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Asian Transactions on Science & Technology (ATST ISSN: 2221-4283) Volume 02 Issue 03
Department of Mechanical Engineering, IUBAT International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, the University of Texas at San Antonio, Tx 78249, USA
Abstract
This paper discusses the solar pond technology and how it is applied to desalination. A solar pond is a shallow
body of water which acts as a solar collector with integral heat storage for supplying thermal energy. Solar ponds
are mainly two types: convective solar ponds and non-convective solar ponds. The shallow solar pond and the deep
saltless pond are the examples of convective type. There are three types of non-convective solar ponds: salinity
gradient solar pond (SGSP), membrane solar pond and polymer gel layers solar pond. A SGSP is a pool of water
about 1-5 m deep, which contains dissolved salts to establish a stable density gradient. There are three layers in a
SGSP: upper convective zone (UCZ), lower convective zone (LCZ) and salinity gradient non-convective zone
(NCZ) in the middle. Incident solar energy is collected and stored which may be delivered at temperature near
100C. The SGSP is the most eco-friendly and environment-friendly among all the solar energy systems for
electricity generation, desalination, hot water applications in agriculture, green house heating, domestic hot water
production and space heating and cooling of buildings. Nevertheless, a SGSP is more cost-effective since its
collection cost per square meter is only one-fifth of that of a liquid flat plate collector, and cost of 1KWh of
electricity production by a SGSP is only one-fifth of that produced by photovoltaic cells. A solar pond multi-stage
flash distillation system (SPMSF) is very promising for Bangladesh. MSF plants can produce 6-60 L/m2/day,
whereas for typical solar stills it is 3-4 L/m2/day.
Keywords: solar pond, salinity gradient, sodium chloride, desalination, SPMSF
built open water reservoir commonly called as solar
Introduction
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buildings.
electromagnetic
surface
emphasis on SPMSF.
cooling
system,
wave
solar
spectrum.
The
refrigeration
and
air-
with special
linear
establishment,
heat
selection,
extraction,
salt
gradient
environmental
solar thermo-mechanical systems. Solar thermomechanical system includes solar thermal water
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Solar Ponds
structure. One is SGSP where density gradient is
A solar pond is a shallow body of water which acts
pond [16].
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pond.
In NCZ,
both
state condition,
Qu Qa Qe
where
Qe heat losses.
Qu / I
Working Principle
where I is the solar energy incident on the pond.
When solar radiation falls on the surface of the
0 Qe / I
where 0
Again,
Qe U 0 (Ts Ta )
where
Ta ambient temperature
and
rise up and thus the layers would mix. Heat from the
surface of the pond is then rapidly dissipated to the
surroundings. But the denser salt layer at the bottom
of a SGSP prevents the heat to be transferred to the
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U0 Kw / b
Asian Transactions on Science & Technology (ATST ISSN: 2221-4283) Volume 02 Issue 03
(dT / dZ ) ( I / K )[( (Z ) ]
where
and
Nielsen [20].
U g K (1/ D bP / A)
K (d 2T / dZ 2 ) I (d / dZ )
K thermal conductivity of water
where
and
fraction
reaching a depth
Z.
of solar radiation I
where
K ground conductivity, D
and
On integration this equation gives
where
and
K T U T
1 z2
( Z )dZ w g
z
Z 2 Z1 1
I
I
where
T temperature difference
zone gives
A solar pond is said to be statically stable if its
(dT / dZ ) z2 ( I / K )[ (Z ) )]
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S
T
Z theoritical S
T
S Sc 1
S
Z
Z Pr 1
where
1 p
thermal
T
expansion coefficient
Pr 1 T
Sc 1 Z
salinity
expansion coefficient
Pr Prandtl number
Sc Schmidt number
S
T
1.19
Z
Z
S Z AT Z
0.63
where A = 28 (kg/m4)(m/K)0.63.
S
S
SM
Z actual Z theoritical
where
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Salt used:
chloride
(NaCl)
is
used
normally.
diffuser. Lastly fresh water is the final layer pumped
Magnesium
chloride
(MgCl2),
sodium
nitrate
on the surface [17], [27]. Fig. 2 shows the formation
Site selection:
Qm [(Sl Su ) D] / b
Soil character:
S l , S u salinity in lower
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than
chlorine
and
is
therefore
can
remove
contaminants.
has on the pH [50].
Construction
of
larger
ponds
can
4.
3.
Heat extraction
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salt
production
as
well
as
for
aquaculture,
compared
with conventional
method
of
heat
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recreational
building.
Data
and
throughout the world desalination is getting priority
establishment,
heat
extraction
and
clean potable water. The warm arid countries in the
by-product.
submarines
July 2012
use
Many
seagoing
desalination.
ships
and
Large-scale
ATST-50201035Asian-Transactions
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Asian Transactions on Science & Technology (ATST ISSN: 2221-4283) Volume 02 Issue 03
systems
an
[46].
Solar
distillation
presents
which
includes
multistage
[43].
The
water
desalination
with
flash
humidification-dehumidification (HD) uses air as the
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Asian Transactions on Science & Technology (ATST ISSN: 2221-4283) Volume 02 Issue 03
option
compared
to
other
solar
are
lightweight
usually
and
point of operational advantage and economic benefit.
must
be
improved
to
make
it
desalination for a 24-hour a day operation needs only
ponds
generated
thermal
energy
to
drive
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Asian Transactions on Science & Technology (ATST ISSN: 2221-4283) Volume 02 Issue 03
SGSP.
Repetitive
cycles
of
evaporation
and
4 L/m2/day [45].
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Asian Transactions on Science & Technology (ATST ISSN: 2221-4283) Volume 02 Issue 03
Conclusions
Advantages
used.
pond operation is the implementation of
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pollution free.
6.
7.
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Asian Transactions on Science & Technology (ATST ISSN: 2221-4283) Volume 02 Issue 03
4.
to be
Systems in Encyclopedia
of Life
in
Bangladesh.
Therefore,
Solar Ponds.
an
www.Toodoc.com/solar-ponds-
pdf.html
selection,
establishment,
salt
heat
environmental protection
5.
gradient
extraction,
and
6.
cost
analysis.
2009:
Examining
potential
gradient
solar
pond
for
2.
http://
7.
edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew/solar
.html
3.
8.
http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/rene
w/pond.html
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Asian Transactions on Science & Technology (ATST ISSN: 2221-4283) Volume 02 Issue 03
9.
www.scribd.com/doc/22755625/Solar-
Construction
Ponds
and
operational
Golding,
2005:
Solar
pond
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Research
and
Thermal
J.,
1993:
Solar
Pond
39-35.
21. Karim, C., S. M. Joma and A.
Akbarzadeh,
15.
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laboratory
www.scribd.com/doc/43541092/SolarEnergy
404-417.
22. Bababola, Engr. P. O.: Non-convective
Source.
www.scribd.com/doc/39657995/Solar-
Second Edition.
Pond-Scribd
www.scribd.com/doc/52986304/solar-
Seminar (07761A0318).
pond1
www.scribd.com/boddu_keerthi/d/498
July 2012
2004:
M.R.,
S.
https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/.../
18. Jaefarzadeh,
12. Li,
33164-Solar-Ponds-technical-seminar
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Asian Transactions on Science & Technology (ATST ISSN: 2221-4283) Volume 02 Issue 03
and
1984:
solar
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Nielsen,
and
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Enhancing the thermal efficiency of
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Sources:
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10.1016/0038-092X (80)90456-9.
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J.,
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104, 299-349.
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56.
http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/renewable/recp/solar/
three.html
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Figure Captions
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
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