Learning Objectives

Discuss the transmission line modeling

and its equivalent circuit.
Calculate the circuit parameters of short
transmission lines.

Transmission Line Modeling

The purpose of this course is to provide an opportunity to
understand the effects of the parameters of the line on
bus voltages and the flow of power.
In this way we can see the importance of the design of
the line and better understand the developments to
come in later lectures.
This course also provides an introduction to the study of
transients on lossless lines in order to indicate how
problems arise due to surges caused by lightning and
switching.

Transmission Line Modeling

Equations derived in this course remain important,
however, in developing an overall understanding of what
is occurring on a system and in calculating efficiency of
transmission, losses, and limits of power flow over a line
for both steady-state and transient conditions.

Representation of Lines
The general equations relating voltage and current on a
transmission line recognize the fact that all four of the
parameters of a transmission line are uniformly
distributed along the line.
We use lumped parameters which give good accuracy
for short lines and for lines of medium length.

Representation of Lines
A medium-length line can be represented sufficiently well
by R and L as lumped parameters, as shown below, with
half the capacitance to neutral of the line lumped at each
end of the equivalent circuit. Shunt conductance G, is
actually neglected in overhead power transmission lines
when calculating voltage and current.

Single-Phase equivalent of a medium-length line.

The capacitors are omitted foe a short line.

Representation of Lines
Normally, transmission lines are operated with balanced
three-phase loads. Although lines are not spaced
equilaterally and not transposed, the resulting
dissymmetry is slight and the phases are considered to
be balanced.
In order to distinguish between the total series
impedance of a line and the series impedance per unit
length, the following nomenclature is adopted:
z = series impedance per unit length per phase
y = shunt admittance per unit length per phase to neutral
l = length of line
Z = zl = total series impedance per phase
Y = yl = total shunt admittance per phase to neutral

Short Transmission Line

The equivalent circuit of a short transmission line is
shown below, where and are the sending and
receiving end currents, respectively, and and are
the sending and receiving end line to neutral voltages.
The circuit is solved as simple as series circuit. So,
=
= +

Equivalent circuit of a short transmission line where the resistance R and

inductance L are values for the entire length of the line.

Short Transmission Line

The effect of the variation of the power factor of the load
on the voltage regulation of a line is most easily
understood for the short line and therefore will be
considered at this time. Voltage regulation of a
transmission line is the rise in voltage at the receiving
end, expressed in percent of full-load voltage, when full
load at a specified power factor is removed while the
sending end voltage is held constant. We can write

Short Transmission Line

Phasor diagrams of a short transmission line. All
diagrams are drawn for the same magnitude of and
.

Problem 1:
A single phase overhead transmission line delivers
1100kW at 33kV at 0.8pf lagging. The total resistance
and inductive reactance of the line are 10 and 15
respectively. Determine:
(i) sending end voltage
(ii) sending end power factor and
(iii) transmission efficiency.

Problem 2:
A 3-phase line delivers 3600kW at a pf 0.8 lagging to a
load. If the sending end voltage is 33kV, determine:
(i) the receiving end voltage
(ii) line current
(iii) transmission efficiency.
The resistance and reactance of each conductor are
5.31 and 5.54 respectively.

Problem 3:
A short 3-phase transmission line with an impedance of
(6+j8) per phase has sending and receiving end
voltages of 120kV and 110kV respectively for some
receiving end load at a pf of 0.9 lagging. Determine:
(i) power output and
(ii) sending end power factor

Problem 4:
A 60 Hz short transmission line, having R = 0.62 ohms per
phase and L = 93.24 millihenrys per phase, supplies a
three-phase, wye connected 100 MW load at 0.9 pf lagging
power factor at 215 kV line to line voltage. Calculate the
sending end voltage per phase.

End
Of
Presentation