Working Drawing

In Fine Art, a working drawing is a separate, exploratory drawing that develops an idea towards a
final work of art. (See below for Engineering Drawing).
Creating a work of art is sometimes an iterative process. This means that rather than diving feetfirst into a complete drawing or painting, the artist will do a series of sketches with the aim of
trying out ideas. It can be difficult to translate an idea from the mind to the canvas, so working
drawings allow the artist to revise the work and re-draw to develop a composition, working
through problems as they occur. Particularly in the case of large and complex works, these will
then become references as the artist embarks on the final piece.
Working drawings are often among the most interesting of an artist's works, because they reveal
the thought processes behind a work of art; done not for an audience but for the artist's own use,
they have an honesty and straightforwardness. As an artist yourself, it's important not to let an
awareness of that fact intrude on the function of your drawings. Particularly in the contemporary
culture of documenting every moment, the intention to share work-in-progress on social media
can lead to a sense of self-consciouness about the aesthetic of the drawing that can interfere with
its primary roles of experimenting and informing the major work of art.
We create a set of detailed working drawings for each project to enable builders, craftsmen and
other specialists to implement our designs. The following list describes the kinds of drawings
usually included in a set for a master plan.
Staking Plan
Contains staking information that relates new and existing structures, driveway location, planting
bed configuration and many other critical dimensions.
Grading Plan
Information that describes wall and curbing heights, drainage considerations and the general
modeling for the site.
Details
Show elevations and finishes of new structures such as arbors, wall, fences, brick walkways,
stone terraces and retaining wall. Since building practices vary from region to region, we
recommend that the craftsmen implementing construction offer samples of brick, stone and wood
to be used.
Planting Plan
Shows the location of recommended trees, shrubs, annuals, perennials and vines. It includes a list
of these plant materials with sizes and genetic names.
Irrigation Plans
These are drawn by independent consultants and are included in the package of working
drawings. They relate directly to the planting and layout plans.

Lighting Plan
Shows the location of each lighting fixture utilized for aesthetic purposes and includes a list of
fixture types and ordering information.
Tree-Staking Plan
A number of other plans may be included in a set of working drawings and may include a treestaking plan.
Fixtures Plan
A plan for benches, statuary and pots.
Hardscape Plan and Schedule
Shows specific stone, brick, gravel, and asphalt areas for ease in calculating quantities.
Site Demolition Plan
Includes cut and fill calculations for permitting
Tree-Replacement Plan and Survey
This is often required for city building permits.

Working Drawings in Drafting and Engineering

Working drawings are drawings used as a reference or guide in the manufacture of a product.
This most often refers to engineering and architecture, but working drawings are used in many
different modes of construction. These drawings are composed according to industry standards,
so that all the information is easily and clearly understood, and standard conventions and units
are used
There are two distinct types of working drawing: one is the detail drawing, which shows various
views of an object and includes important information such as measurements and tolerances that
the craftsperson or machine operator might need to know when manufacturing the object, or that
people using the object might need to know. The second is an assembly drawing, which shows
how various components fit together during construction.

Types of Working Drawing

The Detail Drawing
The detail drawing conveys as much information as possible about a single component. . It will
be clearly labeled with a part number and name, It may include several views of the object - top,
front and side - and a projection view. These drawings are annotated with information, including
overall and detail dimensions, tolerances, materials and treatments.
A detail drawing is the drawing of a single part that includes a complete and exact
description its form, dimensions, and construction. The worker must clearly understand
the shape, size, material, and surface finish of a part, what shop operations are necessary;
what limits of accuracy must be observed from the detail drawing. Following figure is an
example of a commercial drawing.

Detail drawings are formed by carefully studying the initial design layouts. Use is made
of the scale of the design layout, dimensions that may be given, and all notes provided.
Approved standarts for the specific company involved with respect to lettering style,
dimensioning techniques, position of notes must be included in detail drawings.
In general working drawings are checked by an experinced person responsible for any
possible error, when it is finished. This step is the final "proofreading" and cannot be
carried out by the person who has made the drawing. The necessary information should
be preserved for the future use and reference.

The Assembly Drawing

Working Drawing needed for Production

The drawings that are used to give information for the manufacture or construction of a machine
are called as working drawings. Working drawings must include all the knowledge for the
production of a machine or structure explicitly so that no further information is required to
complete the production. The description given by the set of working drawings will include:
1. The graphical representation of the shape of each part, namely shape description.
2. The dimensions of each part; size description.
3. Explanatory notes on the individual drawings, giving the specifications of material, heat
treatment, and surface finish.
4. A descriptive title on each drawing.
5. Relationships of each part to the others (in assembly drawings)
6. Part list.
7.
In general, set of drawings include two classes of drawings; detail drawings, supplying the
information in topics 1 to 4, and an assembly drawing, supplying the information about the
location and relationship of the parts, topic 5.
Assembly drawings show how pieces of a construction fit together. These may include an
'exploded' view, with pieces drawn separately but in correct relative positions, a 'general'
assembly drawing where everything is drawn in its right place, and a detailed assembly
drawing, which is a drawing of working assembly with measurements. :
A complete assembly drawing is presentation of the product or structure put together,
showing all parts in their operational positions. The seperate parts come to the assembly
department after their manufacturing processes are finssihed and in this department they
are put together according the assembly drawings. Small machining operations may be
necessary during assembly process such as drilling, reaming, or hand finishing. For such
cases, assembly drawings include a note explaining the required operation and give the
dimensions for the alignment or location of the pieces.

Several different methods can be used to produce assembly drawings; the simplest one
tracing from the design layouts. This method is inferior to the method that the assembly

drawing is produced from the dimensions of detail drawings if the accuracy of checking
considered. Of course the second method is very time consuming. Whereas, the
Computer Aided Drafting can be a huge timesaver when an assembly drawing is being
produced. Nowadays, there are so sofisticated CAD programs and equipments; almost all
the manufacturers use these programs to recover high initial costs. Although many
assembly drawings do not need dimensions, the overall dimensions and distances
between the centers or from part to part of the different pieces to clarify the relationship
of the parts with each others. An assembly drawing should not be overloaded with detail.

Assembly drawings should include referance letters and numbers representing the
different parts. These part numbers usually enclosed by circles with a leader pointing to
the piece .

A unit assembly (subassembly) is a drawing of a related group of parts and used to show
the assembly of complicated machinery for which it would be practically impossible to
show all the features on one drawing. To illlustrate; headstock, tailstock, and gearbox unit
assemblies should be included in the drawing of a lathe.

An outline assembly is used to describe the exterior shape of a machine or structure, so it

contains only the primary dimensions. If it is made for catalogs or illustrative purposes,
dimensions are often omitted. They are also called as installation drawings.
An assembly working drawing includes all the necessary information for producing a
machine or structure on one drawing. This requires providing adequate orthographic
views together with dimensions.
A diagram drawing is an assembly showing ,symbolically, installation of equipment and
often made in pictorial form.

The bill of material is a tabulated list placed either on the assembly drawing or on a seperate
sheet. The list gives the part numbers, names, quantities, material and sometimes stock sizes
of raw material, detail drawing number, etc. The term "bill of material" is usually used in
structural and architectural drawing whereas the term "part list" is used in machine-drawing
practice.

Working Drawings in Architecture

Architectural working drawings need to not only show all the detail and measurement needed for
the builder to construct the building, but also to plan the construction process, particularly
showing any unusual features or requirements that need special attention. These will include
plans of each floor, exterior elevations (outside views) and sections (cutaway views) of the
building.

Tabular Drawings : A tabular drawing, either assembly or detail, is one on which the
dimension values are replaced by reference letters, and an accompanying table lists the
corresponding dimensions for a series of sizes of the machine or part, thus one drawing
serves for a range covered. If parts are produced in a variety of sizes, using tabular system
will be logical, but there is a serious risk of misreading the table.
Standardized Drawings : The difficulties of the tabular drawings are overcomed by making
"standardized drawings". These drawings are complete except the actual figured dimensions.
By offset printing or black and white reproduction on vellum paper these standard drawings
are reproduced and dimensioned seperately for the various sizes. Following figure is an
example of standardized drawing.
Set of Drawings : A complete set of working drawings consist of detail sheets and assembly
sheets, the former gives all the necessary information for the manufacture of each of the
individual parts and the latter showing the parts as assembled as a finished structure or
machine. The set includes also the parts list and also may include further information such as
oiling diagrams,etc.