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1. Creating small schools in Chicago: anearly look at implementation and
impactJoseph E. KahneMills College, CaliforniaSusan E. Sporte and John Q.
EastonConsortium on Chicago School ResearchAbstractThere is widespread
concern in many US cities about student alienation, dropout and underachievement in large urban high schools. Chicago, with support from the Gates
Foundationand other agencies, has embarked on a major reform involving the
establishment of newsmall schools and the division of larger schools into smaller
ones. This article reports onearly evaluations of the project, alongside previous
evaluations of small high schools. Ithighlights early effects such as: improved
relationships; cooperation between teachers;awareness of personal difficulties;
student engagement; and better attendance. Although itis too early to demonstrate
the result in terms of summative attainment measures, theseclearly provide a
strong foundation.Keywords community, ethos, small schools, trustIncreasingly,
researchers, policymakers, school leaders, and concerned citizens arerecognizing
that high schools in the United States are in need of major reform or, assome
have put it, in need of being re-invented (Harvey and Housman, 2004).
Currentresearch often highlights that high schools are not preparing students for
college, work,or life (American Diploma Project, 2004), and that they lead to
increased alienation(American Youth Policy Forum, 2001). The problem is
especially severe in large urbanhigh schools, which disproportionately serve
students of low socioeconomic status andstudents of color. In Chicagos public
schools, for example, where more than 85 per centof students come from low
income backgrounds and 91 per cent are students of color,only 29 per cent of all
9th graders were reading at grade level in 2000 and the cumula-tive dropout rate
for the most recent cohort of students was 43 per cent (Allensworth,2004: 10;
Allensworth and Easton, 2001) As Daniels et al. write, Americas highschools
are failing all of our kids some of the time and some of our kids all the
time(2001: 22).As a result of these concerns, many educational reformers are
looking to small schools asa possible response to what Powell et al. (1985)
characterized as impersonal, incoherent,Improving Schools SAGE
PublicationsVolume 8 Number 1 March 2005 722ISSN 1365-4802 DOI:
10.1177/1365480205048929 b y amr il mu ha mm ad on O c to b e r 29 ,
2 0 08h t tp :/ /imp .s a ge p u b .c omD ow n lo ad e d fr o m8 Improving
Schools 8(1)and ineffective comprehensive shopping mall high schools. This
focus reverses atrend often associated with James Bryant Conant (1959) who,
roughly 50 years ago,argued that small rural schools would be less effective than
larger comprehensive highschools that could provide students with greater
opportunities through an appropriately
differentiated curriculum.Reform focused on smaller, more personal schools has been
spurred by educators suchas Deborah Meier (1995), researchers such as Fred Newmann
and Gary Wehlage(1995), and by foundations. Most notably, the Annenberg Foundations
$500 millionschool reform effort emphasized reducing school size and the Bill and Melinda
GatesFoundation has now committed $647 million (Hendrie, 2004) to improving
schoolsthrough the creation and replication of small high schools. Energized by these
efforts,the city of Chicago and other urban districts are placing the creation of small
schoolsat the center of their high school improvement strategies.Small school reform in
ChicagoChicago provides a valuable setting from which to consider the challenges and
possi- bilities of small school reform. It is the third largest district in the United
States, serv-ing some 439,000 students. Slightly more than 100,000 of these students are
in grades912, attending one of 95 high schools, including roughly a dozen small schools
andcharter schools. In addition, as noted above, overall student performance in highschools
is unacceptably low. In response to this problem, the district, like many acrossthe country,
has instituted a wide range of policies to improve educational opportuni-ties and outcomes
for these students. The district has made schools accountable for student performance,
sanctioning those who do not meet test-score performance levels;has created a system of
selective enrollment schools intended to attract and retain high-achieving students; has
strengthened the list of courses required for graduation, and hascreated both opportunities
and requirements related to professional and curricular development (Lee, 2002).As one
part of their strategy for high school reform, the district, the Gates Foundation,and local
funders recently launched the Chicago High School Redesign Initiative(CHSRI). CHSRI
aims to support redesign by developing almost three dozen newsmall high schools.1 It
began in September 2001 through a $12 million grant from theBill and Melinda Gates
Foundation. This grant was matched by $6 million from foun-dations in Chicago. The goal
of the first phase of this initiative was to convert up tofive large high schools into 1520
autonomous small schools over five years. In April2003, CHSRI received a second grant of
almost $8 million from the Gates Foundationto open 12 new (rather than converted) small
high schools over five years (Office of Small Schools, CPS). The first five autonomous
small schools opened within threeconverting buildings in the fall of 2002.To learn from and
support this process, we have begun a three-year study of this effort.Our goal is to provide
formative and summative analyses for the Initiative and to addto the broader dialogues on
the reform of low-performing urban high schools. Now oneyear into this study, this article
focuses on the five converting small schools that openedin the fall of 2002. We report
findings regarding both implementation and impact as ameans of raising issues and
considering possibilities since the initiative is just begin-ning, it is far too soon for any
summative judgments. b y amr il mu ha mm ad on O c to b e r 29 , 2 0 08h t tp :/
/imp .s a ge p u b .c omD ow n lo ad e d fr o mKahne et al.: Creating small schools in
Chicago 9
Sekarang ini, banyak artikel menarik dalam Bahasa Inggris yang dapat kita
temukan online. Namun, tidak semua artikel memiliki daya tarik untuk dibaca
oleh kita, karena menarik bagi orang lain, belum tentu menarik untuk kita.
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yang dapat memberikan keuntungan bagi pembaca dari segi linguistik, seperti
kemampuan artikel untuk mengembangkan pengetahuan kosakata Bahasa
Inggris kita serta meningkatkan ketrampilan kita untuk memahami suatu tulisan
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kita, serta penulisannya memiliki struktur yang terorganisir dengan baik.
Artikel menarik dalam Bahasa Inggris tidak selalu memiliki struktur yang
bagus, tetapi struktur yang bagus tidak hanya dapat menarik perhatian pembaca,
namun juga mampu membangun topik bahasan dengan baik. Struktur yang
bagus memiliki alur yang jelas dan konten yang tertata dengan rapi. Jika kita
membaca sebuah artikel, ide dari topik tidak langsung dituangkan pada paragraf
pertama, melainkan akan diberikan dahulu pendahuluan atau gambaran umum
perihal ide dari topik tersebut. Dengan demikian, jika pembaca memasuki inti
paragraf, mereka tidak akan kaget atau bingung saat diberikan penjelasan secara
rinci. Juga, artikel yang terorganisir membantu pembaca menyerap informasi
lebih efektif.
Artikel yang bagus akan bebas dari kesalahan Grammar, tetapi artikel yang
menarik sangat kaya dengan lexical resources, yaitu ragam kosakata, seperti
ungkapan, istilah-istilah, metafora, perumpamaan, serta kata Vocabulary yang
tidak umum. Jika penggunaan lexical resources tidak kurang atau pun
berlebihan, serta relevan dengan topik yang diulas pada artikel, maka artikel
tersebut tidak hanya baik, tetapi Anda berhasil menemukan artikel menarik
dalam Bahasa Inggris. Artikel seperti ini dapat kita temukan pada jurnal-jurnal
online milik situs-situs ternama.
Penggunaan ungkapan, perumpamaan dan sejenisnya yang relevan didukung
dengan tata susunan penulisan yang baik dapat menghasilkan artikel Bahasa
Inggris yang menarik untuk dibaca. Tidak sampai disitu saja, tetapi kemampuan
Bahasa Inggris kita pun dapat berkembang. So, lets get reading!
Sekarang ini, banyak artikel menarik dalam Bahasa Inggris yang dapat kita
temukan online. Namun, tidak semua artikel memiliki daya tarik untuk dibaca
oleh kita, karena menarik bagi orang lain, belum tentu menarik untuk kita.
Kemudian, dari sekian artikel yang dapat menarik perhatian kita, hanya sedikit
yang dapat memberikan keuntungan bagi pembaca dari segi linguistik, seperti
kemampuan artikel untuk mengembangkan pengetahuan kosakata Bahasa
Inggris kita serta meningkatkan ketrampilan kita untuk memahami suatu tulisan
berbahasa Inggris dengan cepat. Intinya, tulisan berbahasa Inggris merupakan
sarana yang bagus untuk membantu meningkatkan Comprehension skills,
khususnya jika artikel tersebut memiliki topik sesuai dengan minat dan hobi
kita, serta penulisannya memiliki struktur yang terorganisir dengan baik.
Artikel menarik dalam Bahasa Inggris tidak selalu memiliki struktur yang
bagus, tetapi struktur yang bagus tidak hanya dapat menarik perhatian pembaca,
namun juga mampu membangun topik bahasan dengan baik. Struktur yang
bagus memiliki alur yang jelas dan konten yang tertata dengan rapi. Jika kita
membaca sebuah artikel, ide dari topik tidak langsung dituangkan pada paragraf
pertama, melainkan akan diberikan dahulu pendahuluan atau gambaran umum
perihal ide dari topik tersebut. Dengan demikian, jika pembaca memasuki inti
paragraf, mereka tidak akan kaget atau bingung saat diberikan penjelasan secara
rinci. Juga, artikel yang terorganisir membantu pembaca menyerap informasi
lebih efektif.
Artikel yang bagus akan bebas dari kesalahan Grammar, tetapi artikel yang
menarik sangat kaya dengan lexical resources, yaitu ragam kosakata, seperti
ungkapan, istilah-istilah, metafora, perumpamaan, serta kata Vocabulary yang
tidak umum. Jika penggunaan lexical resources tidak kurang atau pun
berlebihan, serta relevan dengan topik yang diulas pada artikel, maka artikel
tersebut tidak hanya baik, tetapi Anda berhasil menemukan artikel menarik
dalam Bahasa Inggris. Artikel seperti ini dapat kita temukan pada jurnal-jurnal
online milik situs-situs ternama.
Penggunaan ungkapan, perumpamaan dan sejenisnya yang relevan didukung
dengan tata susunan penulisan yang baik dapat menghasilkan artikel Bahasa
Inggris yang menarik untuk dibaca. Tidak sampai disitu saja, tetapi kemampuan
Bahasa Inggris kita pun dapat berkembang. So, lets get reading!
Cara mudah belajar bahasa Inggris Kumpulan contoh artikel bahasa Inggris
memang sangat dibutuhkan dalam pembelajaran bahasa Inggris itu sendiri.
Dengan artikel, maka seorang siswa mampu mendapatkan peningkatan
kosakata, kemampuan membaca, dan kemampuan menulis yang baik. Ada
banyak situs yang menyediakan artikel bahasa Inggris, dan salah satunya adalah
situs ini.
Di dalam postingan blog kali ini, kami akan membagikan kumpulan contoh
artikel bahasa Inggris yang menarik dengan tema kesehatan, lingkungan, alam,
komputer, olahraga, ekonomi, dan pendidikan. Untuk mendapatkan semua itu,
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bahasa Inggris dengan topik berbeda di bawah ini.
Maybe the kid does not like the size of your portions that so reluctant to eat the
food there. Many children are ilfeel after seeing a sizable portion. So, try to give
a little so that they can eat faster and do not get bored in spend food.
One of the things that concern by parents is the development of the child if he
did not want to eat. Of course, when children are fussy eaters then its growth
will be stunted and not as friends. One of the best ways to keep it is to try to
give nutritional healthy snack. Give interesting snacks such as nuts, dried fruits,
and nutritious bread.
Perhaps, he needs a variety of foods that your appetite he has incurred. For
example, you could give spinach on the first day, broccoli on the second day,
and chicken-based dishes in the next day. Variety of foods is a very important
thing to prevent children from boredom and the desire not to eat.
However, there is one more thing that could trigger a childs appetite, which is
an interesting food dish. For example, you can cook carrots to form a star or a
unique object. Children will be attracted by the shape and believed to increase
appetite. Hopefully, some difficulty eating kids tips above can help you.
The Ebola virus was first discovered in Africa in 1976. Originally, the virus only attacks
primates such as monkeys and apes. But now, it has evolved into dangerous disease because
the ebola is transmitted to humans. This year, the Ebola virus is raging, the number of deaths
has been increased two times more than in 1976, reported by BBC.com.
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The increasing case of the Ebola epidemic in West Africa in the 2014 caused
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What makes Ebola virus became so dangerous is its ability to breed. This virus
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attacking the blood, ebola virus also attacks other organs, such as kidney, brain,
intestine, liver and so on. Many of ebola patients died because of kidney failure.
Very Fast Transmission
Ebola virus transmission can occur from a contact of body fluids, blood, and all
the things that have been used by patient. Therefore, ebola patients must be
isolated in order to avoid a direct contact with other people. The medical teams
who handle the patients also have to wear special cloth in order to prevent the
spread of the virus. Currently, a citizen of the United States has been infected
with ebola. Indonesian Health Ministry itself has issued a travel warning for the
people who will visit the countries of Guinea, Sierra and Liberia.
There are some ways to prevent the ebola virus. We have to keep clean and do
not make direct contact with patients. Hopefully soon, vaccines and drugs will
be discovered so the number of dead can be decreased.