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C4301/UNIT14/ 1
UNIT 14
DESIGN OF SLENDER COLUMNS
OBJECTIVES
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To be able to identify the braced slender columns design principles according to
BS 8110 requirements.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of this unit you will be able to calculate:
1. the minimum eccentricity, emin .
2. the deflection , a u using equation 32
3. the reduction factor, K using equation 33
4. the additional moment using equation 35
5. the initial end moments using equation 36
6. the area of longitudinal reinforcement.
7. the size and spacing of lateral reinforcement (ties).
8. sketch the reinforcements details in slender columns.
C4301/UNIT14/ 2
INPUT 1
14.1
Slender Columns
C4301/UNIT14/ 3
ACTIVITY 14a
l ey
b
14.2
l ex
h
and
l ey
l ex
and
is
h
b
14.4
14.5
14.6
C4301/UNIT14/ 4
FEEDBACK 14a
14.1
15
14.2
10
14.3
transverse deflection
14.4
initial moment
14.5
additional moment
14.6
deflection.
If all your answers are correct, please proceed. Otherwise please go back to
the INPUT in this section and do the activity.
C4301/UNIT14/ 5
INPUT 2
14.7
Additional Moment,
M add
Consider a column acted by axial load N and an end moment Mi as shown below;
N
au
N
Figure 14.1: Deflection of a rectangular column.
C4301/UNIT14/ 6
M add = Na u
au = a Kh
1 l e
a =
'
2000 b
a can also be obtained from Table 3.23 of BS 8110, which in dependent on the
ratio
le
where l e is the effective height of column in the plane considered and
b'
C4301/UNIT14/ 7
le
is equal to
b'
l ex
and
h
l ey
b
K is the reduction factor to correct the deflection and to take into consideration
the effect of axial load. K can be calculated using equation 33 of the code. This is
shown below:
K=
N uz N
1
N uz N bal
M add
Nh l e
=
K
2000 b '
N uz depends on
Asc but
C4301/UNIT14/ 8
ACTIVITY 14b
The
additional
moment, M add
is
calculated
using
equation
_________________________.
14.8
14.9
reduction
factor
can
be
calculated
using
equation
________________________.
14.12 When
le
= 12 , a is equal to _____________________.
b'
14.13 When
le
= 60 , a is equal to ______________________.
b'
C4301/UNIT14/ 9
N/mm2.
400mm
550 mm
FEEDBACK 14b
M add = Na u
14.8
au = a Kh
14.9
Table 3.23
N uz N
1
N uz N bal
14.12 0.07
14.13 1.80
14.14 0.25 1.0 500 = 225 mm
14.15 600 kNm
14.16 N uz = 0.45 f cu Ac +0.87 f y Asc
= 0.45 40 300 400 + 0.87 460 3216 10 3
= 3447 kN
C4301/UNIT14/ 10
14.17
N bal = 0.25 f cu bd
N uz N
N uz N bal
3500 3100
3500 3000
400
500
= 0.8 1
C4301/UNIT14/ 11
C4301/UNIT14/ 12
INPUT 3
au
And,
M i = 0.6 M 2 0.4 M 1
C4301/UNIT14/ 13
0 .4 M 2
for
Where,
Mi is the smaller initial end moment (taken as negative if the column is
bent in double curvature) and M2 is the larger initial end moment, which is always
taken as positive.
1
2
A column in any case is designed for a moment of at least Ne min. Hence we have
further condition that M t Ne min
ACTIVITY 14c
C4301/UNIT14/ 14
14.20 For
symmetrical
bending,
the
initial
moment
is
equal
to
moment
of
____________________________.
14.23 A
slender
column
is
designed
for
minimum
__________________________.
C4301/UNIT14/ 15
a) M 2
b) 0.4 M 1
c) 0.6 M 2
d) M i + M add
e) M 1 +
M add
2
f) 0.4 M 2
g) 0.4 M 1 + 0.6 M 2
h) emin N
14.26 For the slender column experiencing initial moments at both ends (shown
below), determine the values of M 1 and M 2 assuming double
curvature.
100 kNm
200kNm
14.3: End in
Moments
in Slender
Column single curvature.
14.27 Calculate M i ofFigure
the column
Question
8 assuming
C4301/UNIT14/ 16
14.28 Calculate the design minimum eccentricity for the column section shown
below;
200mm
350mm
14.30 From the following information, determine the maximum design moment
of the column:
M2 = 500 kNm
Mi = 460 kNm
Madd = 325 kNm
Nemin = 100 kNm
M1 = 800 kNm
FEEDBACK 14c
M add
2
M 1 = 100 kNm
M 2 = 200 kNm
M i = 0.4 M 1 + 0.6 M 2
14.27
and eminN
C4301/UNIT14/ 17
C4301/UNIT14/ 18
= 0.05 350
= 17.5 mm
14.29 M = Ne min
= 4000 20 10 3
= 80 kNm
14.30
C4301/UNIT14/ 19
INPUT 4
C4301/UNIT14/ 20
M2= 70 kNm
b = 450
d= 60
d = 240
x
h = 300
SECTION
M1=10 kNm
14.4:Initial End Moments
Solution
C4301/UNIT14/ 21
Slenderness ratio:
l ex 6.75
=
= 22.5 > 15
h
0.3
l ey
b
8.0
= 17 .8 > 15
0.45
This shows that the column is slender and will be designed as such:
at the time when double curvature occurs we have,
M1 = - 10 kNm
and
M i = 0.6 M 2 + 0.4 M 1
= 0.4(10 ) +0.6(70 )
= 38 kNm
M add
Nh l e
=
K
2000 b '
2
1.0 10
2000
300
= 129 kNm
With K = 1.0 as the initial trial value, the total moment is,
C4301/UNIT14/ 22
M t = M i + M add
= 38 + 129
= 167 kNm
N
1700 10 3
=
bh
450 300
12
6
= 2.0
M
167 10 6
=
bh 2 450 300 2
= 4.12
and
K = 0.65
Now, for the second trial we shall use K = 0.65, and recalculate Mt, we have:
C4301/UNIT14/ 23
M t = M i + M add
= 38 + 83.91
= 121.91 kNm
2.2bh
100
= 2.2 450
300
10
= 2970 mm2
K=
C4301/UNIT14/ 24
N uz N
1
N uz N bal
3011 1700
3011 810
= 0.6
(1)
2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Mt
M
bh 2
100 Asc
bh
1.0
167
4.12
3.2
0.65
0.65
122
3.0
0.6
The iteration stops when value in column (1) is approximately equal to value in
column (5). Therefore the area of reinforcement required is 2970 mm2.
Hence, provide 4 T 32 (Asc = 3218 mm2 )
Ties:
Minimum size =
1
32 = 8 mm
4
C4301/UNIT14/ 25
2T32
R8 375
2T32
2T32
14.5: Rectangular Columns
SUMMARY
C4301/UNIT14/ 26
This unit should have enabled you to design a reinforced concrete braced slender
column according to BS 8110 requirements. The BS 8110`s design procedure for
designing this column is summarised below:
Step 1:
Calculate the effective height, l e
Step 2:
Calculate the total moment about a minor axis for N and Mt
Mt is taken as the greatest among the following (i) to (iv);
(i)
(ii)
M t = M i + M add
Mt = M2
(iii)
M t = M1 +
(iv)
M t = Ne min
1
M add
2
Step 3:
Calculate the total bending moment on a major axis for N and M t if the
ratio of the length of the longer side to that length of the shorter side is less
than 3, and if
le
20 .
h
Step 4:
For biaxial bending calculate the following;
a)
b)
c)
C4301/UNIT14/ 27
Step 5:
Calculate the reduction factor using the equation given below ;
K=
N uz N
1
N uz N bal
Congratulations!
You
have
now
completed Unit 14
Turn back to page 1
of this unit. Have
you achieved these objectives successfully? If your answer is YES, do the SelfAssessment. If your answer is NO, go through Unit 14 again.
SELF-ASSESSMENT
C4301/UNIT14/ 28
2
N
y
400
500
(6.5 m)
y
Slender column
FEEDBACK ON SELF-ASSESSMENT
C4301/UNIT14/ 29
M i = 0.4 M 1 + 0.6 M 2
= (0.4)(100) + 0.6(M2)
= 112 kNm
b)
le 6500
=
= 16.25
b'
400
c)
a = 0.13
d)
K = 1.0
Remember that, h is the depth in the plane of bending, i.e. 400 mm.
= 130 kNm
M t = M i + M add
= 112 + 130
= 242 kNm
Mt = M2 = 120 kNm
M t = M1 +
1
M add
2
1
2
= 100 + (130 )
= 165 kNm
= (2500)(0.02)
= 50 kNm
Now,
fcu = 40 N/mm2
fy = 460 N/mm2
and
d 500 50 20
=
= 0.86 .
h
500
= 12.5 N/mm2
Mt
(242 )(10 6 )
=
bh 2 500 400 2
= 3.03 N/mm2
C4301/UNIT14/ 30
C4301/UNIT14/ 31
Ties:
You should calculate the minimum size and spacing of the ties as follows;
Minimum size =
1
x 32 = 8 mm
4
C4301/UNIT14/ 32
400
2T32
R8 - 375
500
2T32
The power of work and the power of creativity can be your salvation
NICOLE KIDMAN in Washington Post
END OF UNIT 14
C4301/UNIT14/ 33
GLOSSARY
ENGLISH
MALAY
uniaxial bending
biaxial bending
lenturan dwi-paksi
transverse reinforcement
tetulang membujur
rectangular section
keratan segiempat
bujur
square column
ties
tetulang pemaut
enhance moment
momen tertambah
major axis
paksi utama
minor axis
paksi kedua
symmetry
simetri
braced
berembat
unbraced
tak berembat
slender column
tiang langsing
reduction factor
factor pengurangan