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Gemstone colours stem from their chemical structures, which absorb different wavelengths of light. Their hardness is measured on the Mohs hardness scale (1-10).
PEARL
TURQUOISE
OPAL
JADE
PERIDOT
GARNET
Formula: CaCO3
Mohs hardness: 2.54.5
Formula: NaAlSi2O6
Mohs hardness: 6.57.0
Formula: Mg2SiO4
Mohs hardness: 6.57.0
AMETHYST
CITRINE
TOURMALINE
ZIRCON
AQUAMARINE
EMERALD
Formula: SiO2
Mohs hardness: 7.0
Formula: SiO2
Mohs hardness: 7.0
Formula: ZrSiO4
Mohs hardness: 7.5
SPINEL
TOPAZ
ALEXANDRITE
RUBY
SAPPHIRE
DIAMOND
Formula: MgAl2O4
Mohs hardness: 7.58.0
Formula: Al2BeO4
Mohs hardness: 8.5
Formula: Al2O3
Mohs hardness: 9.0
Formula: Al2O3
Mohs hardness: 9.0
Formula: Cn
Mohs hardness: 10
BY
NC
ND