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19th Merit Search Examination 2016

at National Educational Council Details
Andhra University (SDE):
MCA 1st, 2nd and 3rd Year June 2015 Exam Results
IBPS CWE-V 2015 Specialist Officers
9 Online Practice Tests with Explanations

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Sakshi Bhavita Online Edition www.sakshieducation.com/bhavitha.aspx

Subject Expert,
Hyderabad

UNIT-I Chapter 2 & 3

The 2nd and 3rd chapters can be
conveniently combined for the preparation. The second chapter is 'Mineral Nutrition' and the third is 'Enzymes'. I recommend the student to study the 3rd chapter first and then
proceed to study the Mineral Nutrition. Understanding the Enzymes is
necessary and essential before studying the metabolism of the plants
(Photosynthesis, Respiration etc).
The chapter is a very brief description of the enzymatic reactions and
their classification. There will not be
any difficulty for the student in understanding this as the student studies the concept of catalysts in chemical kinetics in chemistry. This chapter has become significant for SAQs
in the wake of the weightage. Student
should prepare all the SAQs from
this chapter without fail and practice
writing once.
The second chapter, Mineral Nutrition, is about requirement of nutrients to the plant. Some of the deficiency symptoms are given briefly.
Even though it is very brief, this part
of the chapter is very confusing and
difficult for the student to remember
meticulously, enzyme role and different symptoms caused by the deficiency of different nutrients. Fortunately no question is there for IPE exams. Many enzymes require minerals
for their activity. All biological reactions are enzyme mediated. So for
better understanding student has to
read these both chapters once again
after studying the 4th ,5th, 6th chapters
to correlate information with metabolic activities involving enzymes
and nutrients. Later part of the mineral nutrition is about nitrogen cycle
and biological nitrogen fixation. This
is a very important topic for all kind
of exams. But this is reduced to insignificance leaving the student with
many doubts. All the questions for
IPE are from this part of the chapter.
For IPE it is difficult to assign
some marks to this particular chapter.
Only Very Short and Short Answer
Type of Questions are possible from
this chapter. As the answers are brief
and easy it is better for the student to
attempt SAQs from these chapters.
For the EAMCET point of view
one or two questions may be given
from these chapters. But understan-

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All enzymes are proteins. Exception is..

B. Rajendra

Inter Second Year

13

ding these two chapters make the

student comfortable in remembering
many aspects of other chapters in
physiology as all these chapters are
interrelated. Particularly information
given in the Mineral Nutrition can
be molded in making 'match the following' type questions. This chapter is
also important for all India examinations. Constant revision can make the
student perfect in this chapter.

Important SAQs for IPE

1. Explain the steps involved in the
formation of root nodule.
2. Write in brief how plants synthesize amino acids.
3. Explain the nitrogen cycle, giving relevant examples.
4. Write briefly about enzyme inhibitors.
5. Explain different types of co factors.
6. Explain the mechanism of enzyme action.

Intermediate
Botany
Botany

Important information
for EAMCET

Growth of plants in specified nutrient medium is called hydroponics. This is also called as soilless culture.
Julius von Sachs developed this
technique.
Essential elements and deficiency
symptoms can be known in a plant.
Hydroponic technique can be used commercially in culturing tomatoes, seedless cucumbers and
lettuce.
More than sixty different elements can be seen in plant tissues in
some plants.
An essential element should fulfill three different criteria.
First is without an essential element a plant can not complete its
life cycle
Second- the requirement must be
specific and can not be replaced
by other element.
Third- Element must be directly
involving in the metabolism.
Elements present in excess of
10m mole per Kg of dry matter
of the plant are macronutrients
Micronutrients are required in
very small amounts less than
10mmole per Kg dry matter.
Micronutrients are also called
trace elements.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium
(total 9) are macro nutrients.

Iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, boron, chlorine,

nickel (total 8) are micro nutrients.
Except carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen all are obtained from soil
and in ionic form.
Nickel is considered as 17th element.
In addition to this beneficial elements are sodium, silicon, cobalt,
and selenium are beneficiary
elements.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen are components of macromolecules.
Magnesium, phosphorous are
components of energy related
compounds
Elements like Mg2+, Zn2+, Mo
and many others participate as
activators or inhibitors of enzymes.
Mg2+ activates RUBISCO. Zn2+
activates alcohol dehydrogenase.
Mo activates nitrogenase.
Potassium and chloride participate in osmotic potential of the
cells. They also participate in
opening and closing of stomata.
Nitrogen is obtained by plants in
nitrate form, ammonical form
and molecular form.
Nitrogen, potassium, calcium
required in meristems.
Macro nutrient required in large
amounts is nitrogen. Iron is micronutrient required in small amounts.
Iron activates catalase and essential for formation of chlorophyll.

Manganese is an activator of
IAA oxydase.
Zn is required in the synthesis of
auxins.
Boron is essential for pollen tube
germination and carbohydrate translocation.
Molybdenum participates in nitrogen metabolism.
Nickel acts as an activator of urease and increases disease resistance in some plants.
Concentration of an element below which growth is retarded is
critical concentration.
Deficiency of N, K, Mg, S, Fe, Mn,
Zn and Mo results in chlorosis.
Deficiency of N, S, Mo delay
flowering.
Zn deficiency causes mottled leaf
in citrus. Copper.. die-back in citrus. Boron.. heart-rot in beets.
Molybdenum.. whip tail in cauliflower. Clorine.. bronzing in legumes. Nickel.. mouse ear in pecans.
Manganese competes with iron
and magnesium from soil.
Manganese inhibits calcium translocation in shoot apex.
Conversion of organic nitrogen
into ammonia is ammonification.
Oxidation of ammonia into nitrite and to nitrate is nitrification.
Psudomonas and Thiobacillus
are denitrificants.
Azatobacter and Baijerinckia are
free living nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Rhodospirillum is anaerobic and
photosynthetic nitrogen fixing
bacteria
Frankia produces nitrogen fixing
nodules in non-leguminous plants.
During infection with Rhizobium
an infection thread forms in the
root hairs.
Leg-haemoglobin acts as oxygen
scavenger.
16 ATP are required for reducing
N2 into two molecules of NH3.
(when H2 is a product)
When H2 is not a product 12 ATP
are required.
For every addition of 2 protons
4ATP are needed, thus 12 ATP
for 2 molecules of NH3.
Ammonium ions are toxic to
plants. It is in synthesis of amino
acids by Reductive amination or
Transamination.
Two most important amides found in plants during nitrogen fixation is asparagine and glutamine.
Soybeen transports in the form of

Ureids.
All enzymes are proteins. Exception is ribozymes which are
nucleotides.
Enzymes are biological catalysts
with very high catalytic power.
Carbonic anhydrase activity is 10
million times more than normal
reaction in the absence of enzyme.
Enzymes increases the rate reaction by reducing the energy of
activation.
[ES] complex is formed in enzymatic reactions.
All enzymatic reactions are reversible.
All enzymes have active sites.
Active sites are small areas
compared to surface area.
Active sites are three dimensional entities.
Emil Fisher proposed Lock and
Key model and Induced fit
model proposed by Koshland to
explain the enzymatic activity.
Temperature , pH, substrate and
enzyme concentration influences
the rate of reaction.
Leonar Micheilis and Maud Menton studied enzyme kinetics.
Rate of the enzymatic reaction is
half of its maximal value at Km .
Km is substrate concentration at
which rate of the reaction is half
of its maximal value.
Enzymes of only protein is simple enzyme.
Enzymes with protein and nonprotein part is complex enzymes.
Protein part is apoenzyme. Nonprotein part is co-factor. Organic
co-factors are co-enzymes. Inorganic cofactors are metallic ions.
Enzymes are classified into 6
major groups. Major groups are
subdivided and subdivided again.
The 6 major groups are Oxydoreductases, Transferases, Hydrolases, Lyases, Isomerases and Ligases in serial order.
Oxydoreductases partipates in oxidation and reduction reactions.
Transferases catalyses transfer of
groups.
Hydrolases catalyse hydrolysis
releasing water.
Lyases breaks bonds in the absence of water.
Ligases require ATP for their activity.
Each enzyme is given a code by
with four digits indication major
class and their sub classes.
2.7.1.2 is enzyme code of Glucose-6-phosphate.