Challenge Match

8-15 March 2016

Game 1: Dawn
Commentary by Fan Hui
Go expert analysis by Gu Li and Zhou Ruiyang
Translated by Lucas Baker, Thomas Hubert, and
Thore Graepel

Dawn

Isometimessufferfrominsomniaduringimportanttournaments,butIsleptwellbeforethe
firstgameofthismatch.PerhapsitwasbecauseIwasnottheoneplaying.Atbreakfast,
everyoneontheteamdisplayedsometension,butasforme,Iwasalreadyfreeofdoubts.

Ienteredtheplayingroomat12:35,twentyfiveminutesbeforethematchwasduetostart.
Somemembersofthestaffweretestingthecamerasonelasttime.Amakeupartistcalled
metoputpowderonmyface,topreventthelightfromreflecting.Everyonelookedverybusy,
buttherealcauseoftheactivitywasjusttooccupyuswhilewewaited.

At12:40,LeeSedolenteredtheroomwithhiswifeanddaughter,andsatdowninfrontof
theGoboard.Hisdaughterlookedathiminquisitively,asifthiswasthefirsttimeshehad
accompaniedherfathertoanofficialmatch.Leesmiledbackather.

Afterthestaffexplainedafewdetailsaboutthelivebroadcast,Leeexitedtheroom.The
minuteheleft,withoutknowingwhy,Ifeltastrangesenseofpressuredescending.Itwasnot
thepressureofanticipatingtheoutcome,butratherofuncertaintyofnotknowingwhat
wouldtranspirewhenthematchbegan.

Theplayingroomwasactuallyquitesizeable.ApartfromtheGoboardandthereferees'
table,therewasaspacefortheAlphaGoteamandVIPstoexperiencethegameupclose,
completewithascreenforthecommentary.Thecamerasdidnotfacethissection,sothe
audiencewouldonlyseetheplayersandtheboard.

At12:47,twoKoreanrefereesenteredtheroom.Onewasaprofessional8dan,whosemain
rolewouldbetoannouncethebeginningofthegameandthefinalresult.Adifferent
professionalwouldtakeonthisroleeachday.Theotherwasawoman,reportedlyan
amateurplayer,whowouldbeinchargeofreadingoutthesecondsduringbyoyomi.Like
me,shewouldbehereforeverygame.Myself,Ihadonlyonerole:tocountthefinalscoreif
thegamereachedanendandneitherplayerhadresigned.Duetothelanguagebarrier,the
otherrefereesandIcouldonlycommunicatebynoddingourheads,butIcouldstillseein
theireyestheirabsoluteconfidenceinLeeSedol'svictory.

Becausethiswasthefirstgameofthematch,everyonelookedabittense.Noeventofthis
scalehadevertakenplaceinthehistoryofGo.AlthoughGooglehadnopriorexperiencein
organizingGocompetitions,theyhadconscientiouslyseentoeverydetail:thecamera
angles,thetimings,theorderinwhichtheplayersshouldenter,thesetupofthepostgame
pressconference,andeverythingelse.EvenweGoplayerscanlearnfromthe
professionalism,enthusiasm,andsinceritytheydisplayedinorganizingthismatch.

Asthecountdownonthescreenhitzero,LeeSedolandAjaHuangenteredtheroomand
tooktheirseats.Followingthenigiri,LeeSedolchoseBlack.Interestingly,evenifthe
differenceisminute,itisclearfromAlphaGo'sdatathatitprefersWhite.

Afterthinkingforjustthirtyseconds,Leeplacedthefirstblackstone.Thehistoricbattlehad
begun!

Moves114

LeeSedolquicklyplayedthetwo34points,followedbyBlack5,anotherverycommon
move.Next,afteraminuteofreflection,Leeplayedat7!Anewfuseki,perhaps?Orwasita
strategicploy?IfLeethoughtthatAlphaGo'sknowledgewasbasedonpatternrecognition
fromexistinggames,thenplayingamovenoprofessionalhadplayedbeforemightconfuse
it.Inreality,LeehadunderestimatedAlphaGo.

Facedwithastrangemovelike7,ahumanplayerwouldnodoubttakesometimetothink,
asthefirstimpressionwouldbethattheopponentislayingatrap.Imaginetwokungfu
masterslockedinbattle.Ifonemakesanunusualmove,theotherwouldsurelyreactwith
cautiontoavoidbeingcaughtout.However,thereisnoconceptof"fear"inAlphaGo's
dictionary.Itknowsonlyonestrategy:constantlyadaptingtothepresentsituation.

AgainstWhite'sapproachat8,Leequicklypinceredat9,asifhehadpreparedthis
response.WhenWhiteattachedinthecornerat10,Leeinstantlyblockedat11.Theclassic
thinkingisthatthiswayofplayingisveryheavyforWhite,notonlystrengtheningBlack's
corner,butturning9intotheperfectattackingmove.CoulditbethatAlphaGodidnotknow
thejoseki?WhentheplayersinthecommentaryroomsawWhite10and12,everybody
thoughtLeehadexposedaprobleminAlphaGo'sopening.Afterall,ourfirstimpulsewhen
passingjudgmentistolookwithinthescopeofourexistingknowledge.However,thiscan


sometimesdistractusfromtheessenceoftheproblem.Weretheblackstonesontheleft
sidetrulyworkingwelltogether?

WhenWhitejumpedat14,thefeelingintheroomsuddenlychanged.Theblackstoneson
theleftweretoolow,andBlack'sformationwasnothingtobeproudofafterall!

Infact,atthismoment,AlphaGoalreadyfeltthatthegamehadbeguntofavorWhite.
Accordingtoitsanalysis,theproblemlayinthetiger'smouthatBlack13,andBlackshould
havechosenDiagram1.

Diagram1

IfBlackplaystheknight'smoveat1,Whitewillattachat2toavoidbeingenclosed,and
Blackcancontinuetopresswith3,7,and9.Through11,Black'sformationontheleftis
clearlybetterthanthegame.

Moves1422

AlthoughmanyprofessionalsalreadythoughttheresultwasunfavorableforBlack,Leestill
lookedconfident,andplayed15and17almostinstantly.WhenWhiteplayed18,however,
Leehesitated.Forthefirsttimesincethegamebegan,hishandleftthebowlofstones.He
pressedhisleftindexfingertohisupperlip,andstartedtappingtherightoneagainsthisleg.
Heseemedtorealizethingsweren'tgoingaswellasexpected.Ofcourse,when
circumstancestakeasuddenturnfortheworse,thepressurecanbedifficulttohandle.

Leerespondedsteadilywiththejumpat19,andafterexchanging20for21,AlphaGo
cappedat22.InAlphaGo'sjudgment,Black'sjumphadbeentooslowandWhitehad
alreadytakenthelead,withawinrateof54%.Seediagram2foranalternative.

Diagram2

Thetwospacejumpat1looksmoredynamic.Whitepusheswith2and4,andBlack
destroysWhite'seyeshapewith5.Thisvariationwillleadtoacomplicatedfight.

Moves2228

Inresponsetowhite22,Leequicklyattachedat23.Subconsciously,hemayhavebelieved
thatAlphaGowouldbeunwillingtoinitiateafight.Atthesametime,23wasverymuchhis
style,amovebrimmingwithfightingspirit.

Afterthegame,manycommentatorsquestionedBlack23,butthiswasAlphaGo's
suggestionaswell.Inthiscase,itseemsgreatmindsthoughtalike.

However,whenWhitepeepedat24,Leesloweddown.Hesighed,asifrealizinghewasin
forahardgame.

Blackhadtoconnectat25,butWhitecontinuedseverelywith26!ThismovechallengedLee
tomakethegame'sfirstcrucialchoice:War,orpeace?Itisimpossibletocalculateevery
variationfully,sohowtochoose?Formostplayers,thedecisionisacombinationofpersonal
styleandafeelingforshape.Atthesametime,itisimportanttoconsidertheopponent's
intentions.Forinstance,didWhitepausebeforeplaying26?DidWhitelookpleasedor
dissatisfiedwiththepreviousposition?Normally,readingtheopponentisoneofLee'sstrong
points.Thankstohisexquisiteperception,hecanpickwhicheverwayofplayinggiveshim
thegreatestadvantage.

Thistime,however,hehesitated.Sincethestartofthegame,AlphaGohadplayedata
constantrhythm,withnosignofdoubtorconfusion.Itfeltasifeverymovewereinevitable.
ThiswasthefirsttimeinthematchthatLeefoundhimselfatacrossroads,andhehadno
intentionofbackingdownbeforeamachine.So,afterthreeminutesofthought,Lee
resolutelyblockedat27,andWhitecutat28.Atthispoint,AlphaGo'swinrateroseto56%.
InAlphaGo'sjudgment,Blackshouldhavefolloweddiagram3andturnedat28afterall.

Diagram3

AlphaGothinksBlackshouldturnat2.Althoughthetesujiat7givesWhitealocal
advantage,Blackcomesoutwithsentetoapproachtheupperrightwith16.Globally,Black
isbynomeansbehind.

Moves2838

Blackpeepedat29andWhiteconnectedat30.Atthispoint,LeeSedolhad1hourand43
minutesremaining,AlphaGo1hourand44minutes.

Black31continuedtoprobeWhite'sintentions.LeewasaskingAlphaGo,Dareyoublock?
Withouthesitation,AlphaGodid.Thecurtainroseonthefirstmajorbattle,andthemovesto
38wereaonewaystreet.However,AlphaGoonlygrewmoreandmoreconfident,itswin
ratereaching58%.AccordingtoAlphaGo,Blackshouldfollowdiagram4,butwhenI
showedthisvariationtoGuLiandZhouRuiyang,theirfacespaled."IfyoushowthistoLee
Sedol,he'llthinkyou'rejoking!"theyexclaimed.Manypeoplehaveaskedmewhat
AlphaGo'sstyleisitwouldatleastbefairtosaythatitssenseofglobalandlocaldiffers
dramaticallyfromhumanevaluations.

Aftermove33,Leehad1hourand40minutes,AlphaGo1hourand43minutes.

Diagram4

AlphaGosuggeststhisalternativetoBlack31.Black'saimwith1and3iseasyenoughto
understand,butthepriceofthisconnectionissacrificingtwocriticalstonesinthecenter!I
fearthereisnoprofessionalintheworldtodaywhowouldconsiderthisvariation.Thetheory
says"aponnukiisworth30points,"andhereBlackhassacrificednotonestonebuttwo!
Moreover,thestoneat5isnowutterlyuseless.

ItisimportanttounderstandthatAlphaGoneverthoughtthisresultwasfavorableforBlack,
onlythatthiswayofcompromisinglosestheleast.AlphaGodoesnotdebatewhethera
resultis"acceptable"or"unacceptable."Initsview,eachmomentisunique,andtheonly
objectiveistoseekthehighestwinrateineveryposition.

Moves3842

Whiteturnedat38,andAlphaGoswinratecontinuedrisingto59%.

ManycommentatorsaskedwhyWhitechose42insteadofA.Infact,whenWhiteplayed42,
AlphaGo'swinratehadalreadyreached64%,andAlphaGothoughtexchanging39for40
wasunnecessary.Inanycase,Whiteisnotparticularlyeagertocapturethetwostones.See
diagrams5and6.

Atmove39,Leehad1hourand34minutes,AlphaGo1hourand39minutes.

Diagram5

AlphaGothinksBlackshouldextenddirectlywith2.Whitewillnotcapturethetwostonesina
ladderimmediately,sinceitwouldleadtotheresultindiagram6.

WhenWhitesavesthethreestonesat5,Blackcangobacktoextendat6,andtheshapeis
clearlybetterthanthegame.GuLiandZhouRuiyangapprovedofthissequence.

Diagram6

Ofcourse,Whitecancapturethetwoblackstonesinaladder,butBlacksimplyswallowsup
thethreeWhitestoneswith3.Thedifferencebetweenthisanddiagram4isobvious,as
Black'sterritoryhereisclearlysuperior.

SinceitissoingrainedthatlettingWhitecapturethiswaywouldbeunacceptable,Leemay
wellnothaveconsideredsacrificingthetwostones,whichwouldexplainBlack'spassive
playduringthisfight.

Moves4248

Atthispoint,Leewaspausingtothinkaftereachmove,nolongerlayingdownstonesone
afteranotherashehadintheopening.

White44wasmandatory.Afterthekosumiat42,thevalueofthecentertwostoneshad
decreasedmarkedly.WhenBlackjumpedat47,Whitedescendedat48totriggeraseriesof
forcingexchanges.Manycommentatorsthoughtthisunnecessary,butfromAlphaGo's
perspective,thewinratecontinuedclimbingtoreach66%.DidAlphaGothinkLeehadmade
anothermistake?Seediagrams7and8.

Diagram7

Blackcanplaymorestronglywiththejumpat1.Tocompensatethelossesontheright,
Blackmustintensifythepressureontheleft.Whitewillstillplay2,thenpushoutwith4and
6.Black'sshapeisbetterthanthegame.

NotethatwhenBlackjumpsat1,Whitecannotpushandcut.Seediagram8.

Diagram8

IfWhitecuts,BlackcanutilizeWhite'sweaknessestoplay6insente.Whitemustdefendthe
centerstones,butwhenBlackextendswith8,Whiteisleftwithtwoweakgroupsanda
toughbattleahead.

Moves4861

Aftertheexchangeof48,Whitejumpedoutat50andBlackkeptupthepressureonWhite's
dragon,attackingfiercelyat51.Thesimplifyingexchangesat52and54mightseemearlyto
ahumanplayer,butwereverymuchinAlphaGo'sstyle.Itisdifficulttoevaluatetheprosand
consofmakingtheseexchangesnow.

Leeplayedquicklyduringthisfight.WhenBlackextendedat57,Leehad1hourand30
minutes,AlphaGo1hourand29minutes.

WhenAlphaGoattachedat58,however,Leesloweddownoncemore.

Innormalmatches,Leeoftenseeksopportunitiestoplaystartlingmovesthatthrowhis
opponentsofftheirrhythm.Thistime,theroleshadbeenreversed.ItwasAlphaGothat
playedthesemoves,rattlingtheopponentwhilemaintainingequanimityitself.

After4minutesofreflection,Leechosethetiger'smouthat61,abizarreshapeinthis
position!


Comparedtotherestofthematch,Leeplayedquitequicklyinthisgame.Subconsciously,it
seemed,hebelievedthatenteringbyoyomiagainstAlphaGowouldcountasafailurein
itself.Ofcourse,playingsofastmightalsoinducecarelessmistakes.AlphaGothought61
wasonesuchmove.Seediagram9.

Atmove61,LeeSedolhad1hourand27minutesleft,AlphaGo1hourand26minutes.

Diagram9

AlphaGothinksBlackshouldextendat2,andWhitewillpushoutwardsjustasinthegame.
GuLiandZhouRuiyangagreed.

Moves6166

WhenAlphaGoextendedat62,DavidSilver,technicalleadoftheAlphaGoteam,cameto
theplayers'roomandsatdowntoobserve.Iaskedabouttheoutlook,andherepliedonly
withasmile.ThisconfirmedmyanalysisWhitewasahead!

Afterthejumpat63,itispainfultoendurethebumpat64,butAlphaGodisapprovedof
Black'sextensionat65.Seediagram10.

Inreply,AlphaGoregardedthenoseattachmentat66astheonlymove.

Diagram10

AlphaGothinksBlackshouldturnfirmlywith2.WhitehasnowaytokillBlackscenter
directly,asshownindiagram11.

Whenwhiteextendswith9,Blackcansimplyforcewith10and12tofixtheshapeinthe
center.PlentyofajiremainsonthelowersideforBlacktoaimatlater.

AlphaGostillprefersWhitehere,butgivesBlackbetterchancesthanthegame.GuLiand
ZhouRuiyangconcurredwiththisanalysis.

Diagram11

White'satariat2fails,asBlackcananswerat3.Through9,Blackcapturesthecritical
centerstonesandWhite'spositionfallsapart.

Moves6276

WhenBlackpressedat67,Leehad1hourand24minutesleft,AlphaGo1hourand22
minutes.

Black69wasuglybutnecessary,allowingWhitetoreturntotheleftsideandpushoutwith
70through76.

Leehadplayedtheprecedingmovesalmostinstantly,soaftermove73,Blackhad1hour
and23minutestoWhite's1hourand18minutes.Leeglancedattheclockandshookhis
head.

AfterWhite76,AlphaGoswinraterosealittlefurthertoover70%.Althoughthisvalue
theoreticallyrepresentsthechanceofvictory,inpracticeitisanextremelyconservative
indicatorofAlphaGo'strueestimate.Avalueof70%meansthatAlphaGoalreadybelieves
theoutcomeofthegameisnearlydecided.

AlphaGothoughtmove75wasproblematic,andsuggesteddiagram12instead.

Diagram12

WhenWhitepushesat1,Blackshouldhaneat2.GuLiandZhouRuiyangsuggestedthe
sameduringthelivecommentary,asWhite'sthicknesswouldbelessimposingandBlack
wouldsufferlessfromshortageofliberties.

Moves7680

WhenLeeplayedBlack77,heshookhisheadunhappily.Sureenough,Black'soutlookwas
pessimistic.Forthefirsttimeinthematch,Leelefttheroomforasmokingbreak.(Thisalso
gavetherefereesthechancetousetherestroom.)Accordingtothecompetitionrules,there
wouldbenostoppingtheclockduringthematch,sowhenWhiteplayed78,Lee'sclock
continuedtorun.

Withoneplayerabsent,thetensionlesseneddramatically.Itwasasiftheroomwereabow,
andthehunterhadrelaxedthebowstring.Itwasthenthatwerealizedhowstronglyaffected
wewerebythepressureofthegame.

Atmove78,bothAlphaGoandLeeSedolhad1hourand15minutesremaining.

WhenLeeresumedhisseat,hequicklyplayedthecornerapproachat79.WhenIsaw
AlphaGo'sresponseat80,Iwrotedowninmynotebook:"Statementofvictory!"

Duringthematch,allthecommentatorsthoughtmove80wasextremelysoft,andanswering
intheupperrightcornerwasfarbigger.However,IbelieveIknowAlphaGoaswellas
anybody,andinmyviewamovelike80isreallyademonstrationofitsmatchless


confidence.AlphaGodoesnotpursuethebiggestvictory,onlythemostcertainone.Onceit
hasaleadoftwoorthreepoints,AlphaGoiscompletelycapableofholdingituntiltheend.

Atthispoint,AlphaGoshoweda74%winrate,confirmingmyimpressions.Apparently,
AlphaGothoughtthatmove79wasnotbest,preferringdiagram13instead.

Diagram13

Afterexchangingthepeepat2,Blackextractstheblackstonesatthebottomwith4.This
wouldleadtoanextremelycomplicatedfightwithmanyuncertainelements.

GuLiandZhouRuiyangdidnotcommentmuchonthissequence,becauseitisboth
intricateanddifficulttoevaluate.However,thisvariationmightofferBlackmoreopportunities
toturnthegamearound.

Moves80102

AfterWhiteprotectedwith80,Blackhadnochoicebuttoseekcompensationfromthe
doubleapproach.Afterthetwoattachmentsat82and84,86wasabeautifulmove!
Sacrificingastonewheretheopponentisstrongisacommonstrategy,butitisnonetheless
refreshingtoseeWhitebrazenlycuttingthroughinthefaceofBlack'swall.

WhenAlphaGoplayed86,Ilookedoveratthe8danprofessionalwhowasthatday's
referee.Heshookhishandunderthetable,indicatingthathethoughtthegamewasalready
overforLee.

OnemighthavetheimpressionfromthiscommentarythatLeehadnotplayedwellsofar,or
thathehadnotdeployedhisfullpower.Yet,Ibelievethat'snotthecase.Rather,itis
AlphaGo'sstrengththatmakesGolookeasy.

Atmove86,AlphaGoandLeeSedolhad1hourand8minuteseachontheclock.

Move86wasbreathtaking,butthefollowupwasbaffling.Withthetiger'smouthat88,
AlphaGosimplyletBlackswallowupthecenter!WasitalreadysoconfidentinWhite's
territoriallead?Onewayortheother,IthoughtWhite'smovewasfartooslow.AlphaGo's
judgmentisnotbasedonthesizeofitslead,butontheeaseofcontrollingtheoutcome,so


fromthatperspectivetheremaybenothingwrongwiththismove.However,Leeseemed
happy,asthegamehadcertainlytakenaturnforthebetter.

Atmove98,LeeSedolhad1hourand4minutesleft,AlphaGo59minutes.

Thefollowingmoveswereastringofminorexchanges.Tome,theyfeltlikeshotsof
anaestheticinpreparationforsurgery.However,anaestheticorno,Blackmusthavefeltthe
sharppainoftheincisionat102.

Perhapstheanswertotheriddleisrightbeforeoureyes,andthepointofAlphaGo'smoveat
88wastowinbacksentefortheinvasionontheleftside?

AsmilecrossedLee'sfacewhenhesawWhite102,andhesankintodeepcalculation.This
washislongestreflectionofthegame.Atlast,thedecidingmomentwasathand!Thetime
hadcometofightasifhislifedependedonitbuthowdoesonefightanopponentthat
knowsnofear?

Atmove102,LeeSedolhad1hourleft,AlphaGo56minutes.

Moves102109


Aftersevenminutesofcontemplation,Leefinallyblockedfromaboveat103.AlphaGo
immediatelyansweredat104.Althoughitnormallyplaysataconstantpace,itseemseven
AlphaGosometimeshasasenseof"theonlymove."

Whenwhiteplayedtheknight'smoveat108,LeeSedolsighedagain.Thegameheldso
manypossibilities,butwithnowaytoreadtheopponent'sintentions,itbecamemoredifficult
toacceptorrejectanyoneofthem.BecauseAlphaGolackedanysenseofmentalor
emotionalpressure,thepsychologicalburdengrewtwiceasheavyonLee'sshoulders!

Atmove108,LeeSedolhad47minutesleft,AlphaGo53minutes.

Inthegame,LeeSedolchosetodescendat109.AlphaGo,however,thoughtBlack'sonly
chancewastostakethegameonthedesperatefightindiagram14.

Diagram14

AlphaGothinksBlackshouldblockat2,leadingtoacomplicatedfightthatwillprobablyend
inko.GuLiandZhouRuiyangfeltthatBlackwouldresistchoosingthisvariationunless
everyalternativelookedhopeless.PerhapsAlphaGobelievedthatBlackhadalreadylostthe
chancetoretreat,andthiswastheonlywayforward.

Moves109116

Atmove111,LeeSedolhad44minutesleft,AlphaGo51minutes.

Move111isclearlyproblematic,asshownindiagram15.Inthegame,Whitewasableto
capturethethreestonesinthelowerleftinsente,anenormousgaininbothsecurityand
profit.

WhenAlphaGotookthe33pointat116,itswinrateroseto82%.Avaluethishighmeans
AlphaGoalreadyconsidersthegamewon,eveniftheabsolutedifferenceissmall.

Diagram15

Black'sattachmentat2,althoughitlosespointscomparedtothegame,allowsBlackto
sacrificeonestoneforsente.Keepingtheinitiativetoinvadethelowerrightwith8makesa
hugedifference.

GuLiandZhouRuiyangcompletelyapprovedofthissequence,andGuevenmentionedit
duringthelivecommentary.PerhapsLee,satisfiedwiththegainsintheupperright,hadnot
yetfullyappreciatedhowdireBlack'ssituationwas.

Moves116144

AlthoughmanycommentatorsfoundbetterwaysforBlacktohandletheupperleftcorner,
Blackhadnochanceofvictoryeitherway.Againstahumanplayer,onecanstilltryto
provokeablunder,butagainsttheuntiringAlphaGosuchhopeisfutile.

Whenwhitelivedinthecornerat140,AlphaGoswinratewas90%.

ThetensionfadedfromLee'sexpressionashefacedtheinevitable.

Moves144186

Astheendgamecontinued,itbecameclearthatalthoughthescoreremainedclose,Black's
defeatwasunavoidable.

WhenLeeplayed181,hemutteredafewwords.Sadly,sincetheywereinKorean,Icannot
tellyouwhattheywere,buttheymusthaveshownthedepthofhisdissatisfaction.

AfterWhite186,Leepickeduptwoblackstonesandlightlytappedthemagainstthebowl.
Thesoundechoedcrisplythroughtheroom,anditfeltasiftimehadfrozen.IknewLeewas
abouttoresign.Afterwards,manypeoplesaidthatImusthavebeenhappyinthatmoment.
NowtheworldwouldknowAlphaGo'struestrength,andIwouldnotbetheonlyoneithad
defeated.Thetruthis,inthemomentwhenhetappedthosetwostones,mymindwasblank.
AlthoughIhadknownthisdaywouldcomesoonerorlater,ithadalwaysfeltsoremote
before,suddenly,itarrived.IfeltasifIhadbeencastintoouterspace,adriftonwavesof
nothingness.

LeeSedolresigned,andIreturnedtothepresent.TheKoreanreferee'sannouncementof
theresultmarkedahistoricshift.Fromthatmomenton,humanitywasnolongeralonein
exploringthemysteriesofGo.Wehadgainedanewpartnerinourquest:AlphaGo!