Escuelas Oficiales de Idiomas

CONSEJERA DE EDUCACIN,
JUVENTUD Y DEPORTE
Comunidad de Madrid

INGLS
CERTIFICADO DE NIVEL AVANZADO

COMPRENSIN DE LECTURA (2 PARTE)

DURACIN: 70 minutos
Esta parte consta de tres tareas.

TASK TWO (6 X 1 mark = 6 marks)

Read the following texts and match each of them to the most suitable
heading from the list supplied. Each heading can be used only ONCE.
There are 3 headings you will not need. Text 0 has been done as an
example.

MARK

SCIENTIFIC NEWS
TEXT 0. Plant biologists have identified the strategy used by plants to recognize an attack.
When insects ingest parts of a plant digestion turns proteins into a peptide elicitor, which is
secreted back into the plant during subsequent feedings. The plant recognizes this elicitor and
launches its defensive chemistry.
Posies and plants may look peaceful, but flowers and veggies are waging war on their enemies.
"What we're studying is how plants are using these chemicals to help to defend themselves,"
Schmelz said. These chemicals call to other bugs for help.

TEXT 1. Researches about extremophilic microorganisms, a species which thrives in extreme

conditions that are detrimental to the majority of life on Earth, constitute many promising
worlds to discover. In terms of biodiversity, those unexpected forms of life show that the
inventory of all species living on Earth is far from being done. Extremophilic microorganisms also
reveal their amazing adaptive strategies, which reinforces the possibility of life on other planets.

TEXT 2. Current hotspots of marine mammal diversity are concentrated in the temperate
waters of the southern hemisphere, and the number of cetacean and pinniped species will likely
remain highest in these areas in the coming 40 years, -- regardless of climate change. However,
on the level of individual species the picture may be different: Whereas about half the species of
marine mammals will experience some loss in their habitat, distributional ranges of the other
half may increase by up to 40 percent.

TEXT 3. An apparent increase in the size and frequency of jellyfish blooms in coastal and
estuarine waters around the world during the last few decades means that jellies' impact on
marine food webs is likely to increase into the future.
"Jellyfish are voracious predators," says Condon. "They impact food webs by capturing plankton
that would otherwise be eaten by fish and converting that food energy into gelatinous biomass.
This restricts the transfer of energy up the food chain, because jellyfish are not readily
consumed by other predators."

TEXT 4. For the first time, scientists have used large-scale DNA sequencing data to investigate
a long-standing evolutionary assumption: DNA mutation rates are influenced by a set of speciesspecific life-history traits. One of the many implications of this research is that life-history traits
of extinct species now could be discoverable. "Correlations between life-history traits and
mutation rates for existing species make it possible to develop a hypothesis in reverse for an
ancient species for which we have genomic data, but no living individuals to observe as test
subjects.

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TEXT 5. Extremophiles are microbes that have adapted to extreme environments, such as
Utah's Great Salt Lake that is ten times saltier than the sea. But new microorganisms can be
found in everyday places, and scientists are showing school kids how to discover and name their
own new species. The new microbe is rod-shaped and orange-red in color, and measures only
1.5 microns long. Among its most interesting features is its abundance of carotenoid pigments,
which makes it completely resistant to damaging UV rays from the sun.

TEXT 6. Baby clownfish use hearing to detect and avoid predator-rich coral reefs during the
daytime, but new research from the University of Bristol demonstrates that ocean acidification
could threaten this crucial behaviour within the next few decades. Since the Industrial
Revolution, over half of all the CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels has been absorbed by the
ocean, making pH drop faster than any time in the last 650,000 years and resulting in ocean
acidification, this causes fish to lose their sense of smell, and their hearing is also compromised.
Adapted from www.sciencedaily.com

Altering marine food webs

Gradual loss of senses

How scientists classify animals

Marine ecosystems threatened by overfishing

Microbiologists and astrobiologists working together

Name that species

Plants under attack

Research leading to tracking extinct species

Unexpected worlds

Winners and losers

TEXT

HEADING

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

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TASK THREE (6 x 1 mark = 6 marks)

Read the following text. For items 13-18 choose the option (a, b or c)
which best completes them according to the text. Then write your
answer in the corresponding box of the questionnaire provided on the
next page. Item 0 is an example.

MARK

THE PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW HIGH PROTEIN DIET

This diet is the most effective way of losing body fat. Remember, if we go on a starvation diet,
we lose weight but not much fat. In starvation mode, we use up our energy stores of
carbohydrate first (in the form of a substance called glycogen). However, the body can store only
a little glycogen, and this is used up within two days. Then we start breaking down fat and
protein. But we can't afford to lose body proteins: our muscle mass decreases, we become
noticeably weaker, and our immunity is compromised because the lack of protective
immunoglobulin proteins means we are subject to an increased risk of infection. Not good!
Sure, we look slimmer, and we certainly weigh less, but we are weaker and becoming unhealthy.
There is no point in dieting if it's going to make us ill. And, of course, because we need our
muscles, when we even slightly stray from the diet, our bodies immediately rebuild muscle and
we regain all of the 'lost' weight very quickly. Yet another diet fails - because it was never going
to work in the first place. And we have succeeded in making ourselves considerably less healthy
in the process. Not only have we gone through a period of reduced immunity and a lack of
proteins, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants and other essential nutrients, there is evidence that socalled 'yo-yo' dieting of this nature is detrimental to health in the longer term.
Quite simply, we are going to virtually eliminate all refined carbohydrates and sugars (which are
also carbohydrates), leaving us with a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet. Of course, you may
have heard of high-protein diets before, and they all failed because the carbohydrates were not
restricted. Remember, unless you switch off the mechanism to make fat, and switch on the
mechanism to burn fat, it is very difficult to lose body fat. On this diet, you will be cutting out
virtually all refined carbohydrates so that body fat is burned preferentially, to provide energy.
Sugar, starch, white flour, cakes, bread, pasta and rice are the usual culprits. These foods have
very little nutritional value and, what's more, can cause medical and fat problems. Of course,
there are forms of these carbohydrates - such as wholemeal rice, wholemeal bread and
wholemeal pastas - that do have nutritional benefits and which you can reintroduce later, but in
the initial stage of the diet, you have to reduce all carbohydrates, to switch on the fat-burning
mechanism.
You should definitely cut out all pasta, rice, cakes and biscuits, and stick to a maximum of one
slice of bread per day. Your body will rapidly adjust to a healthy, high-protein, low-carbohydrate
diet, and will burn body fat. The bottom line is that you don't need refined carbohydrates and
processed sugars. These foods provide energy and no other form of essential nutrition - and
when you eat more than the energy you can use immediately the rest is stored as fat. One point
to be aware of is that refined carbohydrates can appear in many unexpected sources. You
probably know that bread, cakes, pastries, biscuits, pies, pizzas, potato crisps and fried potato
chips all contain refined carbohydrates, but pasta, rice, most breakfast cereals, most tinned
foods, many pre-packaged foods, tinned vegetables, tinned soups, and prepared sauces do as
well... In fact the list goes on and on. Virtually all 'fast foods' contain very high proportion of
refined carbohydrates - as well as hydrogenated fats - and if your diet is high in refined
carbohydrates and hydrogenated fats, you will definitely put on weight. If you're worried that by
cutting out refined carbohydrates you'll have virtually no foods left to choose from, fear not. In

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fact, high-protein and nutritious foods such as meat, poultry, fish, shellfish and eggs are all open
to you, along with vegetables, cheese, spices and herbs, from which you can easily produce
delicious, healthy and quick meals. You'll be relieved to hear that you don't have to live on a diet
of lettuce and tomato. On the contrary, you will be eating virtually limitless; quantities of very
tasty food complemented by delicious sauces and dressings: in other words, real food!
What about fats in your diet? I've advised you to cut out refined carbohydrates and eat a highprotein diet, but what about the amount of fat you consume? This is going to seem a strange
thing to say, and it's against all of the dietary advice you've been given in the past, but if you
follow the principles of this diet carefully, you don't need worry about how much fat you're
consuming. No, I have not gone mad, and I'm certainly not advocating a high-fat diet, but most
of the 'bad' fats are actually integrated into the sugary, starchy foods you have already excluded,
and you will naturally avoid them when you stop eating these foods. So by excluding the refined
carbohydrates, you have excluded the 'bad' fats from your diet at a single stroke.
Adapted from The New High Protein Diet by Dr Charles Clark and Maureen Clark Vermilion

THE PRINCIPLES OF THE NEW HIGH PROTEIN DIET

0. Starvation diets
a.
are good because you lose a lot of fat and proteins.
are harmful because of the loss of body proteins.
b.
c.
help us reduce muscle mass but without causing further problems.
13. If we fail to follow this starvation diet strictly,
a.
we become really muscular.
b.
we become weaker.
c.
we put on weight fast again.
14. When people follow a starvation diet,
a.
they become vulnerable to diseases.
b.
they put their health at stake on the spot.
c.
they run the risk of immediate health problems.
15. In a high protein diet, carbohydrates
a.
are banned, although they are considered beneficial.
b.
are used as a primary source of energy.
c.
can be consumed only under certain circumstances.
16. The problem with carbohydrates is that
a.
if their intake is not used up what is left turns into fat
b.
it is difficult to stop eating them.
c.
your body doesnt adjust easily when you dont eat them.
17. Following the new high protein diet
a.
you can have/make delicious dishes.
b.
you can only eat meat, poultry, fish, shellfish and eggs.
c.
you have to weigh all the protein you have.
18. The new high protein diet
a.
does not include any kind of fat.
b.
fosters the consumption of sugary foods.
c.
prohibits you to have refined carbohydrates

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TASK FOUR (7 x 1 mark = 7 marks)

Read the text and complete each gap with ONE suitable phrase from
the list supplied. Then write your answers in the boxes provided. Each
phrase can be used only ONCE. There are three phrases you will not
need. Gap 0 has been completed as an example.

MARK

WOMEN IN MOROCCO ARE LOSING GROUND TO

TRADITION, PREJUDICE AND MALE GREED
The number on the corrugated iron door is 184. _____[0]_____ beside the road leading out of
Kenitra, about 40 km north of Rabat, Morocco. Saddia Znadi, a divorcee, lives here with her five
children including her eldest daughter, married and a mother. The mattresses are stacked against a
wall and the beaten-earth yard is awash with water spilt while the family was washing on this chilly
March morning. At some distance we can hear the thunder of fighter-jet engines warming up on the
nearby airbase. Znadi is a Soulaliyate, a member of one of the ethnic groups with a stake in
Morocco's commons, or "collective lands". She is one of the women battling tradition and male greed,
_____[19]_____. For the past three years they have been campaigning as the Soulaliyate Women's
Movement to obtain compensation. Retrospectively they were one of the forerunners of the wave of
social and political protest that has shaken Morocco since February, forcing King Mohammed VI to
promise constitutional reform.
"The women's organizations launched the democratic process in our country _____[20]_____ in
proper two-sided debate," says Amina Lotfi, the head of the Democratic Association of Moroccan
Women (ADFM). "With reform of the constitution, equality between men and women must now
become part of the law at every level." The ad hoc committee convened in March by the king to
discuss reform completed its hearings of political parties and trade unions in April.
The Soulaliyates, who were sidelined during reform of family law in 2004, are waiting nervously.
They belong to Morocco's 4,931 tribes, amounting to about 10 million people. The tribes are governed
by laws that go back to before the introduction of Islam to Morocco in the seventh century. Under
these rules they are not entitled to own land, with tenure passing from father to son. The sharing out
of an inheritance is decided by an assembly of delegates, under state supervision. A royal decree
issued in April 1919 transferred overall responsibility for land held by ethnic groups to the interior
ministry. Although such lands can neither be seized nor sold, _____[21]_____, but only to men over
16 (except in areas under irrigation).
The women's predicament deteriorated further in the 1990s when the sale of land was authorised.
Collective property was sold to local authorities for a pittance, then resold to developers who promptly
pushed up prices, sometimes selling property for 60 times its original price. In exchange
_____[22]_____ or financial compensation. On the other hand, women who had no male descendants
were divorced, widowed or married to an outsider - a Moroccan belonging to another tribe - could do
nothing to avoid being expropriated. Many were forced to move to one of the shanty towns adjoining
former collective lands. Adding insult to injury, some resettlement schemes _____[23]_____ to
purchase a 60-square-metre plot for $2,400.
The division of the spoils in Kenitra, the country's fourth-largest industrial centre, is abundantly
clear. Overlooking the airbase are properly built homes for the well-off, then red-brick houses, still
unfinished, for those who have been resettled, and finally off to one side _____[24]_____ and
cardboard, occupied by dispossessed Soulaliyate women.

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The first action against this regulation was a demonstration in 2007. It was a surprise for many
Moroccans who knew nothing about the Soulaliyates and less still about their rules on inheritance. On
20 March demonstrations were held all over Morocco with thousands of people in the streets,
_____[25]_____ announcing constitutional reform. But Bellot was not marching. She was typing out
manifestos on her computer.
Adapted from The Guardian Weekly , May 2011.

WOMEN IN MOROCCO ARE LOSING GROUND TO

TRADITION, PREJUDICE AND MALE GREED
A.

a collection of shacks made of corrugated iron

B.

by engaging for the first time

C.

despite a speech by the king

D.

enable outsiders living in a shanty town

E.

first class bungalows fully equipped

F.

it belongs to the first house in the shanty town

G.

that can be traced in the desert

H.

the men were given a home

I.

they are on sale

J.

they can in practice be transferred

K.

which are depriving them of any form of inheritance

GAP

LETTER

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