x) = f (x) + r(x) = (f + r)(x)

g1 (x) = 2x3

3x2 + 2x + 2

2x + 1
x 1

x2

4x + 1

2x3

3x2 + 2x + 2

f (x)

f (x) q(x) = (2x + 1)(x2

= (2x)(x2
= (2x3
= 2x

2x + 2)

2x + 2) + (x2

4x2 + 4x) + (x2

2x + 2)
2x + 2)

3x + 2x + 2

= g1 (x)
g1 (x) = f (x) q(x)
g2 (x) = x

r(x) =
f (x)

r(x)

2x + 1
x 1

2x + 1

f (x)
2x + 1
= (2x + 1)
r(x)
x 1
x 1
= (2x + 1)
2x + 1
2x + 1
=
(x 1)
2x + 1
=x 1
= g2 (x)
g2 (x) =

f (x)
r(x)
g3 (x) =

g3 (x) =
2x + 1

1
x

1
r(x)

r(x) =
f (x) = 2x + 1

r(x)
2x + 1
=
(2x + 1)
f (x)
x 1
2x + 1
1
=

x 1 2x + 1
1
=
x 1
= g3 (x)
g3 (x) =

r(x)
f (x)

2x + 1
x 1

1
x

q(x)

q(x) =

x2

(2x + 1)2

2x + 2

f (x) = 2x + 1
2(2x + 1) + 2

(f
(f

g)(x) = f (g(x)).

f (x) = 2x + 1

g(x) =

2x + 2
2x + 1
r(x) =
x 1

F (x) = bxc + 1

q(x) =

x2

x+1

(g f )(x)

(g f )(x) = g(f (x))

p
= f (x) + 1
p
= (2x + 1) + 1
p
= 2x + 2

(q f )(x)

(f

q)(x)

g)

(q f )(x) = q(f (x))

= [f (x)]2
= (2x + 1)

2 [f (x)] + 2
2

2(2x + 1) + 2

= (4x2 + 4x + 1)

(4x + 2) + 2

= 4x2 + 1

(f

q)(x) = f (q(x))
= 2(x2
= 2x2

(q f )(x)

(f

2x + 2) + 1
4x + 5

q)(x)
(f

r)(x)

(f

r)(x) = f (r(x))
= 2r(x) + 1

2x + 1
=2
+1
x 1
4x + 2
=
+1
x 1
(4x + 2) + (x 1)
=
x 1
5x + 1
=
x 1

(F

(F

r)(5)

r)(5) = F (r(5))
= br(5)c + 1

2(5) + 1
=
+1
5 1

11
=
+1=2+1=3
4

f +g f

f g f /g g/f
f (x) = x + 2 g(x) = x2
x2 + x
f (x) =

f (x) =

f (x) =

f (x) =

x2 + x + 6 x3 + 2x2

x 1 g(x) = x2 + 4
p
p
x 1 + x2 + 4 x

x 2
1
g(x) =
x+2
x
x 2 1 x 2
+
x+2 x x+2

g g f f

g(x) =

p
1
1
+ x 2
x2
x

f (x) = x2 + 3x
f g g

1
x

1(x2

+ 4)

x2

1
x
+4

1
x 2
x(x 2)
x+2
x x(x + 2)
x+2
x(x 2)

1
x 2
g(x) =
x+2
x
1
x 2
1
+
x+2
x
x+2
1
x2

x2

4x

2
x

x 2
x
x(x + 2) (x + 2)(x

(x + 2)(x
2)
x

2)

p
x
1
p x2 x
x2 x2 x

g(x) = x

2
x2

2 x2 + 3x

2 x4 + 6x3 + 12x2 + 9x x
(f

(g f ) = x
f (x) = 3x 2 g(x) = 13 (x + 2)
x
2x
f (x) =
g(x) =
2 x
x 1
p
3
f (x) = (x 1) + 2 g(x) = 3 x

2+1

g) = x

p(x) = an xn + an
a0 , a1 , . . . , an 2 R an 6= 0

1x

n 1

+ an

2x

n 2

+ + a1 x + a0

n
a 0 , a1 , a2 , . . . , a n
an xn

an

a0

100, 000
y
x

y=

100, 000
x

x
y

750

g(x)
g(x) =

x
y

100, 000
+ 750
x

f (x) =
f (x)

q(x)
q(x) 6= 0

p(x)
p(x)
q(x)
q(x) 6 0

q(x)

v(t)

t
v

t
v
v(t) =

10
t

v
c(t) =

t
t = 1, 2, 5, 10

t
c(t)

5t
t2 + 1

c(t)

a
b

x
y

y =

a
x

+c

P (x)

P (x) =

b(t) =
t

b(t)
t = 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20

50t
t+1

0 t 20

2x2 + 800
x

x2 + 3x + 2
x+4
1
3x2

x2 + 4x
2

x+1
x3 1
1
x+2
x 2

1
(x + 2)(x

2)

p(x)
q(x)
q(x)
q(x)

f (x) =
p(x)

2
x

3
1
=
2x
5

5
x

2
x

x2 + 2x + 3
x+1
x2 + 2x + 3
y=
x+1
f (x) =

x
x

15
x 1

y = 5x3 2x + 1
8
x
8=
x
2x 1
p
x 2=4
x 1
= x3
x+1
p
7x3 4 x + 1
y=
x2 + 3
5
6x
0
x+3

5x4

6x7 + 1

x3

5
x

x+1
= 10
2x
x+1
10
2x

2
x

3
1
=
2x
5
10x

10x


2
10x
x

10x

3
2x

20

1
= 10x
5

15 = 2x
5 = 2x
5
x=
2

x
x+2

1
x

x
x+2

8
x2

1
x

(x

8
2)(x + 2)

(x 2)(x+2)
(x

x
2)(x + 2)
x+2

2)(x + 2)

(x

(x

x2

1
x

2)x

(x + 2) = 8

x2

3x

3x

10 = 0

(x + 2)(x

5) = 0

x=

2)(x + 2)]

(x

8
2)(x + 2)

10 = 0

x+2=0

x=2

= [(x

x
2

5=0
x=5

x=5

x
x
12 + x

25 + x

12 + x
= 0.6
25 + x

25 + x

12 + x
= 0.6
25 + x
12 + x = 0.6(25 + x)
12 + x = 0.6(25) + 0.6x
x

0.6x = 15

12

0.4x = 3
x = 7.5
x
60%

v=
v=
v

d
t

t=

d
t

d
v
5
v

v + 10
5
v+10
4
3

5
5
4
+
=
v v + 10
3
3v(v + 10)
5
5
4
+
=
v v + 10
3

3v(v + 10)

5
5
4
+ 3v(v + 10)
= 3v(v + 10)
v
v + 10
3
15(v + 10) + 15v = 4v(v + 10)
30v + 150 = 4v 2 + 40v
4v 2 + 10v

150 = 0

2v + 5v

75 = 0

(2v + 15)(v
15
v=
2

5) = 0
v=5

(a, b)

{x|a < x < b}

[a, b]

{x|a x b}

[a, b)

{x|a x < b}

(a, b]

{x|a < x b}

(a, 1)

{x|a < x}

[a, 1)

{x|a x}

( 1, b)

{x|x < b}

( 1, b]

{x|x b}

( 1, 1)

2x
x+1

2x
1
x+1
2x (x + 1)
x+1
x 1
x+1
x=1

0
0
0
x= 1
x=1

x=
1

x 1
x+1

x<

x=

x=0

1
+

( 1, 1) [ [1, 1)

3
x

<

1}

1
x

1
x 2 x
3x (x 2)
x(x 2)
2x + 2
x(x 2)
2(x + 1)
x(x 2)
x =

x=2
+

{x 2 R|x <

x>1
+

x+1
x 1
x+1

x<

1<x<1

<0
<0
<0
<0

x<
x=

1<x<0

x=

2(x + 1)

0<x<2

x>2

x=1

x=3

1
2

x
x 2
2(x + 1)
x(x 2)

+
+

{x 2 R|x <

0 < x < 2}

x
h

8 = x2 h
h

x
h=

8
x2

h>x
8
>x
x2

8
>x
x2

(2

8
x>0
x2
8 x3
>0
x2
x)(x2 + 2x + 4)
>0
x2

x = 16

x = 28

x=0

x<0
x=
2
x2

x
+ 2x + 4

0<x<2

x>2

x=1

x=3

x2

(2 x)(x2 +2x+4)
x2

+
0<x<2

x<0
x

x=4

1120
x

1600
x+4

1600
x+4

1120
x

10

1600
1120
x+4
x
160
112
x+4
x
160
112
1
x+4
x
160x 112(x + 4) (x2 + 4x)
x(x + 4)
160x 112x 448 x2 4x
x(x + 4)

10
1
0
0
0

x2

44x + 448
0
x(x + 4)
(x 16)(x 28)
0
x(x + 4)

16

28

x = 16

x = 28

0 < x < 16

16 < x < 28

x > 28

x = 10

x = 20

x = 30

x<

4<x<0

x=

x=

x
x+4
(x 16)(x 28)
x(x + 4)

x=0

+
+

x=4

4<x<0
x = 16

16 < x < 28

x = 28

3
2
=
x+1
x 3
2x
5
+
=2
x + 1 2x
x2
x

10
=
1

x2
x

4x
14
=
2
x

(x + 3)(x
(x + 2)(x

14 5x
x 1
9x
2

( 1, 3] [ [2, 1)

2)
1)

(x + 4)(x 3)
(x 2)(x2 + 2)
x+1
2
x+3
x
x2

[ 4, 2) [ [3, 1)
( 1, 5] [ ( 3, 1)

2
3x

4, 1

10

<0

( 1, 2) [ (2, 5)

3+x
6+x

f (x) =
f (x)

q(x)
q(x) 6= 0

p(x)
p(x)
q(x)
q(x) 6 0

s=
s=

100
t

d
t

q(x)

x
s(x)
s(x) =

100
x
s=

d
t

s(x)

x
s(x)

s(x) =

100
x

s(x) =

100
x

f (x) =

x
f (x)

10

x 1
x+1

10

10

2
1

f (x) =

x 1
x+1
E

x 1
x+1
x = 1

f (x) =
E
x=

E
x

f (x) =

x2

3x
x

10

x
x=0
6 x 10 x 6= 0
x

f (x)

4.5

2.67

x
f (x)

3.33

1.5

1
12
7

6
9

10

x=

x=5
x

x=0
x

x
p
p(x) =

12 + x
25 + x

p(x)
x
p(x)

25 + x

60(t + 1)
P (t) =
t+6
P

bc

t=5

60(5 + 1)
P (5) =
= b32.726c = 32
5+6
P (x)
t
P (t)
t

I
V

I=

V
R

R
I
f (x) =
x

f (x)

2.5

1.33
f

f (x) =

0.75

x 3
x+4

0.4

6x2 x

0.167
x=

x2 + x 6
x2 + x 20
x = 4, 5
6x2

x
f (x)

4
0.75

0.22

0.3

0.3

0.22

0
x=

3, 2

x
f (x)
x
x
y

x=0

x
x

f (x) =

x 2
x+2

{x 2 R | x 6=

f (x)

2}
x=

f (x)

x=

f (x)

x=2

x=2

f (x)

x
y

f (0)

f (0) =

2
2

f (x)

x
x

x=
x<

2
x

2.5

2
x

x
2

2
x>

2
2.1

2.01

2.001

2.0001

f (x)

f (x)

f (x) ! +1

x!

f (x)

2+

x
x

1.5

1.9

1.99

1.999

1.9999

f (x)

39

399

3999

39999

x
f (x)

2+

2+

f (x) !

x
x= 2

x!

2+

f (x)

x=a
x

x=a

f
a

x
f (x)
f (x)

x ! +1

x ! +1

x
f (x)

f (x)

f (x)

f (x)
x! 1
10

100

x ! +1

x!

1000

10000

f (x)

f (x)

x!

1+

f (x)

y=1

y = b
b

x ! +1

y=b

x!

f
1

f (x)

x
x ! +1

x!

x
x=
x=2

x<

x=

2<x<2
x=0

+
+

+
x

x=2
y
f (x) < 1

(2, 0)
f (x)
x!

x=3

x+2
x 2
x+2

2+

x>2

x ! +1

x!

f (x) > 1

x!

f (x)

f (x)

y=

y=1

x 2
x+2

f (x)

f (x)

( 1, 1) [ (1, +1)

f (x) =

4x2 + 4x + 1
x2 + 3x + 2
x x!

x
x = 1000
4, 000, 000

4x2

4x2 + 4x + 1

4x2

f (x)

x2

x
f (x) =

x ! +1

4, 004, 001

x2 + 3x + 2

x2
= 4

f (x)
y=4

2x2 5
3x2 + x 7
2x2 5
3x2 + x 7

2x2
2
=
2
3x
3

y=

f (x) =

3x + 4
+ 3x + 1

2x2

3x + 4
+ 3x + 1
3
x
2x

2x2

3x
3
=
2
2x
2x
0

x
y=0

f (x) =

4x3 1
3x2 + 2x 5

x
x
y

2
3

4x
3

4x3 1
3x2 + 2x 5

4x3
4x
=
2
3x
3
x

n<m

y=0

n=m

y =

n>m

a
b

x
y
y

y
x=0
x

f (x) =

3x2 8x
2x2 + 7x

3
4

x
( 1, 4) [ ( 4, 12 ) [ ( 12 , +1)

f (x)
f (x)
f (x) =

y
x

f (0) =

3x2 8x
2x2 + 7x

0 0 3
3
=
0+0 4
4
3x + 1 = 0 ) x =

3
(3x + 1)(x 3)
=
4
(2x 1)(x + 4)

1
3

3=0)x=3

2x

1=0)x=

1
2

x+4=0)x=

y=

3
2

f (x)

x
4,

x< 4
x = 10
3x + 1
x 3
2x 1
x+4
(3x + 1)(x 3)
(2x 1)(x + 4)

4<x<
x= 2

+
+
x

1 1
3, 2

1
3

1
3

<x<
x=0
+

1
2

1
2

<x<3
x=1
+
+
+

+
x

x>3
x = 10
+
+
+
+
+

y
x

x
x

f (x) =

2
x+1

f (x) =

(5x
(3x

f (x) =

2
x2 + 2x + 1

f (x) =

x2
x2

x+6
6x + 8

f (x) =

3x
x+3

f (x) =

x2

4x 5
x 4

f (x) =

2x + 3
4x 7

f (x) =

x
x3

f (x) =

(4x 3)(x 1)
(2x + 1)(x + 1)

f (x) =

x2 9
x2 + 4

N (t)

2)(x 2)
4)(x + 2)

1
4x

t
N (t) =

75t
t+5

0.

N
N (t)
t!1
t ! 1 N (t) ! 75

c
t
c(t) =

20t
+2

t2

0.

c(t)

c(t)
t ! 1 c(t) ! 0

x = 3

x =
5
9

f (x) =

(x 5)2 (x2 + 1)
(x + 3)(x 3)(x2 + 5)

y = 1

t!1

p =

5125000V 2 449000V + 19307

125V 2 (1000V 43)
p
p

V =0
p=0
p
V

V = 0.043

V
V

V = 43/1000

5
= (T F 32)
9
9
= T C + 32
5

200 F

93.33 C

120 C

x1 x2
y

f
x

248 F

f (x1 ) 6= f (x2 )

F (d) =

8.00
(8.00 + 1.50 bdc)

bdc

0<d4
d>4

d
F (3) = 8

F (3) = F (2) = F (3.5) = 8

y = x2

y = 2x
x

1
y

x
y

0
y

y=1

x = 1, 2, 3, 4

x=1

A
1

f
f (x) = y

B
y

B
A

f
f

1 (y)

=x

y
x

y = f (x)
x

f (x) = 3x + 1

x
y

y
x

y = 3x + 1
x = 3y + 1

x = 3y + 1
x
x
3
f (x) = 3x + 1

f (f

1 (x))

1 = 3y
1
x
= y =) y =

1 (x)

1 (f (x))

1
3

1
3

f (x)
f
=x

1 (f (x))

=x

g(x) = x3

x
y

1 (x)

f (x)

1 (x))

f (f
f

1 (x)

y = x3
x = y3 2

y
x

x = y3
p
3
g(x) = x3

x + 2 = y =) y =
1 (x)

p
3

p
3

x + 2 = y3
x+2

x+2

f (x) =
y=
x
y

x=

x=

2y + 1
3y 4

2x + 1
3x 4

2x + 1
3x 4

2y + 1
3y 4

x(3y

4) = 2y + 1

3xy

4x = 2y + 1

3xy

2y = 4x + 1

y
y(3x

2) = 4x + 1
4x + 1
y=
3x 2

f (x)

1 (x)

4x + 1
3x 2

f (x) = x2 + 4x

y = x2 + 4x
x
y

x = y 2 + 4y

y
x

x = y 2 + 4y

x + 2 = y 2 + 4y
x + 2 + 4 = y 2 + 4y + 4
x + 6 = (y + 2)2

p
x+6=y+2

p
x+6

p
y = x+6
f (x) =

x2

+ 4x

p
2 = y =) y = x + 6

x = 3 y

f (x) = |3x|
y = |3x|

f
f (1) = f ( 1) = 3

x
y

y = |4x|

y x = |4y|
x

x = |4y|
p
x = (4y)2

|x| =

x2 = 4y 2

x2

x2
= y2
4
r
r
x2
x2

= y =) y =
4
4

x = 2
f (x) = |3x|

y = 1

y =

y =

x2
4

k(t) = 59 (t 32) + 273.15

t

k = 59 (t
k

32) + 273.15

t
t

k
9
(k
5
9
(k
5

5
k = (t
9
5
273.15 = (t
9
273.15) = t

k
32) + 273.15
32)

32

9
273.15) + 32 = t =) t = (k
5
t(k) = 95 (k

273.15)

273.15)

1
f (x) = x + 4
2
f (x) = (x + 3)3
3
f (x) =
x 4
x+3
f (x) =
x 3
2x + 1
f (x) =
4x 1

f
f
f
f
f
f (x) = |x

1|

1 (x)

= 2x 8
3
1 (x) = p
x 3
4x
+3
1 (x) =
x
3x
+3
1 (x) =
x 1
1 (x) = x + 1
4x 2

y=x

y = x
y=x

y=x

y=x

y=x

x
f

f (x)

1 (f (x))

=x

x
x

f (x)

!y

1 (y)

!x

y=x
y = f
{x | 2 x 1.5 }

1 (x)

y = f (x) = 2x + 1
f (x)

1 (x)

y = 2x + 1

{y 2 R |

y=x

3 y 4}
f

(x) = [ 3, 4]

(x) = [ 2, 1.5]

1 (x)

1
2

f (x)

1
x

1 (x)

[ 2, 1.5]

[ 3, 4]

[ 3, 4]

[ 2, 1.5]

f (x) =

f (x) =

1
x

y =x
y=x

f (x)

1 (x)

= f (x)

1 (x)

= f (x) =

1
x

f (x) =

f (x)

y=x

p
3

x+1

f (x) =
f

1 (x)

x3

p
3

x+1

y = x3

f (x) =

5x 1
x+2

f (x) = ( 1, 2) [ (2, 1)
f (x) = ( 1, 5) [ ( 5, 1)

x=2
y= 5
y=x

y=x
x= 5
y=2

f (x)
( 1, 2) [ (2, 1)

( 1, 5) [ ( 5, 1)

1 (x)

( 1, 5) [ ( 5, 1)
( 1, 2) [ (2, 1)

y=x
y=x

(x) = f (x)

f (x) = (x + 2)2 3 2 =

3(x + 2)2
2

x
y

y
x

0
3(y + 2)2
x=
,y
2

x=

3(y + 2)2
2

2x
= (y + 2)2
3
r
2x
=y+2
y 2
3
r
r
2x
2x
2 = y =) y =
2
3
3

x = 54
f

(54) =

2(54)
3

2=

108
3

2=

36

2=6

t
d
t(d) =

t=
d

12.5
d

12.5
d

12.5
t=
d
p
12.5
3
t=
d
12.5
d= p
3
t

12.5
d(t) = p
3
t
22.5
t = 6.5 d(6.5) = p
= 12.06
3
6.5
12.06

2=4

2x
3

f (x) = x2 + 1
{0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3}

f
x

1.25

3.25

7.25

10

1 (x)

0.5

1.5

2.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

f (x)

1.25

3.25

7.25

10

A = {( 4, 4), ( 3, 2), ( 2, 1), (0, 1), (1, 3), (2, 5)}

A

= {(4, 4), (2, 3), (1, 2), ( 1, 0), ( 3, 1), ( 5, 2)}

p
f (x) = 2 x

2+3
[2, 1)

f (x) =

[3, 1)

3x + 2
x 4

[2, 1)

( 1, 3) [ (3, 1)

( 1, 4) [ (4, 1)
x=a

1 (a)

=0

1/2

w
w = (3.24 10
l
l=

p
w/(3.4 10

3)

3 )l2

n
s

n=

2s

f (x) = bx

b
b > 0 b 6= 1

x = 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2
y=

1 x
3

y=

10x

y=

(0.8)x

y = bx

x
y=

1
1
3

1 x
3

1
1000

y = 10x

1
100

1
9

1
27

1
10

y = (0.8)x

f (x) = 3x

f (2) f ( 2) f

1
2

f (0.4)

f ()

f (2) = 32 = 9
f ( 2) = 3

1
1
=
2
3
9

p
1
= 31/2 = 3
2
p
p
5
5
f (0.4) = 30.4 = 32/5 = 32 = 9
f

3.14159

f () = 3

33.14
3

b
b
g(x) = a bx
a c

+d

33.14159

t=0
t
t=0
t = 100

20(2)

t = 200

= 20(2)2

t = 300

= 20(2)3

t = 400

= 20(2)4
y = 20(2)t/100

y
y

y0
y = y0

t=0
t = 10
t = 20
t = 30

(2)t/T

y = 10

1 t/10
2

100, 000

6%

t
t=0

= 100, 000

t=1

= 100, 000(1.06) = 106, 000

t=2

= 106, 000(1.06) = 112, 360

t=3

= 112, 360(1.06) 119, 101.60

= 119, 101.60(1.06) 126, 247.70

t=4

= 26, 247.70(1.06) 133, 822.56

t=5

y = 100, 000(1.06)t

P
t

r
A = P (1 +

r)t

y = 100000(1.06)t
t = 8
179, 084.77

y =

100, 000(1.06)8

159, 384.81

t
t = 10
200, 000

t
y =

100, 000(1.06)10

e 2.71828

e
e
e

f (x) = ex

T
T =

170165e0.006t

t
T

50, 000

t = 18

A = 50, 000(1.044)t
t
18
A = 50, 000(1.044) 108, 537.29

t = 10, A =
32, 577.89

A = 20, 000(1.05)t
t
10
20, 000(1.05) 32, 577.89

100, 000

x/250

y = 100 12
x = 500
y = 100

x=0
= 100

1 500/250
2

1 2
2

= 25

y = 1, 000(3)x/80
x=0
100/80
x = 100
y = 1, 000(3)
= 3, 948.22 3, 948
10, 000

A = 10, 000(1.02)t
A = 10, 000(1.02)12 = 12, 682.42
12, 682.42

4x

y = 2x

= 16x

2x

a bx

b 6= 1

72x

x2

1
343

52x

f (x) = 2x3
f (x) = 2x
y = ex
22 (5x+1 ) = 500
625

5x+8

+d

b > 0

f (x) = bx
b 6= 1

b>0

f (x) = (1.8)x
(1.8)x

5x+1 0
x

26

y =

a 6= 0
a0 = 1
a

1
an

r
s
r
s
a a = ar+s
ar
= ar s
asr s
(a ) = ars
(ab)r = ar br
a r
ar
= r
b
b

49 = 7x+1
7 = 2x + 3
3x = 32x 1
5x 1 = 125

x1 6= x2

8x = x2 9
x2 = 3x3 + 2x 1
2x + 3 > x 1
2x 2 > 8

bx1 6= bx2

b x1 = b x2

4x

= 16

4x

= 16

4x

= 42

1=2
x=2+1
x=3

4x

= 16

(22 )x

= 24

22(x

1)

= 24

2(x
2x

1) = 4
2=4
2x = 6
x=3

x1 = x2

43

x=3
16

125x

= 25x+3

125x

= 25x+3

(53 )x

= (52 )x+3

53(x

1)

= 52(x+3)

3(x

1) = 2(x + 3)

3x

3 = 2x + 6
x=9

9x = 3x+3

(32 )x = 3x+3
2

32x = 3x+3
2x2 = x + 3
2x2
(2x

3=0

3)(x + 1) = 0
2x

3=0
3
x=
2

x+1=0
x=1

= 42 =

y = bx

b>1
x
b < by

x<y
y = bx

0<b<1
bx > by

x<y

bm < bn
m<n

3x < 9x

m>n

3x < (32 )x
3x < 32(x
3x < 32x

2
2)

3>1
x < 2x

4 < 2x

4<x
(4, +1]

x=5

1
100

1 2
10

1
10

x+5

1
10

1
10

1
10

x+5
x+5
x+5

1
100

x=4

3x

1
100

3x

1 3x
102
6x
1
10

1
10

1
10

<1

x + 5 6x
5 6x

5 5x
1x
[1, +1)

x=1

x=0

y0
1
256

y = y0

1 t/2.45
2

y0

t/2.45
1
1
=
2
256
t/2.45 8
1
1
=
2
2
t
=8
2.45
t = 19.6

t=0

(0.6)x

> (0.36)

x 1

1 t/2.45
2

t
=

1
256 y0

(0.6)x

> (0.36)

x 1

(0.6)x

> (0.36)

x 1

(0.6)x

> (0.62 )

x 1

(0.6)x

> (0.62 )

x 1

(0.6)x

> (0.6)2(

(0.6)x

> (0.6)2(

(0.6)x

> (0.6)

(0.6)x

> (0.6)

3>

2x

x 1)

2x 2

3x > 1
1
x>
3

(0.6)x
x > 13

3<

2x

x 1)

2x 2

3x < 1
1
x<
3

> (0.6)

2x 2

3>

2x

x
162x 3 = 4x+2
2x
1
= 23 x
2
42x+7

5x
2
5

x=
1
2

x=

322x 3
1

25
4

25
4

2
5

8
3

29
, +1
6

( 1,

1
5]

x
7x+4 = 492x

4x+2 = 82x
5x+2 2x
2
3
=
3
2

x=2

x=1

2
, +1
7

f (x) = bx

b>1

f (x) = bx

0<b<1

f (x) = 2x

f (x)

x
f (x)

4
1
16

3
1
8

2
1
4

1
1
2

f (x) = 2x

f (x) = 2x

x
y

y=0

x
1
g(x) =
2

g(x)

x
f (x)

1
1
2

1
4

1
8

1
16

g(x) =

x
1
2

g(x) =

x
1
2

x
x

y=0

b > 1

b>1

0 < b < 1

f (x) = bx

0<b<1

f (x) = bx

b 6= 1

b>0

R
(0, +1)

x
y=0

f (x) = 2x
x

g(x) = 3x

f (x)
g(x)
x
f (x)

g(x)
y

x
1
f (x) =
2
x

x
1
g(x) =
3

f (x)
g(x)
x
f (x)

g(x)

f (x) = 5 x
1
1 x
= x =
5
5

3
x

1
y = 2x

y = 2x
y = 2x

y = 3 2x
y = 25 2x

y = 2x + 1
y = 2x 1

y = 2x+1
y = 2x 1

0.125

.25

.5

y = 2x

y = 2x
2x

y=

y = 3 2x
y=

2
5

y
1

y
2/5

2x

y = 2x + 1
y = 2x

0.875

0.75

0.5

y = 2x+1
y = 2x

y = 2x

y=

2x

y=2

y
x
y=

0.125

0.25

0.5

2x

y=
y=2

2x

y = 2x
y = 2x

y
y=

2x

y
y = 2x

x
y=2

x
y = 2x

y = 2x
y

y=2

y=

f (x)

y = f (x)

y = f ( x)

y = f (x)

y = 2x

y = 3(2x )

y = 0.4(2x )

y
x

y = 2x
y = 3(2x )
y = 0.4(2x )
y = 3(2x )

y
y=
y

2x

y
y = 0.4(2x )

y
y = 2x

R
y

y = 3(2x )

y
y = 0.4(2x )

y=0
(0, +1)

a>0

y = af (x)
y = f (x)
0<a<1

a>1

y
a
y = f (x)

y = 2x

y = 2x

y
x
y=

2.875

2.75

2.5

2x

y = 2x

y = 2x + 1

y = 2x + 1

R
y = 2x + 1

y = 2x

(1, +1)

( 3, +1)

y
y=

y=

2x

+1
y= 3

d
d>0

2x

y = 2x
y=1

d
y = 2x
y

y=0
y = 2x

y = f (x) + d
d<0

d
y = f (x)
y = 2x

y = 2x+4

y = 2x
y = 2x

y = 2x+4

R
(0, +1)
y
y = 2x+4

24

= 16

y=

x=0
22 = 0.25

2x 2

y=0

c
c>0
y = f (x)

y = f (x
c

c)

c
c<0

f (x) = a bx

+d

b>1

0<b<1

|a|

a
x
d

d>0
c

d<0
c>0

c<0

y = bx
y
y = 3x 4
x
1
y=
+2
2
y = 2x

y = (0.8)x+1

x
1
3
y = 0.25(3x )
y=2

y = 2x 3 + 1
x 1
1
y=
3

24 = x

43 = x
1 1
5 4

=x

16

1
2

=x

5x = 625
1
3x =
9

7x = 0
10x = 100, 000
x

x
log3 81 = 4

x
log2 32 = 5

34

b
= 81

logb x

25 = 32

log5 1 = 0
50 = 1

1
log6
= ( 1)
6
6

1
6

log2 32

log5 5

log7 1

log9 729

log 1 16

1
log5 p
5

4
1
p
5

1/2

a
b

b 6= 1

b
logb a
b

a
blogb a = a

logb a

log2 32 = 5

25 = 32

log9 729 = 3

93 = 729

log5 5 = 1

51 = 5

log1/2 16 =

p1
5

1
2

= 16

70 = 1

log7 1 = 0
log5

1
2

1/2

p1
5

logb a = c
bc = a

c = logb a

logb a a

log2 ( 8)

logb x

log5

1
=
125

log x

log10 x

e
e
ln

ln x

loge x

1
125

53 = 125
1
7 2=
49
102 = 100
2
2
4
=
3
9

(0.1)

= 10, 000

40 = 1
7b = 21
e2 = x
( 2)2 = 4

log5 125 = 3
1
log7
= 2
49
log 100 = 2

4
log 2
=2
3
9
log0.1 10, 000 =

log4 1 = 0
log7 21 = b
b=3

73 6= 21

b
71 .5645

ln x = 2

log m = n
log3 81 = 4
logp5 5 = 2
64
log 3
= 3
4 27

1
2
log10 0.001 =
log4 2 =
ln 8 = a

10n = m

41/2 = 2

34 = 81
p
( 5)2 = 5
3
3
64
=
4
27

10

= 0.001

10

1
1, 000

ea = 8

log 1031

R=

2
E
log 4.40
3
10

104.40

1012

1031
= 31

2
1012
2
log 4.40 = log 107.6
3
10
3
log107.6 = 7.6
log 107.6 = 7.6
2
R = (7.6) 5.1
3

E = 1012
107.6

R=

1012 /104.40 = 107.6 39810717

D = 10 log
I

I
10 12
10

12

106

60

85

90

100

10

D = log

10
10

6
12

= 10 log 106
106

log 106
log 106 = 6

D = 10(6) = 60
10
10

6
12

= 106 = 100, 000

m2

[H + ]
pH =

log[H + ]

pH = log

10

1
[H + ]

10
log 10

( 5) = 5

log 10 5
log 10 5 =

log 10
5

log3 243

1
log6
216
log0.25 16

5
3
2

49x = 7

log49 7 = x

1
6 3=
216
102 = 100

4
log 11
2
121
ln 3 = y
log 0.001 =

log6 216 =

log 100 = 2

11
2

10

4
121
y
e =3

= 0.001

log3 (x

2) = 5

ln x

logx 2 = 4

ln x2 > (ln x)2

y=

g(x) = log3 x

log 1 x
2

logx 2 = 4
log2 x =

log2 4 = x

logx 2 = 4

log2 x =

x
4

log2 4 = x

log

2x

=4

4
x

f (x) = 3x
x

f (x)

4
1

g(x) = log3 x
x
x

g(x)

1
81
1
3

log2 x = 4

logx 16 = 2

log 1000 =

log2 x = 4
24 = x
x = 16
logx 16 = 2
x2 = 16
x2 16 = 0
(x + 4)(x 4) = 0
x = 4, +4
x=4
log 1000 =

log 1000
3= x
x= 3

log3 81
34 = 81

log4 1
log4 3 = 0
log3 3 = 1
log4 42 = 2

log3 3
40 = 1
31 = 3
42 = 42

log4 42

b 6= 1

b>0

logb 1 = 0
logb bx = x
blogb x = x

x>0

logb 1

b? = 1

b
logb bx

bx

logb x

x
log2 14
23 = 8

24 = 16

23.8074 14.000
2log2 14 = 14
logb 1 = 0 logb bx = x

blogb x = x

log 10

log5

ln e3

5log5 2

log4 64

log 1

log 10 = log10 101 = 1

ln e3 = loge e3 = 3
log4 64 = log4 43 = 3

1
log5
= log5 5
125

1
125

5log5 2=2
log 1 = 0

10

D
D
D
D
D

I
= 10 log
I0 2
10
= 10 log
10 12
= 10 log 1010
= 10 10
= 100

pH = log[H + ]
3.0 = log[H + ]
3.0 = log[H + ]
+
10 3.0 = 10log H
10 3.0 = [H+]
10

log7 49
log27 3
ln e

1
3

3.0

m2

log7 73 78

49
log7
7

log7 73 + log7 78
log7 49

log7 75
5 log7 7
4
2
log2
log2 24
210
log3 (27 81)

log7 7

log2 210

log3 27 + log3 81

b > 0, b 6= 1

n2R

logb (uv) = logb u + logb v

u
logb
= logb u logb v
v
logb (un ) = n logb u

u > 0, v > 0

log7 73 78 = log7 73 + log7 78

49
log7
= log7 49 log7 7
74
2
log2
= log2 24 log2 210
210
log7 75 = 5 log7 7
log3 (27 81) = log3 27 + log3 81

logb (uv) = logb u + logb v

logb

u
v

= logb u

logb v

logb (un ) = n logb u

r = logb u

s = logb v

u = br

v = bs

logb (uv) = logb (br bs )

) logb (uv) = logb br+s
) logb (uv) = r + s
) logb (uv) = logb u = logb v

r = logb u

u = br

un = brn

un = brn
) logb (un ) = logb (brn )
) logb (un ) = rn

) logb (un ) = n logb u

logb un
u

(logb u)n
n

n
logb u

log2 (5 + 2) 6= log2 5 + log2 2

log2 (5 + 2) 6= (log2 5)(log2 2)

2) 6= log2 5 log2 2
log2 5
log2 (5 2) 6=
log2 2
2
log2 (5 2) 6= 2 log2 (5 2)
log2 (5

log(ab2 )
3
3
log3
x

ln[x(x

log(ab2 ) = log a + log b2 = log a + 2 log b

3

3
3
log3
= 3 log3
= 3(log3 3 log3 x) = 3(1
x
x
ln[x(x 5)] = ln x + ln(x 5)

log3 x) = 3

log 2 + log 3

log5 (x2 )

2 ln x

ln y

2 ln x

log 2 + log 3 = log(2 3) = log 6

2
x
2
ln y = ln(x ) ln y = ln
y

log5 (x2 )
2

3 log5 x = log5 (x2 )

log5 (x3 ) = log5

log 5

2 = 2(1)
= 2(log 10)
= log 102
= log 100

1 = logb b
n logb u = logb un

100
5

log 5 = log 100 = log

= log 20

x2
x3

5)]

3 log3 x

3 log5 x

log 5

= log5

1
= log5 (x
x

1)

log5 x

log3 729

log9 729

log27 729

log1/27 729

log729 729

log81 729

3/2
log81 729
811/4 = 3

816/4 = 813/2 = 729

log81 729 =
log3n 729 =

3
2

6
n

a 6= 1, b 6= 1

a b

x
loga x
logb x =
loga b

log3n 729 =

6
n

log3n 729 =

log8 32
1
27
1
p
5

log243
log25

log3 729
6
= .
n
log3 3
n

36 = 729

(811/4 )6 = 729

log8 32 =
log243

1
27

1
log25 p
5

log2 32
5
=
log2 8
3
1
log3
27 = 3
=
log3 243
5
1
log5 p
1/2
5
=
=
=
log5 25
2

1
4

log6 4
log 1 2

log2 4
2
=
log2 6
log2 6
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
ln 2
log 1 2 = =
=
=
=
2
1
ln 1 ln 2
0 ln 2
ln 2
ln
2
log6 4 =

log

x3
2

ln(2e)2

3 log x

log(x + 2) + log(x

log 2

(2e)2 = 4e3

log4 (16a)

2 ln 2 + 2

2 + log4 a

2)

2 log3 5 + 1

3
2 ln
ln 4
2

(log3 2)(log3 4) = log3 8

(log3 2)(log3 4) = log3 6

log(x2

4)

log3 75

9
ln
16

log 22 = (log 2)2

log4 x
log4 (x 4) =
log4 4
2
3 log9 x = 6 log9 x
3(log9 x)2 = 6 log9 x
log3 2x2 = log3 2 + 2 log3 x
log3 2x2 = 2 log3 2x

log5
2 0.431
p
1
log5 8, log5
, log5 2, log25 2
log25 8
16
1.2920, 1.7227, 0.2153, 0.2153, 0.6460
log 6 0.778

log 4 0.602

2
3
log6 4, log 24, log4 6, log
log
3
2
0.7737, 1.3802, 1.2925, 0.1761, 0.1761

logb x

 b
x

logb x

f (x) = logb x

ab = 0

logb u = logb v

a=0

u=v

b=0

x
log4 (2x) = log4 10

log2 (x + 1) + log2 (x

log3 (2x

log x2 = 2

1) = 2

logx 16 = 2

log4 (2x) = log4 10

2x = 10
x=5

(log x)2 + 2 log x

1) = 3

3=0

log4 (2 5) = log4 (10)

log3 (2x 1) = 2
2x 1 = 32
2x 1 = 9
2x = 10
x=5
log3 (2 (5)1) = log3 (9) = 2
logx 16 = 2
x2 = 16
x2 16 = 0
(x + 4)(x 4) = 0
x = 4, 4

a2

log4 (16) = 2

log2 (x + 1) + log2 (x 1) = 3
log2 [(x + 1)(x 1)] = 3
(x + 1)(x 1) = 23
x2 1 = 8
x2 9 = 0
(x + 3)(x 3) = 0
x = 3, 3

3
x=3
log x2 = 2

log x2 = 2
x2 = 102
x2 = 100

b2 = (a + b)(a

b)

log

logb u + logb v = logb (uv)

a2

b2 = (a + b)(a

log2 (3 + 1)
log2 (31
log2 (3 + 1) = log2 (2)

b)

4 (16)

x2 100 = 0
(x + 10)(x 10) = 0
x = 10, 10
log(10)2 = 2

log x2 = 2
log x2 = log 102
x2 = 102
x2 100 = 0
(x + 10)(x 10) = 0
x = 10, 10

log(10)2 = 2

2 = 2(1) = 2(log 10) = log 102

log(10)2 = 2

log(10)2 = 2

logb un = n logb u
log x2 = 2
2 log x = 2
log x = 1
x = 10
log x2 = 2 log x
(log x)2 + 2 log x

x>0

3=0

log x = A
A2 + 2A 3 = 0
(A + 3)(A 1) = 0
A= 3
A=1
log x =
x = 10

3
3

log x = 1
1
x = 10
=
1000
log

1
1000

log 10

x
2x = 3

2x = 3

log 2x = log 3
x log 2 = log 3
log 3
x=
1.58496
log 2

logb un = n logb u

log 1 x

1
8

1
8

1
4

1
4

1
2

1
2

log 1 x

log2 x

log2 x

1
8

1
8

1
4

1
4

1
2

1
2

1
2
3

1
2

log 1 x

log 1 x

log2 x

log2 x

logb x
0<b<1
b>1

x 1 < x2
x 1 < x2

logb x1 > logb x2

logb x1 < logb x2

<

>

log3 (2x

1) > log3 (x + 2)

log0.2 >

2 < log x < 2

log3 (2x

2x

1) > log3 (x + 2)

2x 1 > 0
1>0

x+2>0
x > 12
x+2>0
x>

log3 (2x
2x 1 > x + 2
x>3
)x>3

1) > log3 (x + 2)
x
(3, +1)

log0.2 >

3
x>0

1
2

x> 2
x > 12

1
5

1
log 1 x > log 1
5
5
5
0.2 =

1
5

1
log 1 x > log 1
5
5
5

1
5

3 = log 1

3
1
x<
= 125
5
0 < x < 125

(0, 125)
2 < log x < 2
x>0

log 10
log 10
log 10

< log x < log 102

< log x

10

<x

log x < log 102

x < 102

1
< x < 100
100

1
, 100
100

EB

EN

EB
EN
7.2 =

2
EB
log 4.4
3
10

6.7 =

2
EN
log 4.4
3
10

log 102


3
EB
= log 4.4
2
10
EB
10.8 = log 4.4
10
EB
10.8
10
= 4.4
10
EB = 1010.8 104.4 = 1015.2

EB 7.2

3
EN
= log 4.4
2
10
EN
10.05 = log 4.4
10
EN
10.05
10
= 4.4
10
EB = 1010.05 104.4 = 1014.45
1015.2
= 14.45 = 100.75 5.62
10
EN 6.7

EB
EN

n
n+1
E1

E2

n=
E1

E2

E2
E1
2
E1
log 4.4
3
10

3
E1
n = log 4.4
2
10
E1
3n/2
10
= 4.4
10
3n
E1 = 103n/2 104.4 = 10 2 +4.4

3
E2
(n + 1) = log 4.4
2
10
E2
3(n+1)/2
10
= 4.4
10
3(n+1)
3(n+1)/2
E2 = 10
104.4 = 10 2 +4.4

3(n+1)

3
E2
10 2 +4.4
=
= 10 2 31.6
3n
+4.4
E1
10 2

n+1=

2
E2
log 4.4
3
10

n+1

A = P (1 + r)n
r

A
n

A = 2P r = 2.5% = 0.025
r)n

A = P (1 +
2P = P (1 + 0.025)n
2 = (1.025)n
log 2 = log(1.025)n
log 2 = n log(1.025)
log 2
n=
28.07
log 1.025

log

ln

ln 2
ln 1.025

P (x) = 20, 000, 000 e0.0251x

P (x) = 200, 000, 000

200, 000, 000 = 20, 000, 000 e0.0251x
10 = e0.0251x
ln 10 = ln e0.0251x
ln 10 = 0.0251x(ln e)
ln 10 = 0.0251x
ln 10
x=
91
0.0251

x=0

f (t) = Aekt
t

f (0) =

Aek(0)

f (0) = 5, 000
= A = 5, 000

f (90) = 12, 000

12
5
12
12
= ln
) 90k = ln
) k 0.00973
5
5

f (90) = 5, 000ek(90) = 12, 000 ) e90k =

ln e90k

f (t) = 5, 000 e0.00973t

f (180) = 5, 000 e0.00973(180) 28, 813

y=
y=4

ex + e
2

4=
8 = ex + e x
1
8 = ex + x
e
8ex = e2x + 1
e2x 8ex + 1 = 0
u = ex
u2 = e2x
u = ex

log5 (x

ex + e
2

8 = ex + e

u2 8u + 1 = 0
p
u = 4 15
p
p
4 + 15 = ex
4
15 = ex
p
p
ln(4 + 15) = x
ln(4
15) = x
y=4
p
p
ln(4 + 15) ln(4
15) 4.13

1) + log5 (x + 3)

1=0

log3 x + log3 (x + 2) = 1
1

ln x > 1

log 3
1.0959
log 3

e 2.7183

3x+1 = 10

(e, +1)

log0.5 (4x + 1) < log0.5 (1

4x)

(0, 1/4)

log2 [log3 (log4 x)] = 0

f (x) = bx
f (x) = bx
y = f (x) = bx
y = bx
x = by
y = logb x
f 1 (x) = logb x

y = log2 x

y = log2 x
x
y

1
16

1
8

1
4

1
2

y = log2 x

y = log2 x

x>0
x
x=0

y = 2x

y = log2 x

y = x

y = log 1 x
2

y = log 1 x
2

1
16

1
8

1
4

1
2

y = log 12 x

y = log 12 x

x>0
x
x=0

y = log2 x
y = logb x

y = log 1 x
2
b

y = logb x(b > 1)

y = logb x b > 1

y = logb x(0 < b < 1)

0<b<1

{x 2 R|x > 0}
logb x

y
x=0

y=x

y = bx

y = bx

y = logb x(b > 1)

y=

y = logb x(0 < b < 1)

log2 x

y = log 1 x
2

y = 2 log2 x
x
y = 2 log2 x
y

y = 2 log2 x

1
16

1
8

1
4

1
2

log2 x

y = 2 log2 x

{x|x 2 R, x > 0}

{y|y 2 R}

x=0
x

y = log3 x

y = log3 x

>

1
y = log3 x

(1, 0), (3, 1)

(1, 1), (3, 0)

(9, 2)
(9, 1)

{x|x 2 R, x > 0}

{y|y 2 R}

x=0
x
x

x
y=0

0 = log3 x 1
log3 x = 1
x = 31 = 3

y = log0.25 (x + 2)

y = log0.25 [x

y = log0.25 x
( 2)]

0 < 0.25 < 1

2
y = log0.25 x

(1, 0), (4, 1),

( 1, 0), (2, 1),

(0.25, 1)
( 1.75, 1)

{x|x 2 R, x >
x+2

2}
log0.25 (x + 2)

2
{y|y 2 R}
x

x=

f (x) = a logb (x

c) + d

b>1

0<b<1

a
x

f (x) = a logb x

d<0
c<0

d
c

d>0
c>0

d
c

y = logb x

y = logx (x + 3)

y = (log0.1 x)

y = log 1 (x

y = log 2 (x

1)

y = (log5 x) + 6

2
4) + 2

y = log6 (x + 1) + 5

log 2 0.3010

log 3 0.4771

log 5 0.6990

log 7 0.8451

21/3
51/4
21/3
51/4
21/3
n = 1/4
5
log n

log n =
1
log n (0.3010)
3
n

0.0744

log n
n 10

0.0744

1
(0.6990)
4

1
log 2
3
0.0744
n

0.0744

1
log 5
4

t
P
r
I
Is
Ic
F

r
t

r
t

Is = P rt
Is
P
r
t

P = 1, 000, 000
r = 0.25% = 0.0025
t=1
Is
Is = P rt
Is = (1, 000, 000)(0.0025)(1)
Is = 2, 500

P = 50, 000
r = 10% = 0.10
9
t=
12
Is

M
Is = P rt
Is = (50, 000)(0.10)

t=

9
12

Is = (50, 000)(0.10)(0.75)
Is = 3, 750

M
12

Is
1, 500
=
rt
(0.025)(4)
P = 15, 000
P =

Is
4, 860
=
Pt
(36, 000)(1.5)
r = 0.09 = 9%
r=

Is
275
=
Pr
(250, 000)(0.005)
t = 0.22
t=

Is = P rt = (500, 000)(0.125)(10)
Is = 625, 000

r = 7% = 0.07
t=2
IS = 11, 200
P

P =

Is
11, 200
=
rt
(0.07)(2)

P = 80, 000

P = 500, 000
Is = 157, 500
t=3
r

r=

Is
157, 500
=
Pt
(500, 000)(3)

r = 0.105 = 10.5%

P
r = 5% = 0.05
1
Is = P = 0.5P
2
t

t=

Is
0.5P
=
Pr
(P )(0.05)

t = 10

F = P + Is
F
P
Is
Is
P rt
F = P + P rt
F = P (1 + rt)

F = P (1 + rt)
F
P
r
t

P = 1, 000, 000, r = 0.25% = 0.0025

F
F

Is
F = P (1 + rt)

t=1

Is = P rt
Is = (1, 000, 000)(0.0025)(1)
Is = 2, 500
F = P + Is
F = 1, 000, 000 + 2, 500
F = 1, 002, 500
F
F = P (1 + rt)
F = (1, 000, 000)(1 + 0.0025(1))
F = 1, 002, 500

t=5

Is = P rt
Is = (1, 000, 000)(0.0025)(5)
Is = 12, 500
F = P + Is
F = 1, 000, 000 + 12, 500
F = 1, 012, 500

F = P (1 + rt)
F = (1, 000, 000)(1 + 0.0025(5))
F = 1, 012, 500

F = P + Is .

P
P

r
r

t
t

I
I

1
2

I
I = 9, 500

F
P = 300, 000

P
t=5

F
I = 16, 250

r = 9.5%
F = 1, 016, 250

1
4

P
r

100, 000 1.05 = 105, 000

P (1 + r) = P (1 + r)
P (1 + r)(1 + r) = P (1 +
P (1 +

r)2 (1

P (1 +

r)3 (1

r)2

+ r) = P (1 +

+ r) == P (1 +

(1 + r)

105, 000, 1.05 = 110, 250

r)3
r)4

110, 250 1.05 = 121, 550.63

121, 550.63 1.05 = 127, 628.16

1+r
r

F = P (1 + r)t

P
F
r
t
Ic
Ic = F

P = 10, 000
r = 2% = 0.02
t=5
F
Ic

F = P (1 + r)t
F = (10, 000)(1 + 0.02)5

F = 11, 040.081
Ic = F P
Ic = 11, 040.81
Ic = 1, 040.81

10, 000

P = 50, 000
r = 5% = 0.05
t=8
F
Ic

F = P (1 + r)t
F = (50, 000)(1 + 0.05)8
F = 73, 872.77
Ic = F P
Ic = 73, 872.77
Ic = 23, 872.77

50, 000

P = 10, 000
r = 0.5% = 0.005
t = 12
F
F
F = P (1 + r)t
F = (10, 000)(1 + 0.005)12
F = 10, 616.78

F
F = P (1 +

r)t

P
P (1 + r)t = F
P (1 + r)t
F
=
(1 + r)t
(1 + r)t
F
P =
(1 + r)t
P = F (1 + r)

P
P =

P
F
r
t

F
= F (1 + r)
(1 + r)t

F = 50, 000
r = 10% = 0.1
t=7
P
P
F
(1 + r)t
50, 000
P =
(1 + 0.1)7
P =

P = 25, 657.91

F = 200, 000
r = 1.1% = 0.011
t=6
P
P
F
(1 + r)t
200, 000
P =
(1 + 0.011)6
P =

P = 187, 293.65

Ic

Ic

Fc = 23, 820.32 Ic = 3, 820.32

Fc = 25, 250.94 Ic = 250.94

Fc = 90, 673.22 Ic = 2, 673.22

P = 89, 632.37

Ic

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2

m
i(m)
j
j=

i(m)
=
m
n

n = tm =

r, i(m) , j
r
i(m)

i(m)

= 0.02

0.02
= 0.02 = 2%
1

i(2) = 0.02

0.02
= 0.01 = 1%
2

i(3)

0.02
= 0.005 = 0.5%
4

i(1)

= 0.02

i(12)

0.02
= 0.0016 = 0.16%
12

= 0.02

i(365)

0.02
365

= 0.02

F = P (1 + j)t

j=
t

mt

i(m)
m

F =P

i(m)
1+
m

!mt

F =
P =
i(m) =
m=
t=

F = P (1 + j)t

F =P

j
t

i(m)
m
mt

i(m)
1+
m

!mt

P = 10, 000
i(4) = 0.02
t=5
m=4

F
P

j=

i(4)
0.02
=
= 0.005
m
4

n = mt = (4)(5) = 20

F = P (1 + j)n
= (10, 000)(1 + 0.005)20
F = 11, 048.96

Ic = F

P = 10, 000
i(12) = 0.02
t=5
m = 12

F
P

P = 11, 048.96

10, 000 = 1, 048.96

j=

i(12)
0.02
=
= 0.0016
m
12

n = mt = (12)(5) = 60

F = P (1 + j)n
= (10, 000)(1 + 0.0016)60
F = 11, 050.79

Ic = F

P = 50, 000
i(12) = 0.12
t=6
m = 12

P = 11, 050.79

10, 000 = 1, 050.79

!tm
i(12)
F =P 1+
m

0.12 (6)(12)
F = (50, 000) 1 +
12
F = (50, 000)(1.01)72
F = 102, 354.97

P =

F
i(m)
1+
m

!mt

F =
P =
i(m) =
m=
t=

F = 50, 000
t=4
i(2) = 0.12

j=

i(2)
0.12
=
= 0.06
m
2

n = tm = (4)(2) = 8

P =

P =

F
(1 + j)n

50, 000
50, 000
=
= 31, 370.62
8
(1 + 0.06)
(1.06)8

F = 25, 000
1
t=2
2
i(4) = 0.10
P

j=

i(4)
0.10
=
= 0.025
m
4

1
n = tm = (2 )(4) = 10
2

P =

P =

F
(1 + j)n

25, 000
25, 000
=
= 19, 529.96
(1 + 0.025)10
(1.025)10

i(m)

F
F

3%

1
m
x = = (m)
j
i
m
x = (m) ! 1
i

i(m)
m!1

x=

m = x(i(m) )
m

m
i(m)
!mt
i(m)
F =P 1+
m

(m)
1 xi t
F =P 1+
x

i(m) t
1 x
F =P
1+
x

x
x ! 1

1+

1
x

1
1+
x

x
e

i(m)

P
F

t
F = P ei

(m) t

P = 20, 000
i(m) = 0.03
t=6
F
F = P ei
F = P ei

(m) t

(m) t

= 20, 000e(0.03)(6) = 20, 000e0.18 = 23, 944.35

P = 3, 000
F = 3, 500
i(12) = 0.25% = 0.0025
m = 12
j=

i(12)
0.0025
=
m
12

F = P (1 + j)n

0.0025
3, 500 = 3, 000 1 +
12

3, 500
0.0025 n
= 1+
3, 000
12

0.0025 n
log
= log 1 +
12

0.0025
log(1.166667) = n log 1 +
12
3, 500
3, 000

n = 740.00
t=

1, 000

n
m

300

F = 1, 300
m=2
i(2) = 0.12
j=

i(2)
0.12
=
= 0.06
2
2
t
F = P (1 + j)n
1, 300 = 1, 000(1 + 0.06)n
1.3 = (1.06)n
log(1.3) = log(1.06)n
log(1.3) = n log(1.06)
n=

log 1.3
= 4.503
log(1.06)

300
n=5

t=

n
m

5
2

= 2.5

1, 000

300

740
12

= 61.67

12%

n
n=5

n = 4.503

F = 15, 000
P = 10, 000
t = 10
m=2
n = mt = (2)(10) = 20
i(2)
F = P (1 + j)n
15, 000 = 10, 000(1 + j)20
15, 000
= (1 + j)20
10, 000
1.5 = (1 + j)20
1

(1.5) 20 = 1 + j
1

(1.5) 20

1=j
j = 0.0205

i(m)
m
i(2)
0.0205 =
2
(2)
i = (0.0205)(2)
j=

i(2) = 0.0410

4.10%

F = 2P
t = 10

m=4
n = mt = (4)(10) = 40
i(4)
F = P (1 + j)n
2P = P (1 + j)n
2 = (1 + i)40
(2)1/40 = 1 + j
(2)1/40

1=j
j = 0.0175

1.75%

i(4)
m
i(4)
0.0175 =
4
(4)
i = (0.0175)(4)
j=

i(4) = 0.070

7.00%

i(1)

i(4) = 0.10
m=4
i(1)

F1 = F2
P (1 + i(1) )t = P

i(4)
1+
m

!mt

P
(1 + i(1) )t =

i(4)
1+
m

!mt

1
t
(i)

(1 + i ) =
i

(i)

0.10
1+
4
0.10
1+
4

4
4

1 = 0.103813

10.38%

j
j = (1.025)4

F1 = F 2
P

t=1

t
i(12) = 0.12
i(1) =

m = 12
m=1

P
P

t
t

F1

F2

F1 = F2
!(1)t

!12t
i(12)
=P 1+
12
!

i(1)
0.12 12
1+
= 1+
1
12

i(1)
1+
1

i(1) = (1.01)12

i(1) = 0.126825%

i(2) = 0.08
i(4) =

m=2
m=4

P
P

t
t

F1

F2

F1 = F 2
!(4)t

!(2)t
i(2)
=P 1+
2
!4

i(4)
0.08 2
1+
= 1+
4
2
!4
i(4)
1+
= (1.04)2
4

i(4)
1+
4

i(4)
4
(4)
i
1+
4
i(4)
1+
4
i(4)
4
(4)
i
4
i(4)
1+

= [(1.04)2 ](1/4)
= (1.04)1/2
= 1.019804
= 1.019804

= 0.019804
= (0.019804)(4)

i(4) = 0.079216%

i(12) = 0.12
i(2) =

F1

m = 12
m=2

P
P

t
t

F2

F1 = F2
!(2)t

!(12)t
i(12)
=P 1+
12
!2

i(2)
0.12 12
1+
= 1+
2
12
!2
i(2)
1+
= (1.01)12
2

i(2)
1+
2

i(2)
42
i(2)
1+
2
(2)
i
1+
2
(2)
i
2
i(2)
2
i(2)
1+

F = 2, 000, P = 1, 750, m = 2, t =

(2)

= [(1.01)12 ](1/2)
= (1.01)6
= 1.061520
= 1.061520

= 0.061520
= (0.061520)(2)
= 0.12304

12.304%

i(m)

j = 0.016831504

1.68%, i(m) = 0.033663008

i(m)

F = 100, 000, P = 10, 000, t =

j = 0.024275
F = 30, 000, P = 10, 000, i(m) = 16%

2.43%, i(m)

j
= 0.2913

,t = 7
j

j = 0.06, n = 7

29.13%

j = 0.04, n = 28
F = 18, 000, P = 12, 000, i(m) = 12%

3.37%

t
, t = 3.48

t
R

F
P

P
0

F
R

P
0

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

F
3, 000

6
R = 3, 000
t=6
=1

P
0

F
R

R = 3, 000
t=6
i(12) = 0.09
m = 12
0.09
j=
= 0.0075
12
F

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

6
t=6

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)2
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)3
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)4
3, 000(1 + 0.0075)5

3, 000

= 3, 000

(3, 000)(1 + 0.0075) = 3, 022.5

(3, 000)(1 + 0.0075)2 = 3, 045.169
(3, 000)(1 + 0.0075)3 = 3, 068.008
(3, 000)(1 + 0.0075)4 = 3, 091.018
(3, 000)(1 + 0.0075)5 = 3, 114.20
F = 18, 340.89

t=1
t=2

t=3
3, 000 6 = 18, 000

t=1

t=2

F
R

R
n

R
R(1 + j)

R(1 + j)n

R(1 + j)n

F = R + R(1 + j) + R(1 + j)2 + + R(1 + j)n

+ R(1 + j)n

1+j
F (1 + j) = R(1 + j) + R(1 + j)2 + R(1 + j)3 + + R(1 + j)n

F (1 + j)

F = R(1 + j)n

F [(1 + j)

1] = R[(1 + j)n

1]

F (j) = R[(1 + j)n

1]

F =R
(1 + j)n
j

j
sn

F = Rsn = R

+ R(1 + j)n

R
j
n

(1 +

j)n

(1 + j)n
j

R
n

(1 + j)n 1
j
(1 + 0.0075)6
= 3, 000
0.0075
= 18, 340.89

F =R

R = 200
m = 12
i(12) = 0.250% = 0.0025
0.0025
j=
= 0.0002083
12
t=6
n = tm = 6(12) = 72
F
(1 + j)n 1
j
(1 + 0.0002083)72
= 200
0.0002083
= 14, 507.02

F =R

R = 3, 000
t=6
i(12) = 0.09
m = 12
0.09
j=
= 0.0075
12
P

P =
1+

3, 000(1.0075)

3, 000(1.0075)

3, 000(1.0075)

3, 000(1.0075)

3, 000(1.0075)

3, 000(1.0075)

i(m)
m

!mt =

3, 000
= 3, 000(1.0075) t .
1.0075t

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

3, 000

(3, 000)(1.0075)

= 2, 977.667

(3, 000)(1.0075)

= 2, 955.501

(3, 000)(1.0075)

= 2, 933.50

(3, 000)(1.0075)

= 2, 911.663

(3, 000)(1.0075)

= 2, 889.988

(3, 000)(1.0075)

= 2, 868.474

P = 17, 536.79

P =

F
=
(1 + j)n

18, 340.89
!tm =
= 17, 536.79.
.09 6
i(m)
1+
1+
12
m

F = P (1 + j)n

P =

F
(1 + j)n

P =

R(1 + j)

R(1 + j)

R(1 + j)

F
= F (1 + j)
(1 + j)n

R
n

.
R

(n 1)

R(1 + j)

P = R(1 + j) 1 + R(1 + j) 2 + + R(1 + j) (n 1) + R(1 + j) n

R
R
R
R
R
P =
+
+
+ +
+
(1 + j)1 (1 + j)2 (1 + j)3
(1 + j)n 1 (1 + j)n

1
1+j
P
R
R
R
R
=
+
+ +
+
2
3
n
1+j
(1 + j)
(1 + j)
(1 + j)
(1 + j)n+1

1
R
R
=
1+j
1 + j (1 + j)n

1
R
1
=
1
1+j
1+j
(1 + j)n

1+j 1
R
=P
=
1
1+j
1+j

j
R
P
=
1 (1 + j) n
1+j
1+j

P 1

Pj = R 1
P =R

(1 + j)
j

(1 + j)
(1 + j)
j

(1 + j)

an

P = Ran = R

F =R

(1 + j)
j

(1 + j)n
j

P =

F
(1 + j)n

R (1+j)j 1
F
(1 + j)n
P =
=
=R
n
n
(1 + j)
(1 + j)
j

(1 + j)

=R

(1 + j)
j

P = Rn = R

(1 + j)
j

R
j
n
P
(1 + j) n
j
1 (1 + 0.0075)
= 3, 000
0.0075
= 17, 536.79

P =R

= 200, 000
R = 16, 200
i(12) = 0.105
0.105
j=
= 0.00875
12
t=5
n = mt = 12(5) = 60

R
n

P =?
16, 200

16, 200

16, 200

16, 200

(1 + j) n
j
1 (1 + 0.00875)
= 16, 200
0.00875
= 753, 702.20

P =R

60

60

= 200, 000 + 753, 702.20

= 953, 702.20

P = 100, 000
i(1) = 0.08
m=1
j = 0.08
t=3
n = mt = 1(3) = 3
R

P = 10, 000
0

R =?

R =?

R =?

P =R

(1 + j)
j

R=
=

P
1 (1+j)
j

100, 000
1 (1+0.08)
0.08

= 38, 803.35

F = Rsn = R

(1 + j)n
j

P = Ran = R

(1 + j)
j

0.2
365

30

30 365

12%

10%

R
n

F =R

(1 + j)n
j

F
R
n

R
j
n

R = 1, 000
n = 12(15) = 180
i(4) = 0.06
m=4
F

1, 000

1, 000

1, 000

1, 000

F
1, 000

179

180

i(12)
1+
12
i(12)
1+
12

F1 = F2
!12t
!12t

i(12)
1+
12
1+

!12

!4t
i(4)
=P 1+
4
!4t
i(4)
= 1+
4
= (1.015)4

i(12)
= [(1.015)4 ]1/12
12
i(12)
= (1.015)1/3 1
12
i(12)
= 0.004975 = j
12

(1 + j)n 1
j
(1 + 0.004975)180
= 1, 000
0.004975
= 290, 076.28

F =R

R = 5, 000
n = 2(10) = 20
i(12) = 0.25% = 0.0025
m = 12
F

5, 000

5, 000

5, 000

5, 000

5, 000

19

20

F1 = F2
!2t

!12t
i(12)
=P 1+
12
!2
!12
i(2)
i(12)
1+
= 1+
2
12
!2
i(2)
1+
= (1.00020833)12
2

i(2)
1+
2

1+

i(2)
= [(1.00020833)12 ]1/2
2
i(2)
= (1.00020833)6 1
2
i(2)
= 0.00125063 = j
2

(1 + j)n 1
j
(1 + 0.00125063)20
= 5, 000
0.00125063
= 101, 197.06

F =R

P
0

P =R

(1 + j)
j

R
j
n

R = 38, 973.76
i(4) = 0.08
m=4
n=3
P

P =?
0

R = 38, 973.76

R = 38, 973.76

R = 38, 973.76

F 1 = F2
!(1)t

!4t
i(4)
=P 1+
4
!

i(1)
0.08 4
1+
= 1+
1
4

i(1)
1+
1

i(1)
= (1.02)4 1
1
i(1)
= j = 0.082432 = 8.24%
1

(1 + j) n
j

1 (1 + 0.082432)
= 38, 973.76
0.082432

P =R

= 100, 000.00

R = 3, 000
i(2) = 0.09
m=2
n=6

i(12)
1+
12

F1 = F2
!(12)t

i(12)
1+
12
i(12)
1+
12
1+

!12
!12

!(2)t
i(2)
=P 1+
2

0.09 2
= 1+
2
= (1 + 0.045)2

i(12)
= [(1.045)2 ]1/12
12
i(12)
= (1.045)1/6 1
12
i(12)
= 0.00736312 = j
12

(1 + j) n
j

1 (1 + 0.00736312)
= 3, 000
0.00736312

P =R

= 17, 545.08

50, 000

1, 000, 000

20

50, 000

40, 000

40, 000

40, 000

40, 000

20

t=0

P = F (1 + j)

= 1, 000, 000(1 + 0.05)

= 783, 526.17
= 50, 000 + 783, 526.17
= 833, 526.17

F1 = F2
!(4)(t)

!(1)(t)
i(1)
=P 1+
1
!4

i(4)
0.05 1
1+
= 1+
4
1

i(4)
1+
4

1+

i(4)
= (1.05)1/4
4
i(4)
= (1.05)1/4
4
i(4) = 0.012272

(1 + j) n
j
1 (1 + 0.012272)
= 40, 000
0.012272
= 705, 572.68

P =R

20

= 50, 000 + 705, 572.68

= 755, 572.68

833, 526.17

755, 572.68 = 77, 953.49

t=5

F = P (1 + j)n
= 50, 000(1 + 0.05)5
= 63, 814.08

= 63, 814.08 + 1, 000, 000

= 1, 063, 814.08

(1 + j)n 1
j
(1 + 0.012272)20
= 40, 000
0.012272
= 900, 509.40

F =R

= 63, 814.08 + 900, 509.40

= 964, 323.48

1, 063, 814.08

964, 323.48 = 99, 490.60.

P = 99, 490.60(1 + 0.05) 5 = 77, 953.49

P1 = F (1 + j)

20

= 150, 000(1 + 0.04)

= 118, 547.18

P2 = F (1 + j)

= 300, 000(1 + 0.04)

10

= 202, 669.25

= P1 + P2
= 118, 547.18 + 202, 669.25
= 321, 216.43

i(4)
1+
4

F1 = F2
!4(5)

i(4)
1+
4
1+

!20

!2(5)
i(2)
=P 1+
2

0.08 10
= 1+
2

i(4)
= (1.04)1/2
4
i(4)
= (1.04)1/2 1
4
i(4)
= 0.019803903
4

(1 + j) n
j
1 (1 + 0.019803903)
= 25, 000
0.019803903
= 409, 560.4726

P =R

20

15, 000 = 2, 000

(1 + j)
j

P
0

P = Ran = R

(1 + j)
j

R
j
n

R = 2, 500
i(12) = 0.09
t=1
m = 12
P
P =?
2, 500

2, 500

R
n

i(12)
0.09
=
= 0.0075
m
12
n = mt = 12(1) = 12

j=

P = Ran = 2, 500

(1 + 0.0075)
0.0075

12

= 28, 587.28.

n
j

P =?
0

2, 500

2, 500

2, 500

2, 500

2, 500

2, 500

2, 500

P 0 =?
0

P0
P 0 = Ran = R

P = Ran = R

(1 + j)
j

P = P0

(1 + j)
j

= 2, 500

= 2, 500

P = 35, 342.49

(1 + 0.0075)
0.0075

(1 + 0.0075)
0.0075

15

= 35, 342.49

= 7, 388.89

7, 388.89 = 27, 953.60

k+1

k+2

k+1

k+2

k+n

P
0

P = Rak+n
R
i
n
k

Rk = R

(1 + j)
j

(k+n)

(1 + j)
j

R
k+n

R = 10, 000
i(4) = 0.08
t=5
m=4
P

k = mt = 4(20) = 80
n = mt = 4(5) = 20
i(4)
0.08
j=
=
= 0.02
m
4

P
0

P = Rak+n

80

10, 000

10, 000

81

82

(1 + j) (k+n)
1
R
j
1 (1 + 0.02) 100
= 10, 000
0.02
= 33, 538.38

Rak = R

10, 000

100

(1 + j)
j
10, 000

(1 + 0.02)
0.02

80

R = 4, 000
i(12) = 0.10
t=2
m = 12
P

k=2
n = mt = 12(2) = 24
i(12)
0.10
j=
=
= 0.00833
m
12

k + n = 2 + 24 = 26

P
0

4, 000

4, 000

4, 000
26

(1 + j) (k+n)
1 (1 + j) k
R
j
j
26
1 (1 + 0.00833)
1 (1 + 0.00833)
= 4, 000
4, 000
0.00833
0.00833
= 85, 260.53

P =R

= 30, 000, 000

= 700, 000

=
=

30, 000, 000

700, 000

= 42.86

= 3%
= 500
= 200

15

200

500 0.03 =
= 3, 000.

15

= 0.03(500)(200)
= 3, 000

= 8

= 12

= 52

= 95

8
=
52
= 0.1538 = 15.38%

12
95
= 0.1263 = 12.63%

r
P

F
P =F
P <F
P >F

F = 300, 000
r = 10%

300, 000(0.10) = 30, 000

30, 000

1
2

= 15, 000

F = 100, 000
r = 5%
= 10
= 2(10) = 20
= 4%

100, 000

0.05
2

= 2, 500
t = 10

P =

F
100, 000
=
= 67, 556.42
n
(1 + j)
(1 + 0.04)10

(1 + 0.04) =

i(2)
1+
2

!2

i(2)
= 0.019804
2

P =R

(1 + j)
j

= 2, 500

(1 + 0.019804)
0.019804

20

= 40, 956.01,

= 67, 556.42 + 40, 956.01 = 108, 512.43.

57.29
57.19

0.10 =

P = 1, 000, 000
j = 0.07
n=1

F
F = P (1 + j)n = 1, 000, 000(1 + 0.07) = 1, 070, 000

P = 1, 200, 000
= 31, 000

= (31, 000)(12

)(5

= 1, 860, 000

= 1, 860, 000
= 660, 000

1, 200, 000

=(

)(

= 0.20(3, 000, 000)

= 600, 000
=(

= 3, 000, 000

600, 000

= 2, 400, 000

(0.80)( 3, 000, 000) = 2, 400, 000.

P = 400, 000
i(12) = 0.09
i(12)
0.09
=
= 0.005
12
12
n = 36
j=

R
R=

P
(1 + j)
j

400, 000
(1 + 0.0075)
0.0075

36

= 12, 719.89

P
0

k +n1 k k + 2
k

R
Bk

k+n

Bk

p OBk

R = 11, 122.22
i(12) = 0.12
i(12)
0.12
=
= 0.01
12
12
k = 12
j=

k = 48

Bk = R

"

(1 + j)
j

(n k)

= 11, 122.22

(1.01)
0.01

48

= 422, 354.73

P = 3, 200, 000
i(12) = 0.12
i(12)
0.12
=
= 0.01
12
12
n = mt = (12)(20) = 240
j=

R
P =R
R=

P
(1 + j)
j

(1 + j) n
j
3, 200, 000
=
1 (1 + 0.01)
0.01

240

= 35, 234.76

P = 3, 200, 000
R = 35, 234.76
n = 240

240 35, 234.76 = 8, 456, 342.40.

=
= 8, 456, 342.40

3, 200, 000 = 5, 256, 342.40

P = 3, 200, 000
i(12) = 0.12
i(12)
0.12
=
= 0.01
12
12
n = mt = (12)(20) = 240
j=

R = 35, 234.76

B50 = R

(1 + j)
j

190

= 35, 234.76

(1 + 0.01)
0.01

190

= 2, 991, 477.63

P R51
P R51 = R

I50 = 35, 234.76

29, 914.78 = 5, 319.98

F = (1 + j)n = 100, 000, (1 + 0.08)3 = 251, 942.40

B3 = R

(1 + j)
j

= 26, 379.75

(1 + 0.10)
0.10

= 45, 783.04

B1 = R

(1 + j)
j

R=

R=

R=

B2 = R

(1 + j)
j

= 183, 026.37

P
(1 + j)
j

P
(1 + j)
j

P
(1 + j)
j

34

= 16, 607.15

(1.06)
0.06

= 770, 973.65

30, 000
(1 + 0.0075)
0.0075

750, 000
(1 + 0.02)
0.02

500, 000
(1 + 0.01)
0.01

(1 + 0.01)
0.01

= 2, 623.54

12

= 102, 382.35

36

= 16, 607.15

34

= 476, 669.63

I3 = i(P2 ) = (0.01)(476, 669.63) = 4, 766.00

P R51 = R

I50 = 16, 607.15

4, 766.7 = 11, 840.45

F = P (1 + j)n = 800, 000(1 + 0.08)2 = 933, 120

R=

R=

B6 = R

B8 = R

(1 + j)
j

P
(1 + j)
j

18

P
(1 + j)
j

300, 000
(1 + 0.025)
0.025

61
6
= 29, 994.20 6
4

(1 + j)
j

700, 000
(1 + 0.01)
0.01

12

= 32, 073.56

0.10
1+
12
0.10
12

(1.025)
0.025

48

20

18

= 18, 433.68

= 19, 244.14

7
7
7 = 499, 428.21
5

12

= 329, 003.03

P1 = R

P4 = R

(1 + j)
j

61
6
= 11, 485.35 6
4

7
7
7 = 33, 889.65
5

(1 + 0.08) 1
= 23, 190.42
0.08
I5 = j(P4 ) = (0.08)(23, 190.42) = 1, 855.23
P R5 = R I5 = 25, 045.65 1, 855.23 = 23, 190.42

(1 + j)
j

0.10
1+
12
0.10
12

= 25, 045.65

T
F

p
p1 , p2 , ...

p
q
r
s
t 3 + 2 = 5p

u f (x) =
v
w
p1

x
x+1
p

p2
p3
p4

q
r
r

3+2 = 5
t

22N

100 2 Z
2
/Q

2R
p
2<2

NZQR

u
f

v
w

w
w

w
w

p1

p1
p2
p2
p3
p4

2x = 1
(x + y)2 = x2 + y 2
x
x

q
p
p
p
p

<>

q
q
q

p r t
p

p1
p2
p3
p4

p1 p2 p3
p4

p1

p2

f
i
b

p3

h
g

p4

d
l

p1
p2
p3
p4

r
f

i
h
d

b
g
l

2.5

p
T
F

q
p

p
22

p q
23

=8

=4

p
p

2n

p
p:

p, )

p
T
F
p
p

n1
n2
n3
n4

p(x) =
2

x 1
x+2

p
F
T
p

 n1

p(x) =

n2

x 1
x+2

p(x) =

x 1
x+2

n3
n4

n2

n2
p

p ^ q : (p

q, )

p^q

p^q

p
q

p
q

>3

p^q

p ^ ( q)

>3

p^q

>3

p ^ ( q)

( p) ^ ( q)

( p) ^ q

q
q

q:

p ^ ( q)

p^q
( p) ^ ( q)

p^q

p:

q
p _ q : (p

q, )

p_q

q
p_q

p_q

p q

r
p
q
r

p_q

q _ ( r)

p _ (q _ r)

p_q

q _ ( r)

p _ (q _ r)
(p _ q) _ r
(p ^ q) _ r

p _ (q ^ r)

(p ^ q) _ (p ^ r)

p _ (q _ r)

(p _ q) _ r
p _ (q _ r)

(p _ q) _ r
p_q_r

p ^ (q ^ r)
(p ^ q) ^ r
p^q^r
p q

( p) _ (q ^ r)
r
q^r

q
p
( p) _ (q ^ r)

( p)

p
T

q^r
F

( p) _ (q ^ r)
T

p ! q : ( p,

p!q

q, )

p!q

p1
p2
p3

p1
p1
p2
p2
p3

p3

p!q

p!q
q

q
p!q

p!q

p!q

p!q
p
q

2>0
2>0

p!q

2<0
2

2>0

2>0

2<0

2<0

2>0

p $ q : (p

q, )

p$q

p
q

p1
p2
p3

p1

p1

p2
p3

p3

p q
p
q
r
s

p ^ ( q)

p ^ ( p)
(q _ r)

(( p) _ q) ^ r

(p ^ ( q)) _ (r ^ s)
(q ! r)

(p ^ ( q)) ! (r ^ s)
p $ ( p)

(( p) ! q) $ r
p

X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

p
p
p
p
p
p

p^q

p_q

p!q

p$q

(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
p

q
p

(p ! q)

p!q

q!p

(q ! p)

(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)
p!q

q!p

(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)

(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)

p$q

(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)

p$q

[(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)] ! [(p _ q) ! r]

(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)

(p _ q) ! r
p, q
r

23 = 8
p, q
p, q

(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)
p!r q!r

(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)

p!r

q!r

(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)

(p_q) ! r

(p _ q) ! r

p_q

p!r

q!r

(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)

p_q

(p _ q) ! r

s : [(p !

r) ^ (q ! r)] ! [(p _ q) ! r]
p!r

q!r

(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)

p_q

(p _ q) ! r
T

T
[(p ! r) ^ (q ! r)] ! [(p _ q) ! r]
p, q,
r

p_
p^

p ! (p _ q)

(p ^ ( q)) ^ (p ^ q)

T
p_

p
p

p_
T
T
F

p^

p
p

p ! (p _ q)

(p^ q) ^ (p ^ q)

p^

p^

F
F

q
p_q

p ! (p _ q)

p ^ ( q)

p^q

(p ^ ( q)) ^ (p ^ q)

((p ! q) ^ q) ! p

((p ! q) ^ ( p)) ! q
((p _ q) ^ p) ! ( q)
(p ! q) ! (q ! p)

( (p ^ q) ^ ( p)) ! q

(p ! q) ! (( p) ! ( q))
(p ^ q) ! p
p ! (p _ q)

(p ^ q) ! (p ^ q)

((p ! q) ^ p) ! q

((p ! q) ^ ( q)) ! p

((p ! q) ^ (q ! r)) ! (p ! r)
((p _ q) ^ ( p)) ! q
(( p) ! ) ! p

((p ! r) ^ (q ! r)) ! ((p _ q) ! r)

(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)

p$q

(p ! q) ^ (q ! p)

p$q

p,q

p,q
p$q

(p ! q) , [( p) _ q]

(p ! q)

( p) _ q
p!q

( p) _ q

(p ! q)

(p ! q) , [( p) _ q]

( p) _ q

(p ! q) $ [( p) _ q]
p!q

( p) _ q

(p ! q) $ [( p) _ q]

(p ! q) $ [( p) _ q]

p q

(p ^ ) , p

(p _ ) , p

(p _ ) ,

(p ^ ) ,

(p _ [ p]) ,

(p ^ [ p]) ,

(p _ p) , p

( p) , p

(p ^ p) , p

p _ (q _ r) , (p _ q) _ r

p ^ (q ^ r) , (p ^ q) ^ r

p _ (q ^ r) , (p _ q) ^ (p _ r)

p ^ (q _ r) , (p ^ q) _ (p ^ r)

p _ (p ^ q) , p

p ^ (p _ q) , p

p_q ,q_p

(p _ q) , ( p) ^ ( q)

p^q ,q^p

(p ^ q) , ( p) _ ( q)

 (p ! q) , [p ^ ( q)]
(p ! q)

,
,
,

p
q
p ! q q ! p p ! q

p ^ ( q)
(p ! q)

p ^ ( q)

(p ! q)

(( p) _ q)

( p) ^ ( q)

p ^ ( q)

q ! p

p!q

q!p

p ! q

q ! p

(p ! q) , q ! p
q)

(q ! p) , ( p !

p!q
q!p
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( q)_ p

q_ p

p!q

p_q

(q ! p) , ( p ! q)

( p) _ ( q))

p ^ ( q)

q!p

p!q:

p ! q

( q) ^ p

q ! p :

q ! p :

p ! q :

( q ! p)

p!q
p!q
p
p

q
q

 (p _ (( p) ^ q)) , (( p) ^ ( q))
((p ^ q) ! (p _ q)) ,

(p ! ( q)) , (p ^ q)

,
,
,

(p ! ( q))
( p_ q)

( p)^ ( q)

p^q

(p ! (q ^ r)) , ((p ! q) ^ (p ! r))

,
,
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(p ! (q ^ r))
p _ (q ^ r)

(sin p _ q) ^ ( p _ r)
((p ! q) ^ (p ! r))

(p _ q) , (( p) ! q)

(p ! q) , (p ^ ( q))

((p ! r) ^ (q ! r)) , ((p _ q) ! r)

((p ! q) _ (p ! r)) , (p ! (q _ r))

((p ! r) _ (q ! r)) , ((p ^ q) ! r)

(p1 ^ p2 ^ . . . ^ pn ) ! q.
p1 , p2 , . . . , pn

p1
p2
pn
)q

p1 :
p2 :

q:

(p1 ^ p2 ) ! q,

p1
p2
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A0

A0
p!q
q
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A
p!q
p
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A
p!q

q
p!q

p
q

p!q

p!q

A0
p!q

p
p!q

p!q

q
p

p!q

A0

p!q
q
)p

!
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q
p1 , p2 , . . . , pn

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p!q

(p ! q) ^ p

((p ! q) ^ p) ! q

((p ! q) ^ p) ! q

((p ! q) ^ p) ! q
p!q
p
)q

p q

(p ^ q) ! p
p ! (p _ q)
(p ^ q) ! (p ^ q)

((p ! q) ^ p) ! q

p^q
)p
p
)p_q
p
q

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q

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p

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) p

)p!r

)q

( p) !
)p

p!r
q!r

) (p _ q) ! r

p:
q:

p!q
q
) p

p:
q:

p^q
)p

p:
q:

p
) p _ q,

p:
q:
r:

p!q
q!r

)p!r

(p1 ^ p2 ^ . . . ^ pn ) ! q,
p1 , p2 , . . . , pn
q

(p1 ^ p2 ^ . . . ^ pn ) ! q

((p ! q) ^ q) ! p

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p!q

(p ! q) ^ q

((p ! q) ^ q) ! p

p!q

p
p

p!q
T

(p ! q) ^ q
T

p!q
q
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((p ! q) ^ q) ! p
F

A0
B0

p q

((p ! q) ^ q) ! p

((p ! q) ^ ( p)) ! ( q)

((p _ q) ^ p) ! ( q)
(p ! q) ! (q ! p)
( (p ^ q) ^ ( p)) ! q
(p ! q) ! (( p) ! ( q))

p!q
q
)p
p!q
p
) q

p_q
p
) q
p!q

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(p ^ q)
p
)q
p!q

) ( p) ! ( q)

p:
q:

p_q
p
) q
[(p _ q) ^ p] ! q
p
q
p

q
q

q
p

q
F

[(p _ q) ^ p]

q
p_q
T

(p _ q) ^ p
T

[(p _ q) ^ p] ! q
F

p_q
q
)p
(p ^ q) , (q ^ p)
q_p
q
)p

(p ^ q)
p
)q

p
q

p
F

p
T

q
F

p^q
F

(p ^ q)
T

(p ^ q)^ p
T

[ (p ^ q)^ p] ! q
F

p!q
p
)q

p!q

p
q

(p ^ q) ! r
p^q
)r
(p ^ q) ! r
r
)p^q

p ! q
q
) p
p ! q
p
)q

(p ^ ( q)) ! r
s!p
q ! ( u)
u^s
)r

(((p ^ ( q)) ! r) ^ (s ! p) ^ (q ! ( u)) ^ (u ^ s)) ! r

24 = 16

p ! (r ^ s)
r
) p

p
p ! (r ^ s)
( r) _ ( s)

r
(r ^ s)
[( r) _ ( s)] , (r ^ s)

( r) _ ( s)
(r ^ s)

p ! (r ^ s)
p

(p ^ r) ! ( q)
( q) ! r
r
) (p ^ r)
(p ^ r) ! ( q)

( q) ! r

r
r

(p ^ r) ! r
(p ^ r)

(p ^ r) ! ( q)
( q) ! r

(p ^ r) ! r
r

(p ^ r)

(p ^ r) ! r

 r
( q) ! r

( q)
(p ^ r)

(p ^ r) ! ( q)

( q) ! r
( q)

(p ^ r) ! ( q)
(p ^ r)

p_r
( r) _ ( s)
s
)p
s
r_ s

s
p_r

s
( s)

( r) _ ( s)
r

p_r
p

p_r
p!r

( r)_( s)

r ! s

p_r

p!r

( r) _ ( s)
r ! s

p ! s
s

( s)

( p)
p

b, e, c, d

b:
e:
c:
d:

b!e
c!d
b_c

)e_d

b_c

( b) _ c
( b) ! c
c!d

( b) ! d
b!e

( e) ! ( b)
( e) ! d

(b ! e) , ( e) ! ( b)

( e) _ d
e_d

p!q
r!s
p_r

)q_s

t:
d:
s:

t_d
t!s

)d!s

d ! s
t_d
d
s

t!s

t_d
T

p_q
q
)p

p_q
q
p

t!s
T

d!s
F

p_q

((p _ q)^ q)

((p _ q)^ q) ! p

((p _ q)^ q) ! p

p
q

p_q

p_q

(p _ q) ^ (p _ q) ,

m
m = 2k

m
m = 2k

m
y

m = 2k
x+y

x
y

x = 2k1
y = 2k2

x + y = 2k1 + 2k2 = 2(k1 + k2 )

k1

k2
k1 + k2

x+y

ABCD mA = 90
mB = 90

mC = 85

ABCD
ABCD

= 90

360
mA + mB + mC + mD = 360 .
90 + 90 + 85 + mD = 360 .
mD = 95

ABCD

ABCD
C

mA + mB + mC + mD = 360 ,
90 + 90 + mC + 90 = 360

mC = 90
85

ABCD
ABCD

(p _ q) ! r
q

p_q

) r

(p ^ q) ! r
q

p, r

) r
p ! (q ^ r)

) (p ! q) ^ (p ! r)
( p _ q) ^ ( p _ r)

p ! (q ^ r)
(p ! q) ^ (p ! r)

p _ (q ^ r)

p ! (q _ r)
r!s

p, q

)p!s

p ! (r _ t)
r
) p
p

(p _ q) ! r
r
)p

r_ t

(r ^ t)

r, s

(p _ q)

p^ q

(p ^ q) ! r
r

q, r

)p

m
6
3

3
n = 6k

m = 3k

6
m
6

6
2k

m = 3k

3
n = 6k

k
m = 6k

3
m
a, b

3
c

p
a2 + 62 = (6 2)2

m = 3 (2k)

a2 + b2 = c2 ABC
p
6 2
ABC
a=6
ABCD