Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ISSN: 0122-0268
ORIGINAL
ABSTRACT
Objective. To evaluate the effect of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) harvested at two different
ages and three forage: concentrate supplement ratios (F/C) on methane (CH4) production, dry matter
digestibility (DMD), and fermentation profile using the in vitro gas production technique. Materials
and methods. six treatments, resulting from the combination of pasture age (30 or 60 days) and F/C
(100/0, 75/25, or 50/50) were evaluated using a 2x3 factorial design. The response variables were
measured 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after incubation. A repeated-measure over time design was used
to analyze the data, and differences between means were determined with the LSMEANS procedure
of SAS. Results. the youngest grass (30 days) was more digestible, produced less CH4 per gram of
digestible dry matter (dDM) and more total volatile fatty acids (VFA) compared to the oldest grass
(60 days; p <0.05). Reductions of the F/C ratio increased DMD and CH4 production per gram of dDM
(p<0.05) but had no significant effect on VFA concentration (p>0.05). Conclusions. under in vitro
conditions and pH close to neutrality, the older grass reduces DMD and increases CH4 production per
gram of dDM, while a F/C reduction increases DMD and CH4 production per gram of dDM, which differs
with reports conducted in vivo.
Key words: Carbohydrates, in vitro digestibility, grass maturity, methane production (Sources: CAB,
USDA).
RESUMEN
Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la edad del pasto kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum) y de la relacin
forraje/suplemento (F/S) sobre la produccin de metano (CH4), la digestibilidad de la materia seca
(DMS) y el perfil de fermentacin mediante la tcnica in vitro de produccin de gas. Materiales y
mtodos. Seis tratamientos, resultantes de la combinacin de los factores edad del pasto (30 y
60 das) y relacin F/S (100/0, 75/25 y 50/50), fueron evaluados bajo un diseo factorial 2x3. Las
variables respuesta se midieron a las 6, 12, 24 y 48 horas de incubacin. Para el anlisis de los datos
se emple un diseo de medidas repetidas en el tiempo y las diferencias entre medias se determinaron
con el procedimiento LSMEANS de SAS. Resultados. El pasto de menor edad (30 das) fue ms
digestible, produjo menos CH4 por gramo de materia seca digestible (MSd) y ms cidos grasos
voltiles totales (AGV) que el pasto de mayor edad (60 das, p<0.05). La reduccin en la relacin F/S
aument la DMS y la produccin de CH4 por gramo de MSd (p<0.05), pero no tuvo efecto estadstico
4726
4727
sobre la concentracin de AGV (p>0.05). Conclusiones. Bajo condiciones in vitro, con pH prximo a
la neutralidad, la mayor edad del pasto reduce la DMS y aumenta la produccin de CH4 por gramo de
MSd, mientras que la reduccin en la relacin F/S aumenta la DMS y la produccin de CH4 por gramo
de MSd, ltimo hallazgo que contrasta con los reportes in vivo.
Palabras clave: Carbohidratos, digestibilidad in vitro, estado de madurez, produccin de metano
(Fuentes: CAB, USDA).
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCCIN
4728
17.0
3.2
12.0
61.6
34.0
6.5
6.2
0.10
4.1
16.1
3.0
5.1
11.1
6.9
1.3
64.7
5.83
4.3
MATERIALES Y MTODOS
Localizacin. Las pruebas se realizaron en
el Laboratorio de Investigacin en Nutricin y
Alimentacin Animal de la Universidad de Antioquia,
Medelln-Colombia.
Sustratos incubados y anlisis qumico.
Los sustratos fueron pasto kikuyo (Pennisetum
clandestinum), y un suplemento comercial para
vacas en produccin. El pasto fue cosechado en
estadio vegetativo, a 10 cm sobre el nivel del suelo,
a los 30 y 60 das de edad en la hacienda Betania,
propiedad de la empresa SOLLA, S.A. Esta hacienda
se encuentra ubicada en el municipio de Santa Rosa
de Osos (Ant., Colombia), a 2460 msnm, presenta
temperatura promedio de 18C, variando entre 4C
y 27C, humedad relativa correspondiente al 70% y
precipitacin media anual de 2400 mm, caractersticas
correspondientes a un bosque muy hmedo montano
bajo (bmh-MB). El pasto fue manejado bajo un
sistema de pastoreo rotacional con fertilizacin
qumica (190, 54,16 y 9 kg de N, P, K y S/Ha/ao).
Las muestras de pasto fueron secadas en estufa
de ventilacin forzada a 65C por 48 horas. Estas
muestras y las de suplemento fueron molidas a 1
mm para su anlisis qumico, que incluy MS, PB,
extracto etreo (EE), cenizas (Ce) (5), FDN (6), fibra
detergente cida (FDA), lignina detergente cida
(LDA) (7) y energa bruta (EB), ltima determinacin
realizada en bomba calorimtrica adiabtica (IKA
C5000, Rhys International, Ltd., United Kingdom).
Los valores de CNE fueron obtenidos por la ecuacin,
CNE= 100-(%PB+%EE+%Ce+%FDN) (8). La
descripcin qumica de los sustratos se presenta en
la tabla 1.
Tratamientos experimentales. Se evaluaron seis
tratamientos, resultantes de la combinacin de los
factores edad del pasto (30 y 60 das) y nivel de
inclusin de suplemento concentrado (0, 25 y 50%),
en un diseo factorial 2x3. Los tratamientos fueron:
K30-100/0, K30-75/25, K30-50/50, K60-100/0, K6075/25 y K60-50/50. K30 y K60 corresponden a la edad
del pasto kikuyo y 100/0, 75/25 y 50/50 a la relacin
F/S (con base en la materia seca). Cada tratamiento
cont con tres repeticiones, correspondientes a tres
fuentes de inculo ruminal, cada uno obtenido de un
animal diferente.
4729
4730
RESULTS
Table 2 shows the chemical composition of the
treatments. The 30 days-old grass had higher CP
and NSC content, but lower NDF, ADF and ADL
compared to 60 days. The NSC/NDF ratio increased
as concentrate increased in the mix.
RESULTADOS
En la tabla 2 se presenta la composicin qumica
de los diferentes tratamientos. Aquellos que
incluyeron el pasto de 30 das de edad, respecto
al de 60 das, presentaron mayor contenido de PB
y CNE y menor porcentaje de FDN, FDA y LDA.
A medida que se increment la participacin de
suplemento en la mezcla, aument la relacin
CNE/FDN.
En las tablas 3 y 4 se observa que la edad
del pasto afect significativamente (p<0.05)
la DMS, la produccin acumulada de gas y de
CH4 por gramo de MSd y el porcentaje de ED
Table 2. C h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f k i k u y o
grass(Pennisetum clandestinum) aged 30
or 60 days and mixed with a concentrate
supplement 1.
Fraction (% DM)
K30
K60
CP
25.4
23.1
20.6
17.0
16.7
16.5
EE
4.1
3.8
3.6
3.2
3.2
3.1
Ash
9.0
8.0
7.1
12.0
10.3
8.6
NDF
53.8
43.1
32.5
61.6
49.0
36.4
ADF
29.7
24.0
18.3
34.0
27.2
20.5
ADL
5,4
4.4
3.4
6.5
5.2
3.9
NSC
7.7
22.0
36.2
6.2
20.8
35.4
NSC/NDF
0.14
0.51
1.11
0.10
0.42
0.97
GE Mcal/kg DM
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.1
4.2
4.2
Ingredients: Corn, malt germ, wheat bran, rice flour, sunflower meal,
soybean meal, molasses, salt, premix, and calcium carbonate.
1
4731
Table 3. Cumulative gas production (hours post-incubation) and dry matter digestibility of mixtures between 30
or 60 days old Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) with concentrate for three forage: concentrate
proportions. Values in parentheses are standard deviations.
Variable
Gas production (ml/g iDM)
K30
Interval
K60
(hours)
100/0
75/25
50/50
100/0
75/25
50/50
0-6
48.7 (2.3)b
61.4 (4.8)a
69.5 (2.5)a
52.9 (1.6)b
64.3 (1.4)ab
71.1 (4.1)a
0-12
104.9 (8.2)c
126.1 (8.9)b
151.8 (6.5)a
99.7 (2.4)c
123.7 (4.1)b
145.9 (3.2)a
0-24
197.8 (10.9)c
240.1 (5.7)b
275.4 (10)a
188.4 (8.1)c
232.1 (5)b
269.1 (5.5)a
0-48
281 (14)c
325 (2.1)b
354.3 (6)a
283 (17.4)c
332.2 (9.8)b
358.2 (3.3)a
0-6
20.5 (0.6)
23.0 (5.4)
25.6 (2,8)
20,3 (1,5)
20,9 (2.3)
25.7 (5.6)
0-12
30.8 (1.7)bA
35,9 (1.8)ab
40.1 (1.4)a
25 (0.4)bB
31.4 (2.4)a
35.9 (2.5)a
0-24
52.4 (5.9)bA
61.6 (4.9)aA
66 (3.9)a
42.2 (2.8)cB
52.5 (1.3)bB
61.9 (1.7)a
0-48
65.9 (0.5)bA
69.1 (3.2)ab
71.9 (3.7)a
55.2 (7.2)bB
68.6 (1.2)a
72.1 (1.7)a
0-6
237.7 (18.1)
275.3 (54.6)
273.5 (29.2)
261.0 (12)
309.4 (30.3)
288.1 (78.1)
0-12
342.4 (46.3)B
351.9 (34.3)
379.6 (26.6)
398.4 (15)A
394.9 (23.2)
408.0 (33.9)
0-24
380.7 (48.8)
390.9 (22.5)
0-48
426.1 (21.6)bB
471.1 (20.6)a
417.6 (14.4)
447.4 (19.5)
442.5 (20.4)
434.5 (9.6)
493.5 (21)a
516.5 (39.1)A
484.4 (21.2)
496.9 (16.1)
abc, lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant difference between means of different F/S ratio for a same grass age (p<0.05).
AB, capital letters in the same row indicate significant difference between grass age means for the same F/S ratio (p<0.05).
DM= incubated dry matter; dDM = digestible dry matter.
i
4732
Table 4. Cumulative production of methane (hours post-incubation) from mixtures of 30 and 60 days old Kikuyu
grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) with concentrate supplement in three forage/supplement proportions.
Values in parentheses are standard deviations.
Variable
CH4 Production (ml/g DMi)
K30
Interval
K60
(hours)
100/0
75/25
50/50
100/0
75/25
50/50
0-6
5.6 (0.5)b
8.3 (1.1)ab
10.4 (0.4)a
7.0 (1.6)b
10.1 (1.3)ab
11.4 (1.8)a
0-12
18.9 (2.3)b
25.4 (1.2)a
29.0 (3.3)a
17.0 (1.8)c
25.9 (1.2)b
32.1 (2.6)a
0-24
41.1 (1.9)c
53.9 (1.3)b
60.4 (2.8)aB
40.2 (3.4)c
54.3 (1.8)b
65.6 (2.4)aA
0-48
57.8 (2.8)c
73.2 (1.6)b
79.2 (3.2)a
57.0 (3.5)c
74.2 (2)b
84.5 (4.6)a
27.5 (1.5)
36.6 (3.3)
0-6
0-12
40.9 (3.7)
34.0 (5.9)
48.7 (7.2)
61.9 (11.2)
71.0 (6.6)
72.2 (7.3)B
68.0 (8)b
82.6 (2.5)a
89.5 (7.6)aA
0-24
79.2 (9.9)B
87.8 (5.4)B
91.8 (8.1)B
95.3 (4.9)A
103.5 (5.6)A
105.9 (5.2)A
0-48
87.6 (4.6)bB
106.2 (6.6)a
110.3 (7.9)a
104.7 (17.6)A
108.1 (3.7)
117.1 (6.3)
0-6
1.2 (0.1)b
1.9 (0.3)ab
2.4 (0.1)a
1.5 (0.4)b
2.3 (0.3)ab
2.6 (0.4)a
0-12
4.1 (0.5)
5.7 (0.3)
6.7 (0.8)
3.7 (0.4)
5.8 (0.3)
7.4 (0.6)a
0-24
8.9 (0.4)
12.0 (0.3)
13.9 (0.6)
0-48
12.6 (0.6)c
16.4 (0.4)b
18.2 (0.7)aB
0-6
5.8 (0.3)
8.2 (0.9)
0-12
13.3 (2.9)
0-24
0-48
ab
46.2 (13.8)ab
8.8 (0.7)
12.2 (0.4)
15.1 (0.6)aA
12.4 (0.8)c
16.6 (0.4)b
19.4 (1.1)aA
9.7 (0.8)
7.4 (1.1)
11.1 (2)
10.5 (2.8)
16.0 (1.7)
13.2 (5.9)B
15 (2)b
17.8 (0.3)ab
20.6 (2.6)aA
17.5 (2.5)b
19.9 (1.6)ab
22.1 (3.2)a
20.6 (1.7)
23.0 (1.6)
23.8 (0.8)
19.7 (0.9)
23.5 (0.9)
25.3 (1.9)a
22.9 (4.8)b
24.1 (1.4)ab
27.1 (1.9)a
aB
ab
abc, lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant difference between means of different F/S ratios for a same grass age (p<0.05).
AB, capital letters in the same row indicate significant difference between grass age means for the same F/S ratio (p<0.05).
DM= incubated dry matter; dDM = digestible dry matter; iGE= incubated gross energy; iDE= incubated digestible energy.
i
DISCUSIN
Efecto de la edad del pasto sobre la DMS y
la produccin de gas y de CH4. Caro y Correa
(15) reportaron un incremento de 7.8% en la
concentracin de FDN y una reduccin de 2.7%
en el contenido de CNE cuando compararon pasto
kikuyo cosechado a los 32 y 58 das de rebrote.
En el pasto del presente estudio, el aumento
en la concentracin de FDN y la reduccin en
el contenido de CNE super el reporte de los
autores (Tabla 1). Es de esperarse que la calidad
de los forrajes disminuya con la madurez, lo cual
fue verificado por Caro y Correa (15), quienes
encontraron que los cambios en la composicin
qumica afectaron la digestibilidad in situ a las 24h
de incubacin; siendo 6.7% ms alta para el pasto
4733
Table 5. Fermentation profile and pH from mixtures of 30 and 60 days old Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) with
concentrate supplement in three forage/supplement proportions. Values in parentheses are standard deviations.
K30
Interval
Acetate (mmol/L)
Propionate (mmol/L)
Butyrate (mmol/L)
Acetate/Propionate
pH
K60
(hours)
100/0
75/25
50/50
100/0
75/25
50/50
0-6
110.7 (7)A
94.9 (6.2)
102.8 (12.7)A
86.6 (14.9)B
92.7 (4.6)
76.5 (14.9)B
0-12
102.1 (4.6)
99.8 (7.1)
86.7 (15.6)
84.2 (25.7)
79.0 (16.2)
87.2 (6.4)
0-24
96.6 (13)
90.6 (27.6)
108.8 (14.5)
92.7 (9.8)
83.2 (20.4)
98.2 (10)
0-48
121.1 (6)
101.8 (21.3)
120.7 (20.4)
108.2 (17.1)
107.4 (7.7)
98.4 (8)
0-6
33.4 (0.5)
31 (1.8)
32.1 (2.9)A
29.7 (3.7)
29.0 (0.2)
27.5 (3.1)B
0-12
32.8 (0.5)
32.6 (1.5)A
30.1 (3.5)
28.6 (4.2)
27.2 (1.8)B
29.1 (1.4)
0-24
32.6 (2.2)
32.0 (4.7)
35.5 (2.8)
30.7 (2.1)
29.2 (3)
33.1 (1.9)
0-48
39.2 (0.6)A
33.7 (4)
37.6 (3.8)A
34.3 (3.8)B
32.9 (1.7)
33 (0.7)B
0-6
22.1 (0.5)
21.0 (0.9)
22.3 (1.5)A
20.9 (2.4)
20.9 (0.1)
19.6 (1.5)B
0-12
22.6 (0.8)
22.3 (0.4)A
20.0 (1)
20.3 (2.5)
19.8 (1.2)B
20.6 (1)
0-24
21.6 (2.2)
22.3 (2.7)
23.5 (1.3)
20.4 (1.1)
20.6 (1.6)
22.9 (1.5)
0-48
23.1 (0.5)
22.0 (1.4)
25.7 (1.9)A
22.2 (1.7)
22.3 (0.7)
22.9 (0.8)B
0-6
3.3 (0.2)
3.1 (0)
3.2 (0.1)
2.9 (0.1)
3.2 (0.1)
2.8 (0.2)
0-12
3.1 (0.1)
3.1 (0.2)
2.9 (0.2)
2.9 (0.6)
2.9 (0.4)
3.0 (0.1)
0-24
3.0 (0.2)
2.8 (0.5)
3.1 (0.2)
3.0 (0.2)
2.8 (0.4)
3.0 (0.2)
0-48
3.3 (0.1)
3.0 (0.3)
3.2 (0.2)
3.1 (0.2)
3.3 (0.1)
3.0 (0.2)
0-6
7.04 (0.03)
7 (0.04)
7.02 (0.05)A
6.99 (0.02)
6.99 (0.04)
6.95 (0.08)B
0-12
6.75 (0.02)a
6.71 (0.03)ab
6.67 (0.02)b
6.75 (0.03)a
6.72 (0.02)ab
6.67 (0.02)b
0-24
6.67 (0.06)a
6.58 (0.01)b
6.53 (0.01)b
6.64 (0.03)a
6.57 (0.03)b
6.52 (0.03)b
0-48
6.59 (0.02)a
6.54 (0.02)ab
6.51 (0.02)b
6.57 (0.03)a
6.5 (0.01)b
6.48 (0.01)b
abc, lowercase letters in the same row indicate significant difference between means of different F/S ratios for a same grass age (p<0.05).
AB, capital letters in the same row indicate significant difference between grass age means for the same F/S ratio (p<0.05).
4734
from 8.8 (K60-100/0) and 15.1% (K6050/50) of iGE after 24 hours of incubation,
surpassing the results by Bhatta et al (26)
who evaluated mixed diets also at 24 hours
of incubation and obtained between 4.4 and
7.8% of GE.
Effect of grass age on fermentation
profile. Glucose is a common intermediary
among carbohydrates degraded in the rumen
an d t h ei r f i n a l p r o d u c t s ( V FA , C O 2 an d
CH 4). The mechanism that controls glucose
partition between different VFA depends on
food composition (2). Tropical grasses usually
grow and mature faster, rapidly turning into
fibrous and less digestible. The lower NDF
content (Table 2) and the larger DMD (Table
3) of 30-day grass treatments is consistent
w i t h t h e h i g h e r V FA c o n c e n t ra t i o n , a s
reported in Table 5, explaining the significant
effect of age on acetate, propionate and
butyrate production (p<0.05).
4735
4736
4737
REFERENCES
1.
2.
5.
6.
7.
4738
27. Bevans DW, Beauchemin KA, SchwartzkopfGenswein KS, McKinnon JJ, McAllister TA.
Effect of rapid or gradual grain adaptation on
subacute acidosis and feed intake by feedlot
cattle.J Anim Sci 2005;83(5):1116-1132.
28. Surez BJ, Van Reenen CG, Beldman G,
van Denle J,Dijkstra J, Gerrits JJ. Effects
of Supplementing Concentrates Differing
in Carbohydrate Composition in Veal Calf
Diets: I. Animal Performance and Rumen
Fermentation Characteristics.J Dairy Sci
2006; 89(11):4365-4375
29. Wright DE. Citric acid metabolism in
the bovine rumen.Applied microbiology
1971;21(2):165-168.
30. Wang Q, Kuninobu M, Ogawa HI, Kato
Y. Degradation of volatile fatty acids in
highly efficient anaerobic digestion.Biomass
Bioenerg 1999;16(6):407-416.