CHAPTER 12

12.1. Show that Exs = Aejk0 z+ is a solution to the vector Helmholtz equation, Sec. 12.1, Eq. (30),

for k0 = 0 0 and any and A: We take

d2
Aejk0 z+ = (jk0 )2 Aejk0 z+ = k02 Exs
dz 2
12.2. A 100-MHz uniform plane wave propagates in a lossless medium for which r = 5 and r = 1.
Find:

a) vp : vp = c/ r = 3 108 / 5 = 1.34 108 m/s.

b) : = /vp = (2 108 )/(1.34 108 ) = 4.69 m1 .
c) : = 2/ = 1.34 m.
d) Es : Assume real amplitude E0 , forward z travel, and x polarization, and write
Es = E0 exp(jz)ax = E0 exp(j4.69z) ax V/m.

e) Hs : First, the intrinsic impedance of the medium is = 0 / r = 377/ 5 = 169 .

Then Hs = (E0 /) exp(jz) ay = (E0 /169) exp(j4.69z) ay A/m.
f) < S >= (1/2)Re {Es Hs } = (E02 /337) az W/m2
12.3. An H eld in free space is given as H(x, t) = 10 cos(108 t x)ay A/m. Find
a) : Since we have a uniform plane wave, = /c, where we identify = 108 sec1 . Thus
= 108 /(3 108 ) = 0.33 rad/m.
b) : We know = 2/ = 18.9 m.
c) E(x, t) at P (0.1, 0.2, 0.3) at t = 1 ns: Use E(x, t) = 0 H(x, t) = (377)(10) cos(108 t
x) = 3.77 103 cos(108 t x). The vector direction of E will be az , since we require
that S = E H, where S is x-directed. At the given point, the relevant coordinate is
x = 0.1. Using this, along with t = 109 sec, we nally obtain
E(x, t) = 3.77 103 cos[(108 )(109 ) (0.33)(0.1)]az = 3.77 103 cos(6.7 102 )az
= 3.76 103 az V/m
12.4. Given E(z, t) = E0 ez sin(t z)ax , and = ||ej , nd:
a) Es : Using the Euler identity for the sine, we can write the given eld in the form:


j(tz)
jE0 z j(tz)
ej(tz)
z e
E(z, t) = E0 e
ax =
e
e
ax + c.c.
2j
2
We therefore identify the phasor form as Es (z) = jE0 ez ejz ax V/m.
b) Hs : With positive z travel, and with Es along positive x, Hs will lie along positive y.
Therefore Hs = jE0 /|| ez ejz ej ay A/m.
c) < S >:
< S >= (1/2)Re{Es Hs } =
1

E02 2z
cos az W/m2
e
2||

12.5. A 150-MHz uniform plane wave in free space is described by Hs = (4 + j10)(2ax + jay )ejz
A/m.
a) Find numerical values for , , and : First, = 2150106 = 3 108 sec1 . Second,
for a uniform plane wave in free space, = 2c/ = c/f = (3 108 )/(1.5 108 ) = 2 m.
Third, = 2/ = rad/m.
b) Find H(z, t) at t = 1.5 ns, z = 20 cm: Use
H(z, t) = Re{Hs ejt } = Re{(4 + j10)(2ax + jay )(cos(t z) + j sin(t z)}
= [8 cos(t z) 20 sin(t z)] ax [10 cos(t z) + 4 sin(t z)] ay
8
9
. Now at the given position and
time, t z = (3 10 )(1.5 10 ) (0.20) = /4.
And cos(/4) = sin(/4) = 1/ 2. So nally,

1
H(z = 20cm, t = 1.5ns) = (12ax + 14ay ) = 8.5ax 9.9ay A/m
2
c) What is |E|max ? Have |E|max = 0 |H|max , where
|H|max =

1/2

Hs Hs = [4(4 + j10)(4 j10) + (j)(j)(4 + j10)(4 j10)]

= 24.1 A/m

Then |E|max = 377(24.1) = 9.08 kV/m.

12.6. A linearly-polarized plane wave in free space has electric eld given by
E(z, t) = (25ax 30az ) cos(t 50y) V/m. Find:
a) : In free space, = k0 = /c = 50c = 50 3 108 = 1.5 1010 rad/s.
b) Es = (25ax 30az ) exp(j50y) V/m.
c) Hs : We use the fact that each to component of Es , there will be an orthogonal Hs
component, oriented such that the cross product of Es with Hs gives the propagation
direction. We obtain
1
Hs = (25az + 30ax ) ej50y
0
1
1
Re {(25ax 30az ) (25az 30ax )}
Re{Es Hs } =
2
20

1 
(25)2 + (30)2 ay = 2.0 ay W/m2
=
2(377)

d) < S > =

12.7. The phasor magnetic eld intensity for a 400-MHz uniform plane wave propagating in a
certain lossless material is (2ay j5az )ej25x A/m. Knowing that the maximum amplitude
of E is 1500 V/m, nd , , , vp , r , r , and H(x, y, z, t): First, from the phasor expression,
from the argument
of the exponential function.
we identify = 25 m1

Next, we evaluate

2
2
H0 = |H| = H H = 2 + 5 = 29. Then = E0 /H0 = 1500/ 29 = 278.5 . Then
= 2/ = 2/25 = .25 m = 25 cm. Next,
vp =

2 400 106
=
= 1.01 108 m/s

25
2

12.7. (continued) Now we note that


= 278.5 = 377
And
vp = 1.01 108 =

r
r

c
r r

r
= 0.546
r

r r = 8.79

We solve the above two equations simultaneously to nd r = 4.01 and r = 2.19. Finally,


H(x, y, z, t) = Re (2ay j5az )ej25x ejt
= 2 cos(2 400 106 t 25x)ay + 5 sin(2 400 106 t 25x)az
= 2 cos(8 108 t 25x)ay + 5 sin(8 108 t 25x)az A/m

12.8. Let the elds, E(z, t) = 1800 cos(107 t z)ax V/m and H(z, t) = 3.8 cos(107 t z)ay
A/m, represent a uniform plane wave propagating at a velocity of 1.4 108 m/s in a perfect
dielectric. Find:
a) = /v = (107 )/(1.4 108 ) = 0.224 m1 .
b) = 2/ = 2/.224 = 28.0 m.
c) = |E|/|H| = 1800/3.8 = 474 .
d) r : Have two equations in the two unknowns, r and r : = 0

r r /c. Eliminate r to nd

c
r =
0

2

(.224)(3 108 )(474)

=
(107 )(377)

r /r and =

2
= 2.69

e) r = r (0 /)2 = (2.69)(377/474)2 = 1.70.

12.9. A certain lossless material has r = 4 and r = 9. A 10-MHz uniform plane wave is propagating
in the ay direction with Ex0 = 400 V/m and Ey0 = Ez0 = 0 at P (0.6, 0.6, 0.6) at t = 60 ns.
a) Find , , vp , and : For a uniform plane wave,

2 107 

=  =
r r =
(4)(9) = 0.4 rad/m
c
3 108
Then = (2)/ = (2)/(0.4) = 5 m. Next,
vp =
Finally,


=

2 107

=
= 5 107 m/s

4 101

= 0


r
= 377
r

4
= 251
9

b) Find E(t) (at P ): We are given the amplitude at t = 60 ns and at y = 0.6 m. Let the
maximum amplitude be Emax , so that in general, Ex = Emax cos(t y). At the given
position and time,
Ex = 400 = Emax cos[(2 107 )(60 109 ) (4 101 )(0.6)] = Emax cos(0.96)
= 0.99Emax
So Emax = (400)/(0.99) = 403 V/m. Thus at P, E(t) = 403 cos(2 107 t) V/m.
c) Find H(t): First, we note that if E at a given instant points in the negative x direction,
while the wave propagates in the forward y direction, then H at that same position and
time must point in the positive z direction. Since we have a lossless homogeneous medium,
is real, and we are allowed to write H(t) = E(t)/, where is treated as negative and
real. Thus
H(t) = Hz (t) =

Ex (t)
403
=
cos(2 107 t) = 1.61 cos(2 107 t) A/m

251

12.10. In a medium characterized by intrinsic impedance = ||ej , a linearly-polarized plane wave

propagates, with magnetic eld given as Hs = (H0y ay + H0z az ) ex ejx . Find:
a) Es : Requiring orthogonal components of Es for each component of Hs , we nd
Es = || [H0z ay H0y az ] ex ejx ej
b) E(x, t) = Re {Es ejt } = || [H0z ay H0y az ] ex cos(t x + ).
c) H(x, t) = Re {Hs ejt } = [H0y ay + H0z az ] ex cos(t x).
d) < S >=

 2x
1  2
1
2
e
Re{Es Hs } = || H0y
+ H0z
cos ax W/m2
2
2

12.11. A 2-GHz uniform plane wave has an amplitude of Ey0 = 1.4 kV/m at (0, 0, 0, t = 0) and is
propagating in the az direction in a medium where  = 1.6 1011 F/m,  = 3.0 1011
F/m, and = 2.5 H/m. Find:
a) Ey at P (0, 0, 1.8cm) at 0.2 ns: To begin, we have the ratio,  / = 1.6/3.0 = 0.533. So
1/2

  2


=
1+
1
2


1/2
(2.5 106 )(3.0 1011 ) 
9
= (2 2 10 )
1 + (.533)2 1
= 28.1 Np/m
2


Then


=


2


1+




1/2
+ 1

= 112 rad/m

Thus in general,
Ey (z, t) = 1.4e28.1z cos(4 109 t 112z) kV/m
4

2.11a. (continued) Evaluating this at t = 0.2 ns and z = 1.8 cm, nd

Ey (1.8 cm, 0.2 ns) = 0.74 kV/m
b) Hx at P at 0.2 ns: We use the phasor relation, Hxs = Eys / where



1
2.5 106
1


=
=
= 263 + j65.7 = 271 14
 1 j( / )
3.0 1011 1 j(.533)
So now
Hxs =
Then

Eys
(1.4 103 )e28.1z ej112z
= 5.16e28.1z ej112z ej14 A/m
=

j14

271e

Hx (z, t) = 5.16e28.1z cos(4 109 t 112z 14 )

This, when evaluated at t = 0.2 ns and z = 1.8 cm, yields

Hx (1.8 cm, 0.2 ns) = 3.0 A/m
12.12. The plane wave Es = 300ejkx ay V/m is propagating in a material for which = 2.25 H/m,
 = 9 pF/m, and  = 7.8 pF/m. If = 64 Mrad/s, nd:
a) : We use the general formula, Eq. (35):

1/2

  2



1+
1
=
2


1/2
(2.25 106 )(9 1012 ) 
6
= (64 10 )
1 + (.867)2 1
= 0.116 Np/m
2
b) : Using (36), we write

=


2


1+




1/2
+ 1

= .311 rad/m

c) vp = / = (64 106 )/(.311) = 2.06 108 m/s.

d) = 2/ = 2/(.311) = 20.2 m.
e) : Using (39):



1
2.25 106
1


=
=
= 407 + j152 = 434.5ej.36
 1 j( / )
9 1012
1 j(.867)
f) Hs : With Es in the positive y direction (at a given time) and propagating in the positive
x direction, we would have a positive z component of Hs , at the same time. We write
(with jk = + j):
Es
300
ejkx az = 0.69ex ejx ej.36 az
az =

434.5ej.36
= 0.69e.116x ej.311x ej.36 az A/m

Hs =

2.12g) E(3, 2, 4, 10ns): The real instantaneous form of E will be



E(x, y, z, t) = Re Es ejt = 300ex cos(t x)ay
Therefore
E(3, 2, 4, 10ns) = 300e.116(3) cos[(64 106 )(108 ) .311(3)]ay = 203 V/m
12.13. Let jk = 0.2 + j1.5 m1 and = 450 + j60 for a uniform plane wave propagating in the az
direction. If = 300 Mrad/s, nd ,  , and  : We begin with

=
and
jk = j
Then
=
and

1

= 450 + j60
 1 j( / )




1 j( / ) = 0.2 + j1.5


= (450 + j60)(450 j60) = 2.06 105



2

1 + ( / )

(jk)(jk) = 2 

1 + ( / )2 = (0.2 + j1.5)(0.2 j1.5) = 2.29

(1)

(2)

Taking the ratio of (2) to (1),



2.29
(jk)(jk)
= 2 ( )2 1 + ( / )2 =
= 1.11 105

2.06 105
Then with = 3 108 ,
( )2 =

1.23 1022
1.11 105
=
(3 108 )2 (1 + ( / )2 )
(1 + ( / )2 )

(3)

Now, we use Eqs. (35) and (36). Squaring these and taking their ratio gives

1 + ( / )2
2
(0.2)2

=
=
2
(1.5)2
1 + ( / )2
We solve this to nd  / = 0.271. Substituting this result into (3) gives  = 1.07 1011
F/m. Since  / = 0.271, we then nd  = 2.90 1012 F/m. Finally, using these results in
either (1) or (2) we nd = 2.28 106 H/m. Summary: = 2.28 106 H/m,
 = 1.07 1011 F/m, and  = 2.90 1012 F/m.

12.14. A certain nonmagnetic material has the material constants r = 2 and  / = 4 104 at
= 1.5 Grad/s. Find the distance a uniform plane wave can propagate through the material
before:
a) it is attenuated by 1 Np: First,  = (4 104 )(2)(8.854 1012 ) = 7.1 1015 F/m.
Then, since  / << 1, we use the approximate form for , given by Eq. (51) (written
in terms of  ):
. 
=
2

(1.5 109 )(7.1 1015 ) 377

= 1.42 103 Np/m

=

2
2

The required distance is now z1 = (1.42 103 )1 = 706 m

b) the power level is reduced by one-half: The governing relation is e2z1/2 = 1/2, or
z1/2 = ln 2/2 = ln 2/2(1.42 10 3) = 244 m.

is dened
c) the phase shifts
as one wavelength, where = 2/
 360 : This distance

= (2c)/( r ) = [2(3 108 )]/[(1.5 109 ) 2] = 0.89 m.

12.15. A 10 GHz radar signal may be represented as a uniform plane wave in a suciently small
region. Calculate the wavelength in centimeters and the attenuation in nepers per meter if
the wave is propagating in a non-magnetic material for which
a) r = 1 and r = 0: In a non-magnetic material, we would have:

=

and


=

0 0 r

0 0 r
2


1+


1+

r
r

r
r

1/2
1

1/2
+ 1

With the given values of r and r , it is clear that = 0 0 = /c, and so
= 2/ = 2c/ = 3 1010 /1010 = 3 cm. It is also clear that = 0.
. 
b) r = 1.04 and r = 9.00104 : In this case r /r << 1, and so = r /c = 2.13 cm1 .
Thus = 2/ = 2.95 cm. Then
. 
=
2

r 0 0
r
2 1010 (9.00 104 )




=
=
=

2
2c r
2 3 108
r
1.04

= 9.24 102 Np/m

2.15c) r = 2.5 and r = 7.2: Using the above formulas, we obtain

1/2

2

7.2
2 10
2.5
1+
+ 1
= 4.71 cm1
=
10
2.5
(3 10 ) 2
10

and so = 2/ = 1.33 cm. Then


1/2


2
7.2
2 1010 2.5

1+
1
= 335 Np/m
=
2.5
(3 108 ) 2

12.16. The power factor of a capacitor is dened as the cosine of the impedance phase angle, and
its Q is CR, where R is the parallel resistance. Assume an idealized parallel plate capacitor
having a dielecric characterized by ,  , and r . Find both the power factor and Q in terms
of the loss tangent: First, the impedance will be:


1
R jC
1 jRC
1 jQ
 =R

Z=
=R
2
1
1 + (RC)
1 + Q2
R+
jC

Now R = d/(A) and C =  A/d, and so Q =  / = 1/l.t. Then the power factor is

P.F = cos[tan1 (Q)] = 1/ 1 + Q2 .
12.17. Let = 250 + j30 and jk = 0.2 + j2 m1 for a uniform plane wave propagating in the az
direction in a dielectric having some nite conductivity. If |Es | = 400 V/m at z = 0, nd:
a) < S > at z = 0 and z = 60 cm: Assume x-polarization for the electric eld. Then


1
1
400 z jz

z jz
< S > = Re {Es Hs } = Re 400e
e
ax e
e ay
2
2


 

1
1
1
2 2z
4 2(0.2)z
= (400) e
az
Re
Re
az = 8.0 10 e
2

250 j30
= 315 e2(0.2)z az W/m2
Evaluating at z = 0, obtain < S > (z = 0) = 315 az W/m2 ,
and at z = 60 cm, Pz,av (z = 0.6) = 315e2(0.2)(0.6) az = 248 az W/m2 .
b) the average ohmic power dissipation in watts per cubic meter at z = 60 cm: At this point
a aw becomes evident in the problem statement, since solving this part in two dierent
ways gives results that are not the same. I will demonstrate: In the rst method, we use
Poyntings theorem in point form (rst equation at the top of p. 366), which we modify
for the case of time-average elds to read:
< S >=< J E >
where the right hand side is the average power dissipation per volume. Note that the
additional right-hand-side terms in Poyntings theorem that describe changes in energy
8

stored in the elds will both be zero in steady state. We apply our equation to the result
of part a:
< J E >= < S >=

d
315 e2(0.2)z = (0.4)(315)e2(0.2)z = 126e0.4z W/m3
dz

At z = 60 cm, this becomes < J E >= 99.1 W/m3 . In the second method, we solve for
the conductivity and evaluate < J E >= < E 2 >. We use
 
jk = j  1 j( / )


and
=
We take the ratio,

1

 1 j( / )

  
jk


= j + 
= j 1 j



Identifying =  , we nd
 


jk
0.2 + j2
= Re
= Re
= 1.74 103 S/m

250 + j30
Now we nd the dissipated power per volume:
< E >= 1.74 10
2


2
1 
400e0.2z
2

At z = 60 cm, this evaluates as 109 W/m3 . One can show that consistency between the
two methods requires that
 
1

Re
=

2
This relation does not hold using the numbers as given in the problem statement and the
value of found above. Note that in Problem 12.13, where all values are worked out, the
relation does hold and consistent results are obtained using both methods.
12.18. Given, a 100MHz uniform plane wave in a medium known to be a good dielectric. The phasor
electric eld is Es = 4e0.5z ej20z ax V/m. Not stated in the problem is the permeability, which we take to be 0 . Also, the specied distance in part f should be 10m, not 1km.
Determine:
a)  : As a rst step, it is useful to see just how much of a good dielectric we have. We use
the good dielectric approximations, Eqs. (60a) and (60b), with =  . Using these, we
take the ratio, /, to nd



 
 1 + (1/8)( / )2
20

1 


=
=
= 2  +

0.5

4 
( /2) /
This becomes the quadratic equation:
  2
 


160
+8=0



9

12.18a (continued) The solution to the quadratic is

( / ) = 0.05,which means that we can neglect
.
the second term in Eq. (60b), so that =  = (/c) r . With the given frequency of

100 MHz, and with = 0 , we nd r = 20(3/2) = 9.55, so that r = 91.3, and nally
 = r 0 = 8.1 1010 F/m.
b)  : Using Eq. (60a), the set up is



108
2(0.5)


=


=
91.3 = 4.0 1011 F/m
= 0.5 =
2

2 108
2(377)
c) : Using Eq. (62b), we nd


 
1 
377

.
=
(1 + j.025) = (39.5 + j0.99) ohms
1+j
=



2 
91.3
d) Hs : This will be a y-directed eld, and will be
Es
4
ay =
e0.5z ej20z ay = 0.101e0.5z ej20z ej0.025 ay A/m
Hs =

(39.5 + j0.99)
e) < S >: Using the given eld and the result of part d, obtain
1
(0.101)(4) 2(0.5)z
< S >= Re{Es Hs } =
e
cos(0.025) az = 0.202ez az W/m2
2
2
f) the power in watts that is incident on a rectangular surface measuring 20m x 30m at
z = 10m (not 1km): At 10m, the power density is < S >= 0.202e10 = 9.2 106 W/m2 .
The incident power on the given area is then P = 9.2 106 (20)(30) = 5.5 mW.
12.19. Perfectly-conducting cylinders with radii of 8 mm and 20 mm are coaxial. The region between
the cylinders is lled with a perfect dielectric for which  = 109 /4 F/m and r = 1. If E in
this region is (500/) cos(t 4z)a V/m, nd:
a) , with the help of Maxwells equations in cylindrical coordinates: We use the two curl
equations, beginning with E = B/t, where in this case,
2000
B
E
a =
sin(t 4z)a =
a
E=
z

t
So

2000
2000
sin(t 4z)dt =
cos(t 4z) T
B =

Then
B
2000
H =
=
cos(t 4z) A/m
0
(4 107 )
We next use H = D/t, where in this case
1 (H )
H
a +
az
H=
z

where the second term on the right hand side becomes zero when substituting our H .
So
H
8000
D
H=
a =
sin(t 4z)a =
a
7
z
(4 10 )
t
And

8000
8000
sin(t 4z)dt =
cos(t 4z) C/m2
D =
7
(4 10 )
(4 107 ) 2
10

12.19a. (continued)

Finally, using the given ,

E =

8000
D
=
cos(t 4z) V/m
16

(10 ) 2

This must be the same as the given eld, so we require

8000
(1016 ) 2

500

= 4 108 rad/s

b) H(, z, t): From part a, we have

2000
4.0
cos(t 4z)a =
cos(4 108 t 4z)a A/m
7
(4 10 )

H(, z, t) =

c) S(, , z): This will be

S(, , z) = E H =

500
4.0
cos(4 108 t 4z)a
cos(4 108 t 4z)a

2.0 103
cos2 (4 108 t 4z)az W/m2
2

d) the average power passing through every cross-section 8 < < 20 mm, 0 < < 2.
Using the result of part c, we nd < S >= (1.0 103 )/2 az W/m2 . The power through
the given cross-section is now


.020

P=
0

.008

1.0 103
d d = 2 103 ln
2

20
8

= 5.7 kW

12.20. If Es = (60/r) sin ej2r a V/m, and Hs = (1/4r) sin ej2r a A/m in free space, nd the
average power passing outward through the surface r = 106 , 0 < < /3, and 0 < < 2.
< S >=

15 sin2
1
ar W/m2
Re {Es Hs } =
2
2r2

Then, the requested power will be

 /3
15 sin2
2
ar ar r sin dd = 15
sin3 d
=
2r2
0
0
0


25
1
/3
2
= 3.13 W
=
= 15 cos (sin + 2) 
3
8
0


/3

Note that the radial distance at the surface, r = 106 m, makes no dierence, since the power
density dimishes as 1/r2 .

11

12.21. The cylindrical shell, 1 cm 1.2 cm, is composed of a conducting material for which = 106
S/m. The external and internal regions are non-conducting. Let H = 2000 A/m at = 1.2
cm.
a) Find H everywhere: Use Amperes circuital law, which states:


H dL = 2(2000) = 2(1.2 102 )(2000) = 48 A = Iencl

Then in this case

I
48
az =
az = 1.09 106 az A/m2
Area
(1.44 1.00) 104

J=

With this result we again use Amperes circuital law to nd H everywhere within the
shell as a function of (in meters):
1
H1 () =
2

1.09 106 d d =
0

.01

54.5
(104 2 1) A/m (.01 < < .012)

Outside the shell, we would have

H2 () =

48
= 24/ A/m ( > .012)
2

Inside the shell ( < .01 m), H = 0 since there is no enclosed current.
b) Find E everywhere: We use
E=

1.09 106
J
=
az = 1.09 az V/m

106

which is valid, presumeably, outside as well as inside the shell.

c) Find S everywhere: Use
P = E H = 1.09 az
=

54.5
(104 2 1) a

59.4
(104 2 1) a W/m2 (.01 < < .012 m)

Outside the shell,

S = 1.09 az

24
26
a = a W/m2 ( > .012 m)

12

12.22. The inner and outer dimensions of a copper coaxial transmission line are 2 and 7 mm, respectively. Both conductors have thicknesses much greater than . The dielectric is lossless and
the operating frequency is 400 MHz. Calculate the resistance per meter length of the:
a) inner conductor: First
=

1
1
=
= 3.3 106 m = 3.3m
8
f
(4 10 )(4 107 )(5.8 107 )

Now, using (70) with a unit length, we nd

Rin =

1
1
=
= 0.42 ohms/m
2a
2(2 103 )(5.8 107 )(3.3 106 )

b) outer conductor: Again, (70) applies but with a dierent conductor radius. Thus
Rout =

a
2
Rin = (0.42) = 0.12 ohms/m
b
7

c) transmission line: Since the two resistances found above are in series, the line resistance
is their sum, or R = Rin + Rout = 0.54 ohms/m.

12.23. A hollow tubular conductor is constructed from a type of brass having a conductivity of
1.2 107 S/m. The inner and outer radii are 9 mm and 10 mm respectively. Calculate the
resistance per meter length at a frequency of
a) dc: In this case the current density is uniform over the entire tube cross-section. We
write:
L
1
R(dc) =
=
= 1.4 103 /m
A
(1.2 107 )(.012 .0092 )
b) 20 MHz: Now the skin eect will limit the eective cross-section. At 20 MHz, the skin
depth is
(20MHz) = [f 0 ]1/2 = [(20 106 )(4 107 )(1.2 107 )]1/2 = 3.25 105 m
This is much less than the outer radius of the tube. Therefore we can approximate the
resistance using the formula:
R(20MHz) =

1
1
L
=
=
= 4.1 102 /m
7
A
2b
(1.2 10 )(2(.01))(3.25 105 )

c) 2 GHz: Using the same formula as in part b, we nd the skin depth at 2 GHz to be =
3.25 106 m. The resistance (using the other formula) is R(2GHz) = 4.1 101 /m.

13

12.24a. Most microwave ovens operate at 2.45 GHz. Assume that = 1.2 106 S/m and r = 500
for the stainless steel interior, and nd the depth of penetration:
=

1
1
= 9.28 106 m = 9.28m
=
9
7
6
f
(2.45 10 )(4 10 )(1.2 10 )

b) Let Es = 50 0 V/m at the surface of the conductor, and plot a curve of the amplitude
of Es vs. the angle of Es as the eld propagates
into the stainless steel: Since the
.
.
conductivity is high, we use (62) to write = = f = 1/. So, assuming that the
direction into the conductor is z, the depth-dependent eld is written as
Es (z) = 50ez ejz = 50ez/ ejz/ = 50 exp(z/9.28) exp(j z/9.28)



  
amplitude

angle

where z is in microns. Therefore, the plot of amplitude versus angle is simply a plot of
ex versus x, where x = z/9.28; the starting amplitude is 50 and the 1/e amplitude (at
z = 9.28 m) is 18.4.
12.25. A good conductor is planar in form and carries a uniform plane wave that has a wavelength
of 0.3 mm and a velocity of 3 105 m/s. Assuming the conductor is non-magnetic, determine
the frequency and the conductivity: First, we use
f=

v
3 105
= 109 Hz = 1 GHz
=

3 104

Next, for a good conductor,

=

=
2
f

4
4
=
= 1.1 105 S/m
2 f
(9 108 )(109 )(4 107 )

12.26. The dimensions of a certain coaxial transmission line are a = 0.8mm and b = 4mm. The outer
conductor thickness is 0.6mm, and all conductors have = 1.6 107 S/m.
a) Find R, the resistance per unit length, at an operating frequency of 2.4 GHz: First
=

1
1
= 2.57 106 m = 2.57m
=
8
7
7
f
(2.4 10 )(4 10 )(1.6 10 )

Then, using (70) with a unit length, we nd

Rin =

1
1
=
= 4.84 ohms/m
3
2a
2(0.8 10 )(1.6 107 )(2.57 106 )

The outer conductor resistance is then found from the inner through
Rout =

a
0.8
Rin =
(4.84) = 0.97 ohms/m
b
4

The net resistance per length is then the sum, R = Rin + Rout = 5.81 ohms/m.
14

12.26b. Use information from Secs. 6.4 and 9.10 to nd C and L, the capacitance and inductance per
unit length, respectively. The coax is air-lled. From those sections, we nd (in free space)
C=

2(8.854 1012 )
20
=
= 3.46 1011 F/m
ln(b/a)
ln(4/.8)

0
4 107
ln(b/a) =
ln(4/.8) = 3.22 107 H/m
2
2

c) Find and if + j = jC(R + jL): Taking real and imaginary parts of the given
expression, we nd

1/2

2
! LC

1+ R
jC(R + jL) =
1
= Re
L
2
L=

and


1/2

2
! LC
1+ R
= Im
jC(R + jL) =
+ 1
L
2

!

These can be found by writing out = Re
jC(R + jL) = (1/2) jC(R + jL)+
c.c., where c.c denotes the complex conjugate. The result is squared, terms collected, and
the square root taken. Now, using the values of R, C, and L found in parts a and b, we
nd = 3.0 102 Np/m and = 50.3 rad/m.


12.27. The planar surface at z = 0 is a brass-Teon interface. Use data available in Appendix C to
evaluate the following ratios for a uniform plane wave having = 4 1010 rad/s:
a) Tef /brass : From the appendix we nd  / = .0003 for Teon, making the material a
good dielectric. Also, for Teon, r = 2.1. For brass, we nd = 1.5 107 S/m, making
brass a good conductor at the stated frequency. For a good dielectric (Teon) we use the
approximations:

  


1

1   
.

=
=
r
 =
2 

2
2  c


 
 
1 
.  
.
=  1 +
r
=  =

8 
c
For brass (good conductor) we have
 

1
.
.
= = f brass =
(4 1010 )(4 107 )(1.5 107 ) = 6.14 105 m1
2
Now

1/2 ( / ) (/c) r

Tef
(1/2)(.0003)(4 1010 /3 108 ) 2.1

=
=
= 4.7 108
brass
6.14 105
f brass

b)

(2/Tef )
c f brass
(3 108 )(6.14 105 )
brass
Tef

 
= 3.2 103
=
=
=
=
10
brass
(2/brass )
Tef
r Tef
(4 10 ) 2.1
15

12.27. (continued)
c)
brass
(/Tef )
vTef
=
=
= 3.2 103 as before
vbrass
(/brass )
Tef
12.28. A uniform plane wave in free space has electric eld given by Es = 10ejx az + 15ejx ay
V/m.
a) Describe the wave polarization: Since the two components have a xed phase dierence
(in this case zero) with respect to time and position, the wave has linear polarization,
with the eld vector in the yz plane at angle = tan1 (10/15) = 33.7 to the y axis.
b) Find Hs : With propagation in forward x, we would have
Hs =

10 jx
15 jx
ay +
az A/m = 26.5ejx ay + 39.8ejx az mA/m
e
e
377
377

c) determine the average power density in the wave in W/m2 : Use

Pavg




1
1 (10)2
(15)2

ax +
ax = 0.43ax W/m2 or Pavg = 0.43 W/m2
= Re {Es Hs } =
2
2 377
377

12.29. Consider a left-circularly polarized wave in free space that propagates in the forward z direction. The electric eld is given by the appropriate form of Eq. (100).
a) Determine the magnetic eld phasor, Hs :
We begin, using (100), with Es = E0 (ax + jay )ejz . We nd the two components of
Hs separately, using the two components of Es . Specically, the x component of Es is
associated with a y component of Hs , and the y component of Es is associated with a
negative x component of Hs . The result is
Hs =

E0
(ay jax ) ejz
0

b) Determine an expression for the average power density in the wave in W/m2 by direct
application of Eq. (77): We have


1
1
E0
(ay jax )e+jz
Re(Es Hs ) = Re E0 (ax + jay )ejz
2
2
0
2
E
= 0 az W/m2 (assuming E0 is real)
0

Pz,avg =

16

12.30. The electric eld of a uniform plane wave in free space is given by Es = 10(az + jax )ej50y .
Determine:
a) f : From the given eld, we identify = 50 = /c (in free space), so that f = /2 =
50c/2 = 2.39 GHz.
b) Hs : Each of the two components of Es must pair with a magnetic eld vector, such that
the cross product of electric with magnetic eld gives a vector in the positive y direction.
The overall magnitude is the electric eld magnitude divided by the free space intrinsic
impedance. Thus
10
(ax jaz ) ej50y
Hs =
377

c) < S >=

1
50
100
Re{Es Hs } =
[(az ax ) (ax az )] =
ay = 0.27 ay W/m2
2
377
377

d) Describe the polarization of the wave: This can be seen by writing the electric eld in
real instantaneous form, and then evaluating the result at y = 0:
E(0, t) = 10 [cos(t) az sin(t) ax ]
At t = 0, the eld is entirely along z, and then acquires an increasing negative x component as t increases. The eld therefore rotates clockwise in the y = 0 plane when
looking back toward the plane from positive y. Since the wave propagates in the positive
y direction and has equal x and z amplitudes, we identify the polarization as left circular.
12.31. A linearly-polarized uniform plane wave, propagating in the forward z direction, is input to a
lossless anisotropic material, in which the dielectric constant encountered by waves polarized
along y (ry ) diers from that seen by waves polarized along x (rx ). Suppose rx = 2.15,
ry = 2.10, and the wave electric eld at input is polarized at 45 to the positive x and y axes.
Assume free space wavelength .
a) Determine the shortest length of the material such that the wave as it emerges from the
output end is circularly polarized: With the input eld at 45 , the x and y components are
of equal magnitude, and circular polarization will result if the phase dierence between
the components is /2. Our requirement over length L is thus x L y L = /2, or
L=

2(x y )
2( rx ry )

With the given values, we nd,

L=

(58.3)c
= 58.3 = 14.6
2
4

b) Will the output wave be right- or left-circularly-polarized? With the dielectric constant
greater for x-polarized waves, the x component will lag the y component in time at the output. The eld can thus be written as E = E0 (ay jax ), which is left circular polarization.

17

12.32. Suppose that the length of the medium of Problem 12.31 is made to be twice that as determined
in the problem. Describe the polarization of the output wave in this case: With the length
doubled, a phase shift of radians develops between the two components. At the input, we
can write the eld as Es (0) = E0 (ax + ay ). After propagating through length L, we would
have,
Es (L) = E0 [ejx L ax + ejy L ay ] = E0 ejx L [ax + ej(y x )L ay ]
where (y x )L = (since x > y ), and so Es (L) = E0 ejx L [ax ay ]. With the reversal
of the y component, the wave polarization is rotated by 90 , but is still linear polarization.
12.33. Given a wave for which Es = 15ejz ax + 18ejz ej ay V/m, propagating in a medium
characterized by complex intrinsic impedance, .
a) Find Hs : With the wave propagating in the forward z direction, we nd:
Hs =


1
18ej ax + 15ay ejz A/m

b) Determine the average power density in W/m2 : We nd

Pz,avg

1
1
= Re {Es Hs } = Re
2
2

(18)2
(15)2
+


= 275 Re


W/m2

12.34. Given the general elliptically-polarized wave as per Eq. (93):

Es = [Ex0 ax + Ey0 ej ay ]ejz
a) Show, using methods similar to those of Example 12.7, that a linearly polarized wave
results when superimposing the given eld and a phase-shifted eld of the form:
Es = [Ex0 ax + Ey0 ej ay ]ejz ej
where is a constant: Adding the two elds gives




 
Es,tot = Ex0 1 + ej ax + Ey0 ej + ej ej ay ejz






j/2
j/2
j/2
j/2
j/2 j
j j/2
jz
e
e
=
E
e
+
e
a
+
E
e
e
+
e
e
ay
x
y0
x0
e






2 cos(/2)

2 cos(/2)

This simplies to Es,tot = 2 [Ex0 cos(/2)ax + Ey0 cos( /2)ay ] ej/2 ejz , which is
linearly polarized.
b) Find in terms of such that the resultant wave is polarized along x: By inspecting the
part a result, we achieve a zero y component when 2 = (or odd multiples of ).

18