Mapping the Dick and Carey Model to ADDIE

Running Head: MAPPING ID MODELS TO ADDIE

Mapping the Dick and Carey Model to ADDIE

Laurie White
California State University, Monterey Bay

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Mapping the Dick and Carey Model to ADDIE

Abstract
The ADDIE model consists of five processes: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation,
and Evaluation. The ADDIE model forms the basis for the Dick and Carey model, but with
several additional key components. This paper will make a comparison between the ADDIE
model and the Dick and Carey model.

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Mapping the Dick and Carey Model to ADDIE

Mapping the Dick and Carey Model to the ADDIE Model

The ADDIE model (Figure 1) was the end result of systems approach to military training
developed that began during World War II. This systems approach was later applied to higher
education and formed the basis of procedural training for military personnel (Sink, 2014).
Figure 1: The ADDIE Model1

Walter Dick, Lou Carey, and James Carey developed the model that carries their name in
1978. It has ten components compared to the five components of the ADDIE model. Each of
the components can be mapped to a stage in the ADDIE model. The Dick and Carey model
(Figure 2) emphasizes the need to formulate assessments for the learning objectives prior to the

Fav203. (2012, April 18). ADDIE model [Digital image]. Retrieved July 8, 2016, from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/ADDIE_Model_of_Design.jpg.

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Mapping the Dick and Carey Model to ADDIE

design and development of instruction. This model also includes an increased focus on
formative evaluation (Sink, 2014).
Figure 2: Dick and Carey Model2
By Kenbethea (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL
(http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons

Analysis
The key focus during the Analysis of the ADDIE model is the target audience. The
designer must determine the current skill level and prior knowledge of the learners. They will
clarify the desired outcomes of instruction, establish the type of learning environment to
incorporate, and ascertain any resource limitations. Conducting a needs assessment to determine
the needs of the learners and the business is done during the Analysis stage of the ADDIE model.
Several stages of the Dick and Carey model may be mapped to this stage in the ADDIE model.
Dick and Carey model: identify instructional goals. During this initial stage in the Dick
and Carey model, it is critical to identify the goals and objectives for the learner. The designer

Kenbethea. (2010, July 10). Dick, Carey, Carey ISD Model [Digital image]. Retrieved July 8, 2016, from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dick_Carey.png/320px-Dick_Carey.png.

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Mapping the Dick and Carey Model to ADDIE

will clarify for the learner what skills or knowledge they will gain by the completion of the
training session.
Dick and Carey model: conduct instructional analysis. Using surveys, interviews, and
assessments, the designer will determine what the learner already knows during this stage of the
process. Determining what the learner already knows will aid the designer in determining
specific skills or knowledge to incorporate into the training.
Dick and Carey model: analyze learners and context. This step in the process is when the
designer will gain a better understanding of the target audience. Understanding what motivates
the learner, any behaviors or traits, and their personal preferences can help the designer confine
content to include in the training so that it will be the most effective.
Design
The Design stage requires using a systematic approach to meet the ultimate goals of the
project. This stage should be given much attention to detail. Designers will address questions
involving what type of media to use, available resources, types of activities or tasks the learners
will complete, the time frame for each activity, as well as establish any expected skills or
knowledge the learner will gain by the end of each task or activity. Several stages of the Dick
and Carey model may be mapped to this stage in the ADDIE model.
Dick and Carey model: write performance objectives. During this stage of the process,
performance objectives and learning goals are developed. The performance objectives must
clearly define the tasks that the learner will master and include specific conditions they will be
expected to carry out the task. These conditions should be real world conditions.
Dick and Carey model: develop assessment instruments. The assessments should be
criterion-based. Determining what type of evaluation, such as short answer or multiple-choice
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Mapping the Dick and Carey Model to ADDIE

questions, is done during this stage of the process. Using formative and summative assessments
can also help determine if the instruction is effective.
Dick and Carey model: develop instructional strategy. During this stage, the designer
must consider the best learning theories that apply to their target audience and suit the subject
matter best. The use of these learning theories will guide the activities the learner will complete
as they learn the new skill or task.
Dick and Carey model: revise instruction. This step can be mapped to the both the
Design and Development stages of the ADDIE model. It may be considered the last step in the
Design and Development stages but the first step in how the process repeats (Weis, 2012). It is
during this step that the designer must review the soundness of the instructional analysis and any
assumptions made about the learners. The performance objectives are also reviewed during this
stage. Revisions to the instruction are done to create the most efficient program possible.
Development
The Development stage is when the project begins to take form. The designers need to
use the input gained during the prior stages to draft a program and to test if it meets the learning
outcomes. The Develop and Select Instructional Materials as well as the Revise Instruction stage
of the Dick and Carey model may be mapped to this stage in the ADDIE model.
Dick and Carey model: develop and select instructional materials. Instructional materials
include any teacher manuals, student components, media such as audio and visual elements, and
any eLearning platform materials as well as any testing or assessment materials. It is during this
stage that the instructional materials are produced, tested, and frequently revised as needed.

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Mapping the Dick and Carey Model to ADDIE

Implementation
The Implementation stage typically involves a reflection on the process and needed
modifications to the program to ensure the best possible outcomes. This stage of the ADDIE
model is dispersed throughout the Dick and Carey model.
Dick and Carey model: implementation dispersed throughout. Mapping the
Implementation stage of the ADDIE model is not a straightforward process. Instead, components
of implementation can be found through any stage that maps back to the Design, Development,
or Evaluation stage of the ADDIE model. This encourages testing and revising the program as
necessary throughout these traditional ADDIE stages.
Evaluation
The main goal of the Evaluation stage is to determine if the projects goals are being met.
If they are not, it the designer must make revisions based on the outcomes of the evaluation. The
formative and summative evaluations of the Dick and Carey model may be mapped to the
formative and summative evaluations in the ADDIE model.
Dick and Carey model: design and conduct formative evaluation of instruction. Once a
draft of the instruction is done, several evaluations or test are completed and data collected. This
formative assessment stage is typically used to find ways to improve the instruction before the
final product is completed. There are many ways to conduct a formative evaluation of
instruction. The designer may incorporate a one-to-one evaluation, a small group evaluation, of
even a field-test evaluation. Each of these formative evaluations provides critical data that can
be used to improve the overall instruction.
Dick and Carey model: design and conduct summative evaluation of instruction. During
this stage of the process, an impartial examiner will conduct an evaluation of the effectiveness of
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Mapping the Dick and Carey Model to ADDIE

the instruction. This stage follows multiple formative evaluations, which may occur throughout
development and implementation stages. It is the formative evaluations that provide key
information to the designer in regards to necessary revisions in instruction to make sure the
program is meeting the standards. The summative evaluation tests the worth of the instruction.
Summary
The systematic approach of the Dick and Carey model is certainly not an alternative to
the ADDIE model, rather it may be seen to enhance or clarify each stage for the instructional
designer. To me, one of the key elements of both models is the revision aspect each requires. It
is important to understand that no instructional program is created in a vacuum, but instead needs
the interaction of designer, subject matter experts, and learners to create the most effective
instructional materials possible.

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Mapping the Dick and Carey Model to ADDIE

References
Fav203. (2012, April 18). ADDIE model [Digital image]. Retrieved July 8, 2016, from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/ADDIE_Model_of_Design.jpg.
Forest, E. (2014, January 29). The ADDIE model: instructional design - Educational technology.
Retrieved July 8, 2016, from http://educationaltechnology.net/the-addie-modelinstructional-design/
Kenbethea. (2010, July 10). Dick, Carey, Carey ISD Model [Digital image]. Retrieved July 8,
2016, from
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Dick_Carey.png/320pxDick_Carey.png.
Pappas, C. (2015, November 2015). How to apply the dick and carey model in elearning: 9 steps
for elearning professionals. Retrieved July 8, 2016, from https://elearningindustry.com/9steps-to-apply-the-dick-and-carey-model-in-elearning.
Sink, D. (2014). Design models and learning theories for adults. In E. Biech. (Ed.), ASTD
handbook, (2nd edition). (pp. 181-199). Retrieved from
http://dsink.com/downloads/10SinkASTDhandbook.pdf.
Weas, L. (2012, October 11). An introduction to the dick & carey instructional design model.
Retrieved July 08, 2016, from http://www.slideshare.net/larryweas/an-introduction-tothe-dick-amp-carey-instructional-design-model?from_action=save

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