1.

6 BIM in construction in the public sector

The process of working with BIM in construction is used around the world, (wikipedia,
2015a) including within the public sector (Porwal and Hewage, 2013). One advantage of
working with the BIM methodology is that it produces improvements in the quality of the
building, such as reductions in construction costs and construction periods (Bryde et al.,
2013; Yan and Damian, 2008). The BIM methodology offers an improved, seamless
process of planning, building and operation, and consequently increased value creation
across all the life cycle phases (Diaz, 2013). There is adequate awareness of the fact that
financial support is required not just for the phases up to commissioning, but also for the
operation of a building (Woodward, 1997). These phases can also be depicted using the
BIM methodology.
BIM en la construccin para el sector estatal
El proceso de trabajo con el BIM en la construccin es usado alrededor del mundo (wilkipedia 2015
a), incluyendo el sector estatal (Porwal & Hewage 2013). Una de las ventajas de trabajar con la
metodologa BIM es la gran calidad en la entrega de informacin, que aumenta la calidad de la
construccin civil,
tanto para el proceso de planeamiento,
construccin y operacin,
consecuentemente incrementando el valor de creacin a travs de todas las fases del ciclo de vida
(Diaz 2013). Existe evidencias de que en efecto el soporte financiero adecuado no es corresponde a
la etapa de comisionamiento, pero adems por la operacin de la construccin (Woodward 1997).
Estas fases pueden ser representados usando la metodologa BIM.
1.7 Sustainability in construction in the public sector
Sustentabilidad en los proyectos de construccin para el sector estatal
En muchas sociedades un crecimiento continuo de la economa, esta acompaado con el
incremento de riesgos en lo que respecta al medio ambiente y consecuentemente un discriminado
uso de las fuentes de los recursos naturales. La Construccin juega un importante rol en lo que
respecta al cuidado ya que es el principal consumidor de los materiales sin procesar y energa, ya
sea durante la ejecucin de la construccin como en su operacin. Como dato importante, el 40 %
del total de la energa consumida por la Unin Europea es por cuenta del sector de la construccin
(EU 2010), ms de tres millones de toneladas por ao de material sin procesar son necesarios para
la construccin (Graham, 2003). En 1994, luego de la primera conferencia sobre la sustentabilidad
de construccin se define el principio de la relacin entre la construccin y la sustentabilidad (Myers,
2013).
Varios pases de la Unin Europea, vienen creando premios para la definicin de estrategias que
apunten a la definicin y aplicacin de estrategias de sustentabilidad en el sector de la construccin
con inversin del sector gubernamental.
In many societies, continual economic growth is accompanied by increased awareness regarding
environmental protection, and consequently a desire to use naturally-sourced resources. Construction
plays an important role in this regard (Pandey and Shahbodaghlou, 2015): it is a primary consumer of
raw materials and energy, both for the construction of buildings and during their operation (Kibert,
2011). 40% of total energy consumption within the European Union is accounted for by the buildings
sector (EU, 2010). Up to three million tonnes of raw materials are needed for the construction of
buildings each year (Graham, 2003). In 1994, at the first conference on sustainable construction, the
following principle was therefore defined in relation to construction sustainability (Myers, 2013):

Since then, there have been various organisations which aim to define and apply sustainability
strategies in construction for the public sector. These have produced sustainability certification
systems. The Building Research Establishment created the British Research Establishment
Environmental Assessment Model (BREEAM). In the United States, the Leadership in Environmental
and Energy Design (LEED) programme forms the basis of assessment. (Pandey and Shahbodaghlou,
2015). In Germany, the Federal Institute for Research on Building, Urban Affairs and Spatial
Development (BBSR) in collaboration with Deutschem Gutesiegel fur Nachhaltiges Bauen e. V. (the
association managing the German sustainable building quality mark), have created the Deutsche
Gesellschaft fur Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB, German Sustainable Building Council) and the
Bewertungssystem Nachhaltiges Bauen (BNB, Sustainable Building Evaluation System) for federal
buildings (BMUB, 2013a).
Problem statement
Fundamento del problema
Buildings require financial subsidies not only during the planning phase but also during the
construction and operation (see Figure 6). Depending on the quality of the design process, difficulties
arise in the fulfilment of the time schedules.
Las construcciones requieren inversiones, no solo durante la fase de planeamiento pero adems
durante la construccin y operacin (ver figura ). En dependencia de la calidad del proceso de
diseo, surge dificultades en el cumplimiento en el tiempo del cronograma.

This leads to costs uncertainties and quality defects during the subsequent construction and / or
operation process. The design, construction and operation in civil engineering has fundamentally
changed. Digital tools are now used by engineers, architects or specialist planners on a day-to-day
basis. This change causes improvements in the consistency of information and cooperation between
all stakeholders. Information and media discontinuities can be significantly reduced.

Esta es una carga de incertidumbre para los costos y crea los defectos de calidad durante las
subsecuentes procesos de construccin y/o operacin. El diseo, construccin y operacin en la
ingeniera han tenido cambios fundamentales. Las herramientas digitales ahora son usados por
ingenieros, arquitectos o especialistas en planeamiento y es bsico en el da a da. Estos cambios
son la causa de mejoras en la consistencia de la informacin y la colaboracin entre los
inversionistas as como de las partes interesadas. La informacin errada puede reducirse
significativamente.
The results of this change, through the application of the BIM methodology in the design, construction
and operation process, is therefore reducing costs, ensuring time schedules and increasing the
quality of the work.
Los resultados de los cambios, a travs de la aplicacin de la metodologa del BIM en los proceso de
diseo, construccin y operacin, por lo tanto la reduccin de costos, aseguramiento de los tiempos
de las actividades e incremento de la calidad del trabajo.
For the correct application of the BIM methodology there should be a high den- sity of information at
the start of a design process. Moreover, this information should be available in a verified, validated
and reliable form. Verification and validation can be carried out on the basis of a sustainability
certification system.
Para la correcta aplicacin de la metodologa debera tener un alta densidad de informacin al inicio
del proceso de diseo. Por otro lado, esta informacin debera estar disponible, verificada, validada
y fiable. La verificacin y validacin conllevan la base de certificacin de un sistema de sostenibilidad
y sustentabilidad.
This would provide a solid foundation for all the subsequent processes and significantly improve
them. What's more, the scope for influencing costs is greatest at the very start of the planning
process: the costs of changes are lower than of those made in the course of planning.
Esto podra proveer una solida fundacin para todos los subsecuentes procesos y un significante
aporte para ellos. Adems, el alcance por influencia de costos es grande y muy al inicio del proceso
de planeamiento: los costos de los cambios son bajos tanto en cuanto estos se hagan en el
transcurso del planeamiento.
Consequently, a high density of reliable information at the outset not only facilitates the holistic use of
the BIM methodology in public construction sector. Further synergies also result as planning decisions
can be taken at an earlier stage. This increases the cost- effectiveness and quality of the building (see
Figure 8)
Consecuentemente, una alta densidad de informacin fiable desde el inicio no solo facilita el
desarrollo y uso de la metodologa BIM en el sector de la inversin extranjera. Provee adems de
sinergia para que las decisiones del planeamiento sean tomadas de manera temprana. Este
incrementa la eficiencia en el costo y en la calidad de los proyectos. (vea la figura .)

A high level of information density and early planning decisions contribute to the holistic use of the
BIM methodology. This is because the greater the density of the validated and verified reliable
information at the beginning of the digital planning process is, the more detailed the virtual mapping of
the building through the use of the BIM methodology and the resolution of technical issues can be
(Eastman et al., 2011, p. 163).

Un alto nivel de la densidad de informacin y decisiones tempranas en el planeamiento se debe a la

contribucin y uso de la metodologa BIM. Esta es la razn para que grandes cantidades de
informacin, valida y fiable, a travs del uso de la metodologa BIM sern la principal herramienta
para solucin de los errores tcnicos, teniendo el mejor proceso inicial a travs del planeamiento
digital, que permite un mayor detalle de anlisis.

One solution for the fullfilment of the demands is the requirement planning. The use of the
requirement planning enables the wealth of the building information to be specified before the start of
work stage 1. Requirement planning is used for the methodical ascertaining of building information
with the aim of raising quality and lowering costs (Deutsche Industrienorm, 1996). It is used in public
construction sector in the form of DIN 18205. The methodical ascertaining through the DIN 18205
information provided building information, which is validated and verified at the start of the use of the
BIM methodology and more important evaluated from a sustainability perspective. Moreover it is also
agreed with a large number of participants. In many cases there is inadequate information available
when the planning of public construction sector work begins, despite the use of DIN 18205 (Hodulak
and Schramm, 2011).
Una solucin para el cumplimiento de las demandas de la inversin de proyectos, esta en mejorar el
cumplimiento de los requerimientos del planeamiento que para la metodologa BIM entregan
mayores beneficios a la informacin de la construccin y estas siempre sern especficas previo al
inicio del trabajo. El cumplimiento de las necesidades del planeamiento tiene el como ventaja
competitiva subir la calidad y bajar los costos (Hodulak and Schramm, 2011)
Como hecho particular sobre la evaluacin adecuada y el anlisis de proyectos de inversin estatal,
Alemania tiene instituido el Cdigo de Negocios e Inversin Federal Alemn (BHO), quienes
nicamente realizan cualquier inversin en proyectos de construccin, solo cuando las necesidades
del planeamiento han sido completadas, inclusive se debe completar la estimacin de costos. Los
recursos financieros para la construccin no son aprobados si antes no han sido aprobados estas
definiciones. La perdida en los costos de un proyecto causa reduccin en la calidad y siempre
problemas en el cronograma.

The Federal Budgetary Code (BHO) states that financial approval for a Federal building project may
only be given, once certain parts of the requirement planning have been completed. This includes
completing the estimation of costs. The financial resources for constructing the building are not
approved before this has been done (cf. 24 BMJV, 1969; BMUB, 2015, p. 34). Nonetheless, there is
no cost certainty in the field of public construction sector. This lack of cost certainty also causes
reductions in quality as well as time scheduling problems. The information deficiencies at the start of
planning are due to the fact that requirement planning according to DIN 18205 is not carried out and
made available in an interoperable or a digital form. The DIN 18205 requirement planning information
exists only in a decentralised, analogue form in physical documents. This leads to information and
media discontinuities already occurring at the design stage. The level of integration of the information
is consequently seriously deficient throughout the entire life cycle. The status quo shows that there is
currently no holistic use of the DIN 18205 information in conjunction with the BIM methodology. Due to
the features that have been mentioned, there is no use or validation of the DIN 18205 information
through use of the BIM methodology during the design, construction or operation phases.
Requirement planning is however an important process throughout a building's life cycle.