Appendix A

UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

1. Units and conversions

671
2. Notation
672
673
3. Properties of steam and water
4. Properties of air and steam at atmospheric pressure

674

5. Properties of steel pipe

675
6. Standard gauges of sheets, plates, and wires 676
677
7. Weights and angles of slide of various materials
680
8. Petroleum products, typical compositions

TABLE A l . Units and Conversions

Prefixes for Unit Multiples and
Submultiples:
lO-'*atto
10-15fernto
10-"pico
lo-' nano
OI'micro
1 0 - ~ milli
OI'centi
lo-' deci

a 10'
f
10'
p lo3
n IO6
p
10'
rn IO"
c
d

deca
hecto
kilo
mega
giga
tera

Density:

1 Ib/cuft = 16.018 kg/cum

1 gm/cucm = 62.43 lb/cuft
"API= 141.5/(specific gravity) - 131.5
specific gravity = 141.5/("API + 131.5)

da
h
k

M
G

Force:

1 Ib force = 0.4536 kg force = 4.448 Newtons

Length:

Pressure:
1 atm = 760 Torr = 760 mm Hg = 101,325 N/sqm
= 1.01325 bar = 10,330 kg/sqm = 14.696 lbf/sq in
= 2,116.2 lbf/sqft
1 bar = 100,OOON/sqm
1 Pa = 1N/sqm

1 ft = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm = 304.8 mm

Volume:

1 cuft = 0.0283 cum = 7.481 U.S. gal

1 cum = 35.34 cuft = loo0 L

Energy, work, and heat:

Standard gas volume:

1 Btu = 252.16 cal = 1055.06J = 0.2930 W hrs

= 10.41 L atm
1 H P hr = 0.7457 kWh = 778 ft lbf = 2545 cal
1cal = 4.1868 J
1 J = 1 N m = 1 W sec = 0.2388 cal = 0.000948 Btu

22.414 L/g mol at 0C and 1 atm

359.05 cuft/lb mol at 32F and 1 atm
Gas constant R:
Energy

Temperature Mole

Ib ft2/sec2
ft Ibf
cuft atm
cuff (Ibf/sqin.)
Btu
hP hr
kW hr

"Rankine
"Rankine
"Rankine
"Rankine
"Rankine
"Rankine
"Rankine

Ib
Ib
Ib
Ib
Ib
Ib
Ib

4.969X l o 4
1544
0.7302
10.73
1.987
7.805 x
5.819~

J (abs)
kg rn2/sec2
kgf rn
cucm atm
calorie

Kelvin
Kelvin
Kelvin
Kelvin
Kelvin

9
kg
kg
g

8.314
8 . 3 1 4 ~lo3
8 . 4 7 8 ~10'
82.0562
1.987

Power:
1ft lbf/sec = 0.0018182 H P = 1.356 W = 0.0012856
Btu/sec = 0.3238 cal/sec
1 W = 1 J/sec = 1 N m/sec

Temperature:

K (Kelvin) = "C(centigrade) 273.16 = [F (Fahrenheit)

459.6]/1.8 = OR (Rankine)/l.8
"R = 1.8 K = "F 459.6
"C = (F - 32)/1.8

Gravitational constant:

Temperature difference:

g, = 1 kg mass/N sec'
= 1 g cm/dyn sec2
= 9.806 kg mass/kg force sec'
= 32.174 lb mass/lb force sec'

l"C=l"K= 1.8"R=1.8"F
Heat capacity and entropy:
1 cal/(g)("K) = 4.1868 J/(g)("K) = Btu/(lb)(R)

Mass:
Specific energy:

1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 kg = 2.2046 lb

1 cal/g = 4.1868 J/g = 1.8 Btu/lb

67 1

672

UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

TABLE Al-(continued)

Volumetric flow:
1 cuft/sec = 0.028316 cum/sec = 28.316 L/sec

Heat flux:

1 Btu/(hr)(ft2) = 3.1546 W/m2

= 2.172 kcal/( hr)(m')
Heat transfer coefficient:
1Btu/(hr>(ft')(F) = 5.6783 W/m2K

Surface tension:
1 dyn/cm = 1 erg/cm2
= 0.001 N sec/m2

Viscosity, dynamic:
1 CP= 0.001 N sec/m2
= 0.001 Pa sec
= 0.000672 Ib,/ft sec
= 2.42 Ib,/ft hr
= 0.0752 Ib, hr/ft2

Viscosity, kinematic:

1 centistoke = 0.00360 m2/hr

= 0.0388 ft2/hr

TABLE A2. Notation.

C, = heat capacity at constant pressure
C, = heat capacity at constant volume
gc = gravitational constant (numerical values in Table A l )
h = individual heat transfer coefficient
H = enthalpy
k = thermal conductivity
k = CJC,
K = y / x =vaporization equilibrium ratio, VER
mi = mass fraction of component i o f a mixture
M = molecular weight
P = pressure
0 =volumetric flow rate
0 = heat transfer rate
R = gas constant (numerical values in Table A l l
S = entropy
T = temperature, usually "R or "K
u = linear velocity
U = overall heat transfer coefficient
V = volume
xi = mol fraction of component i in the liquid phase
yi = mol fraction of component i in the vapor phase
zi = mol fraction of component i in a mixture
z = PV/RT, compressibility
p = viscosity
p = density
u = surface tension
eMost symbols are defined near where they are used in equations.
Unless defined otherwise locally, certain notations have the meanings
in this list.

APPENDIX A

TABLE A3. Properties of Steam and Water

Absolute
Temp., "F

15z:q.

Latent
beat of
rapontion.
Btu/lb

ipecific volume
of steam,
cu ft/lb

Density of
I uid water,
?b/cu ft

Viscosity of
iquid water,

antipoiser

'herma1 conuctivity of
iquid water,
"F)(ft*)(hr)
(Btu)(ft)/

a2
35
40
45
50

0.0885
0.1Ooo
0.1217
0.1475
0.1781

1075.8
1074.1
1071.3
1068.4
1065.6

3306
2947
2444
2036.4
1703.2

62.42
62.42
62.42
62.42
62.39

1.786
1.889
1.543
1.417
1.306

0.320
0.322
0.326
0.329
0.333

55

0.2141
0.2563
0.3056
0.3631
0.4298

1062.7
1059.9
1057.1
1054.3
1051.5

1430.7
1206.7
1021.4
867.9
740.0

62.39
62.35
62.30
62.28
62.23

1.208
1.121
1.044
0.975
0.913

0.336
0.340
0.343
0.346
0.349

85
90
95
100

0.5069
0.5959
0.6982
0.8153
0.9492

1048.6
1045.8
1042.9
1040.1
1037.2

633.1
543.5
468.0
404.3
350.4

62.19
62.14
62.12
62.03
62.00

0.857
0.807
0.761
0.719
0.681

0.352
0.355
0.358
0.360
0.362

105
110
115
120
125

1.1016
1.275
1.471
1.692
1.942

1034.3
1031.6
1028.7
1025.8
1022.9

304.5
265.4
231.9
203.27
178.61

61.92
61.85
61.80
61.73
61.66

0.646
0.614
0.585
0.557
0.532

0.364
0.367
0.369
0.371
0.373

130
135
140
145
150

2.222
2.537
2.889
3.281
3.718

1020.0
1017.0
1014.1
1011.2
1008.2

157.34
138.95
123.01
109.15
97.07

61.55
61.46
61.39
61.28
61.21

0.509
0.487
0.467
0.448
0.430

0.375
0.376
0.378
0.379
0.381

155
160
165
170
175

4.203
4.741
5.335
5.992
6.715

1005.2
1002.3
999.3
996.3
993.3

86.52
77.29
69.19
62.06
55.78

61.10
61.01
60.90
80.79
60.68

0.414
0.398
0.384
0.370
0.357

0.382
0.384
0.385
0.386
0.387

180
185
190
195
200

7.510
8.383
9.339
10.385
11.526

990.2
987.2
984.1
981.0
977.9

50.23
45.31
40.96
37.09
33.64

60.58
60.47
60.36
60.25
60.13

0.345
0.334
0.333
0.312
0.303

0.388
0.389
0.390
0.391
0.392

205
210
212
215
220

12.777
14.123
14.696
15.595
17.186

974.8
971.6
970.3
968.4
965.2

30.57
27.82
26.80
25.37
23.15

60.02
59.88
59.75
59.70
59.64

0.293
0.284
0.281
0.217
0.270

0.392
0.393
0.393
0.393
0.394

225
230
235
240
245

18.93
20.78
22.80
24.97
27.31

962.0
958.8
955.5
952.2
948.9

21.17
19.382
17.779
16.323
15.012

59.48
59.39
59.24
59.10
58.93

0.262
0.255
0.248
0.242
0.236

0.394
0.395
0.395
0.396
0.396

250
260
270
280
290

29.82
35.43
41.86
49.20
57.55

945.5
938.7
931.8
924.7
917.5

13.821
11.763
10.061
8.645
7.461

58.83
58.52
58.24
57.94
57.64

0.229
0.218
0.208
0.199
0.191

0.396
0.396
0.396
0.396
0.396

300
310
320
330
340

67.01
77.68
89.66
103.06
118.01

910.1
902.6
894.9
887.0
879.0

6.466
5.626
4.914
4.307
3.788

57.31
56.98
56.55
56.31
55.96

0.185

0.396
0.396
0.395
0.393
0.392

350
360
370
380
390

134.62
153.04
173.37
195.77
220.37

870.7
862.2
853.5
844.6
835.4

3.342
2.957
2.625
2.335
2.0836

55.59
55.22
54.85
54.46
54.05

0.390
0.388
0.387
0.385
0.383

400

247.31

826.0

1.8633

63.65

0.382

60
65

70
75

80

Source: Condensed from Keenan and Keyes, Thermodynamic Properties of Steam,

Wiley, New York, 1936).

673

674 UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

TABLE A4. Properties of Air and Steam at

Atmospheric Pressure

Air
0
32
100

200
300
400
500
600
700
800
!I00
lo00
1.500
2000
2500
3000
__

0.086
0.081
0.071
0.060

0.052
0.046
0.0412
0.0373
0.034 1
0.0314
0.0291
0.0271
0.0202
0.0161
0.0133
0.0114

0.230
0.240
0.240
0.24 1
0.243
0.245
0.247
0.250
0.253
0.256
0.250
0.262
0.276
0.286
0.2'32
0.297

Steam
0.0372
0.0328
0.0288
0.0258
0.0233
0.0213
0.0196
0.0181
lo00 0.0160
1200 0.014!1
1400 0.0133
1600 0.0120
1800 0.0100
2000 0.0100
2500 0.0083
3Ooo 0.0071
212
300
400
500
600
700
800
900

__

1.110
1.165
1.285
1.440
1.610
1.750
1.890
2.000
2.14
2.25
2.36
2.47

3.00
3.45
3.69
3.86

0.130
0.145
0.180
0.230
0.306
0.378
0.455
0.540
0.625
0.717
0.815
0.917
1.47
2.14
2.80
3.39

0.0133
0.0140
0.0154
0.0174
0.0 193
0.0212
0.0231
0.0250
0.0268
0.0286
0.0303
0.0310
0.0400
0.0471
0.051
0.054

0.451
0.456
0.462
0.470
0.477
0.485
0.4!)4
0.50
0.51
0.53
0.55
0.56
0.58
0.60
0.64
0.67

0.870 0.234
1.ooo 0.303
1.130 0.395
1.265 0.490
1.420 0.610
1.555 0.725
1.700 0.855
1.810 0.987
1.920 1.13
2.14
1.44
2.36
1.78
2.58 2.14
2.81
2.58
3.03 3.03
3.58 4.30
4.00
5.75

0.0145
0.0171
0.0200
0.0228
0.0257
0.0288
0.0321
0.0355
0.0388
0.0457
0.053
0.061
0.068
0.076
0.096
0.114

APPENDIX A

TABLE A5. Properties of Steel Pipe

~

Nominal
Pipe
size,
in.

OD, in.

36

0.405

3i

0.540

$8

0.675

35

0.840

$i

1.05

Surface per
lin ft, ft2

1.32

15i

1.66

155

1.90

2.38

2%

2.88

3.50

4.50

6.625

8.625

10

10.75

12
16
20
24

12.75
16.0
20.0
24.0

Sched-

:;low area

ule
No.

ier pipe,

ID, in.

n.2

Outside

Inside

Weight
3er lin ft,
b steel

40 t
80 t
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80

0.269
0.215
0.364
0.302
0.493
0.423
0.622
0,546
0.824
0.742

0.058
0.036
0.104
0.072
0.192
0.141
0.304
0.235
0.534
0.432

0.106
0.106
0.141
0.141
0.177
0.177
0.220
0.220
0.275
0.275

0.070
0.056
0.095
0.079
0.129
0.111
0.163
0.143
0.216
0.194

0.25
0.32
0.43
0.54
0.57
0.74
0.85
1.09
1.13
1.48

40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80

1.049
0.957
1.380
1.278
1.610
1.500
2.067
1.939
2.469
2.323

0.864
0.718
1.50
1.28
2.04
1.76
3.35
2.95
4.79
4.23

0.344
0.344
0.435
0.435
0.498
0.498
0.622
0.622
0.753
0.753

0.274
0.250
0.362
0.335
0.422
0.393
0.542
0.508
0.647
0.609

1.68
2.17
2.28
3.00
2.72
3.64
3.66
5.03
5.80
7.67

40
80
40
80
40
80
40
80
40
60

3.068
2.900
4.026
3,826
6,065
5.761
7.981
7.625
10.02
9.75

0.917
0.917
1.178
1.178
1.734
1.734
2.258
2.258
2.814
2.814

0.804
0.760
1.055
1.002
1.590
1.510
2.090
2.000
2.62
2.55

7.58
10.3
10.8
15.0
19.0
28.6
28.6
43.4
40.5
54.8

30
30
20
20

12.09
15.25
19.25
23.25

3.338
4.189
5.236
6.283

3.17
4.00
5.05
6.09

43.8
62.6
78.6
94.7

7.38
6.61
12.7
11.5
28.9
26.1
50.0
45.7
78.8
74.6
115
183
29 1
425

t Schedule 40 designates former standard pipe.

1Schedule 80 designates former extra-strong pipe.

675

676

UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

TABLE A6. Standard Gauges of Sheets, Plates, and Wires

Sheet mills roll steel sheets to U. S. gauge

unless otherwise ordered. Plate mills usually roll heavy plates, % and heavier, and
light plate No. 8 to No. 12, t o Birmingham
gauge. In figuring weights of steel plates
add t o above t h e allowance f o r overweight,
adopted by Association American Steel
Manufacturers. All steel sheets in our stock
are rolled t o the U. S. Standard Gauge.
Brass is rolled t o thickness by Brown &
Sharpe's American Gauge. Copper is rolled
to thickness by Stubs' or Birmingham Gauge.

THICKNESS AND WEIGHT OF SHEETS

AND PLATES

U. S. Standard Gauge
No.of

Adopted by U. S.
Government
March 1, 1937

Gauge

Thickness
Inches

Birmingham
or S t u b '
Gauge

28

"2 2

0
.
3
--

Weight

Lbs.

per
Sq. Ft.

--

.....
.....
,....

American or
Brown&
Sharpe's
Gauge

~-

15.00
13.75
12.50
11.25
10.625
10.00

.425
.380
.340
.300

238

.194
.179
.164
.149

9.375
8.75
8.125
7.50
6.875
6.25

.134
.120
.lo5
.09
.075
.067

17.28
15.45
13.82
12.20
11.55
10.53

.410
-365
.325
289
258
229

16.71
14.88
13.26
11.80
10.51
9.36

.363
.331
.307
283
263
244

.203
.180
.165
.148

9.68
8.95
8.25
7.32
6.71
6.02

204
.182
.162
.144
.128
.114

8.34
7.42
6.61
5.89
5.24
4.67

225
207
.192
.177
.162
.148

5.625
5.00
4.375
3.75
3.125
2.813

.134
.120
.lo9
.095
.083
.072

5.45
4.88
4.43
3.86
3.37
2.93

.lo2
.091

4.16
3.70
3.30
2.94
2.62

.135
.120
.lo5
.092
.080

2.33

.072

.060
.054
.048
.042
.036
.033

2.50
2.25
2.00
1.75
1.50
1.375

.065
.058
.049
.042
.035
.032

2.64
2.36
1.99
1.71
1.42
1.30

.05
.045
.04
.036
.032

2.07
1.85
1.64
1.46
1.31
1.16

.063
.054
.047
.041
.035
.032

23
24
25
26

1.25
1.125
1.00
.875
.750

-028
.025
.022

27

......
.027
...... .030
.024
......
.021
......
.018
......
...... .016

1.14
1.02
.895
A13
.732
.651

1.03
.922
.82
.73
.649
.579

.027
.026
.023
.020
.018
.017

28
29
30

...... .015
...... .014
. . _ _ . .012
.

.625
.563
.500
-

,....
I . . . .

239
4
5
6

;
9
10
11
12

2
15

16
17
18
19

20
21

22

154

'A
?de

l:j
$4

Y
i
74

yo
5 2

......
14

......
?d(
......
......
'4

224
209

.687

- __
__

284

259
220

.020

.018
.016

.08

.072
.064
.057

.028

.025
.023
.020

.018
.016
.014

:.408
E: ::DO.014
:

APPENDIX A

677

TABLE A7. Weights and Angles of Slide of Various Materials

'Weights of Materials-The
following list gives weights in pounds per cubic foot. Unless otherwise noted, weights are
f o r material in loose, least compacted form. In figuring Horse Powers, weights should be increased in proportion t o their
compressibility.
+Angles of Slide-The angles given a r e the minimum at which the various materials will slide on a steel plate, under best
condition, f o r determination of friction. The minimum angle will increase as size of particles decrease and with higher
moisture content. For definite recommendations r e f e r t o S-A Engineers. The inclination of chutes must be steeper than
minimum angle of slide and S-A Engineers should be consulted f o r minimum chute slopes.
Friction Factors-The
moving-friction factor f o r any material listed, sliding on steel plate, equals the natural tangent of
the "angle of slide" given f o r t h a t material. See table of natural functions of aangles-listed in data section of book.
For example, the friction factor of cement equals .809 (the natural tangent of 39 ,which is the angle of slide for cement).
Specific Gravity-The specific gravity of a material is its weight (in a solid block) compared with that of water at 62" F.
Example: As water weighs 62.4 pounds per cubic foot and sulphur weighs 125 pounds, the specific gravity of sulphur
is twice that of water or 2.0.
Green Timber-usually
weighs from one-fifth t o nearly one-half more than dry. Ordinary building timbers, tolerably
seasoned, weigh about one-sixth more.
A Solid Cube of material-weights

**

of broken or crushed material decrease. for example, see figures given for coal and lor limestone.
~ i g ~ r listed
ps
are for best conditions (dry, sized and without dust)-The minimum, angle will increase as sire of particles decrease and with higher
For other conditions refer t o S-A Engineers for definite recommendations.

moisture content.

DESCRIPTION

Average
Wt. per
cu. ft.
pounds*

Jinimum
Angle
of
Slide t

Average
Wt. per
cu. ft.
pounds'

DESCRIPTION

Minimum
Angle
01

Slidet

___
Air (Atmospheric a t 60F.. Under pressure of one atmosphere. 14.7 Ibs. per square in., weighs 1/815 as
much I L ~water). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabayter (marble) A .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alabaster (Real, a compact white planter of Paris) A ..
Alfalfa, Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coarse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alumina, sized or briquette, .......................
Alumina, Fine, Granulated. ........................
Alum. ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aluminum Hydrate, Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aluminum. Sulphate, Granular .....................
.%mmonium. Sulphate. Damp Granulated. . . . . . . . . . . .
Argoh. Roasted, Pulverized. .......................

Ash, Black, Ground.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fly Powdered.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*' Volkanic. Powdered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.0765

168
144

31**
310
220

15
9
62

__

JJ

62
13

........
........
........

35wr
350**
340'

54
40
63

220
450
320

105

27'**
40-45O"
450**

45
45

of Bituminous Goa. .......................

Damp ........................
Asphaltum.. ........................

35-4.5
40-50
81

........

Babassu Nuts, ground. ............................

Bagasse, Wet Sawdust.. ...........................
Baking Powder. ..................................

45
4
47

40**
450**
38"

Barytes Granular. ...............................

Basalt (Similar to Marble) A . . .....................
Bathstone, Oolite A . .............................

144
184

ABh,:s

131

40
500

30**

........
........

Cellulose Acetate, granular. ........................

C e m y t . Portland (per Bbl. net 376 Ibs.) (per bag 94 Ibs.)
Mortar, Portland, 1:2%. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
90-100
135

Chalk, A ........................................
"
Precipitated, Powdered.. . . . . . . . . .
Charcoal, Bone. (Carbonated), granular. . . . . . . . . . . .
''
Wood Pulp, granular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

137

Chips. Wood .....................................

Chocolate, Powder. ...............................
Chromic Acid, Flake. .............................

15-30
40
75

220
450
25O

4&45
57

35'350**

40-100
45
6&100
23-80
50-95

350
450
350
450
350
350

Clay, Dry in Lump Loose.. . .

'' Blended for Tile 11% M
"
Ground .....................................
Powdered .............................
y. Granular.. ............................
Fire Brick. .......................

70

26'

68

85

350
31'**

Bentonite, pulverized.. ............................

HismllthA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bones. Animal, pulverized. . . . . . . . . . . .

50

42O

Bone Char ground ................................

Borax, Dedydrated. powdered. .....................
Bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brick. Best Pressed A. . . . . . .
CommonA. .........
"
FireA ....................................
'I
Soft inferior A . . ............................
Brickwork, Press Brick, fine joints A ................
"
Medium Quality, .......................
Coarse, Inferior or Soft A . . ..............
('

Calcj'um Bichromate. Granular. ....................

Carbide A , , ..............................
"
Carhide. Spent, Powdered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
+' Carbonate (See Limeaton?). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oxide. Powdered (See Lime). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*' Phosphate, See Phoaphates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..

Carbon,ground ...................................
Coke. crushed. siced.. .....................
Casrin,granular ..................................

See notes preceding table.

612.4
50
40
75
16-26
140
120
37 to 144
100

128
112
103

62
139
40

........
800

3 50
40'
36O

........
........
........
........
........

........

........
250

........
450
........

........
430
27
. . . . . . . . ........
50
30
38-43

210

280
30

100

450
27O
350

Coal. Anthracite. (Solid) A.........................

"
broken of any Size, Loose.. . . . . . . . .
"
hloderatelv Shaken.. . . . . .
, one ton,*loose,occupies 40
"
to 43 CII. ft.
Chestnut .........................

97
52 to 57
56 to 60

.........

........

.........

Coal, Bituminous, (Solid) A .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"
minus W ,slack, dry.. . . . . . . . . . . . .
6'
"
I'
moderately wet
"
very wet . . . . . . . . . .
"
broken, 1 ton, loose, occupies 43 t c
48 ru. f t . . ........................
'
sized, wet or d r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'
pulverized.. .....................

84
4&50
45-55
5&60

.........

........

.........

11

Bauxite. Calcined (Granular without dust). . . . . . . . . . .

('
Ground dried.. ...........................
''
hline run ................................

18

60
26.4

330
390

.........
.........

I'

46

40-50
30

2'

.........
220

290
40'
330

27"
400

25

.........
34'
.........

C o n y t e , Cinder with Portland Cement A . . . . . . . . . . .

Gravel and Sand with Portland Cement A .,
"
Trap with Portland Cement A .......

112

.........

CopBer, Oxide. Powdered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sulphate. Ground. ........................
Cork. X" to 0" ..................................

190

Coooanut (see Grains, Seeds and Cereals). ...........

Coke, pulverized. .................................
"
Loose. 1 ton occupies 80 t o 97 cu. ft.. . . . . . . . . .
"
Petroleum, crushed.. ........................

Cryolite %" t o 200 mesh, crushed.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cullet (Scrap Glass Sized). .........................
Dolomite. pdverized. .............................
SolidA.. ...............................

..

Dust, flue. Blast Furnace. ........................

'' Foundry.. .................................
"
Limestone.. ...............................
Earth, Common Loyn. Perfectly Dry, . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Xoist .....................
'' Fullers. Raw.. ............................

........
23 to 32
33-36
150
155

75
6
52

80-120

40
181

40
55-65
55-65
72 t o 8(
75-85
42

27O

.........
.........
40
31-8
30"
320
25'
41

.........
450
38"
389

.........

.........
35'

(continued on following page)

678 UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

TABLE A7-( continued)
Average
Wt. per
cu. f t .
pounds'

Average
Wt. per
eu. ft.
pounds*

.........

Iypsum .........................................
"
In Irregular Lumps.. .....................
"
Ground. see Plaster of Paris. ..............

142
82
56

.........
.........
.........

lornblende. Solid A...............................

[umus ..........................................
:eA ............................................

187
30-40
57.4

....... .........

me2ite. granulated. ..............................

FineGround ............................
'on Oxide Pigment.. .............................

148
120
25

voryA ..........................................
;alsomine (powder). ..............................
;aq!in, Green Crushed.. ...........................
Pulverized. ...............................

114
32
64
22

25O
22-

Lieselguhr. crushed. ..............................

e%d, #70 Red.. ..................................
Silicate. Granulated. ........................
I'
Sulphate. Basic Pulverized.. ..................

15
230
230
184

45
40
27

320
27'
400

e a t h e r 4........................................
h e , Briquette.. .................................
"
Burned, Pebble (sized).

B e y s . Sqy-Crushed.. .
..............
Whole.. ...
..............
'L
'A
Split ..............................

34
45-50
44

350
220
25'

Bran ..........................................
Brewers Grits.. ................................

16-26
33
34.5

36'
24'
25O

,ime. Burned. Pulverized.. ........................

'' Fine (Spent Dry Carbide). ...................
''
Mason .....................................
'' Burned
or Quick, crushed. ...................
"
Hydrated ..................................

Clover Seed (60

Cocoa Nibs . . .
Cocoanut Meal .................................
"
Shredded .............................

48
32
32
25

280
26'

Beans, Green.. ...........................

Steel Cut ................................
Corn, Field (on cob). ...........................
"
Shelled (56 Ibs. per bu.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42
28
45
45

25'
230
200
210

..............................
..............................
',
Fla.tl ..............................
" Grits .....................................

12
25
25
40

220
25'
36'
24'

Corn'yeal (50 Ibs. per bu.)

Muffin Mixture ........................
Cotton G e d . . ..................................
"
"
Meal ...............................

40
28
25
33

350
454
29'
350

Farina .........................................
Fe:d Gluten ....................................
Molasses. .................................

44
31
25

290
34'
40'

Water,Sea .....................................
Wood,Spirit ...................................
ithagone. Granulated. ...........................
Pulverized. ............................

Flax Seed Ground ..............................

''
I'
(56Ibs. per bu.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flour (196 Ibs. per Barrel). ......................
"
prepared I h c u i t . .........................

28
45
5 t o 40
26

35;
21
31'
40

Iagnesium Carbonate Powdered. . , , ..

lasonry
Granite or Limestone. Well
''
Brickwork (See Brickwork)

Eggs ............................................

Feldspar. Pulverized. .............................

"
(Crushed) ...............................
Ferric Sulphate A , . ...............................
Ferrous Sulphate (Copperas) A.....................
Flint A ..........................................
Fuller's Earth (See Earth)
Gelatin, Granulated.. . . .
GI?, Common and Plat
Ilatch, Average M

.........................

Glue (Pellet) .....................................

Gneiss. Solid A ...................................
"
in Loose Piles.. ...........................
Grains. S e e d s and Cereals
Barlev (48 Ib. per bushel). ...........
Beans, Cocoa.. .....................
Beans, Soy-Cake ..............................
I'
Meal.. ...............................
-Flour .............................
11

I'

' I

Co?

I'

48
50-60
100

194
119
162
38
161

100

45
168
90-100
38
37
54

40'
32'

38'

.........
450

25O

.........

........

.........

3k
27'

Grain Brewers Spent (Sloppy Wet). ..............

Grass,' Blue. Seed (14 Ibs. per bu.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

84
11.5

..... ....

Hay in Bales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hemp Seed (48 Ibs. per bu.). .....................
Hominy ........................................

20
36
45

.........
.........

Linseed Meal ...................................

Linseed Rolled ................................
Malt, Dry .....................................
"
Spent Dry ................................

27

Malt S u p r (Ground) I I y g r o ~ ~ o p i.c... . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Cnpround)
................
Oats, 32 1,bs. I'er Bushel.. .......................
'' Rolled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35
30

..

26

18

Rye (56 Lbs. Per Bu.). ..........................

Timothy Seed, (45 Lbs. Per Ru.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
W h r i t (60
. Lbs. Per Bu.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .: . . . .
"
Germ..
..........................
'L
'L
Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45
36
48
32
32

Granite Solid A , . .................................

Granite, Gneiss A . . ...............................
Gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G r y n Sto?e, T r y . Solid A ........................
Quarried in Loose Pilea.. .........

159
175
120
187
107

" See nolen preceding table

210

9
14

59
60
53

......................

...............................

dmeajone, solid A.

''
''

of
Slidet

450
300
40

.........
........

........
31"
40"

400

........
4P
350
450

4w
400
300
450s.

........
26'
300

430
40"
40

400
42*

........
42O
350
25O

49.3
53.1
64.3

........
........
........

Naptha ........................................
Oils, Vegetable. ................................
Oils, Mineral. ..................................

53.1
58.7
57.1

........
........
........

Petroleum. ...................................
Tallow.: .....................................
Turpentine. ..................................

54.8
58.6
54

..
...

W'Fter P y e Fbjn Distilled @ 32" F. B y , 30'jn..

@ 6'2F.
...
1'
"
.I
"
@ 212OF. "
I'

62.41;
62.35:
59.7
64.08
49.9
70
73

........
........
........
........
........

........
........
........
400
400

9
16$

........

AluminumA ...................................
BabbittA .....................................
Urya (7.8 Copper to 8.4 Zinc) A..................

165
500850
504
534

Bronze (8 Copper to 1 Tin) (Gunmetal) A.. . . . . . . .

CadmiumA ....................................
ChromiumA ...................................

552
539
432

........
........
........
........
........

36'

......... ........

letals

................

.....

31'
31'

210
2 80

542
555
1204
446
135
115
710

........

........
.........
........
........
........
........
........

~ManganeseA...................................

109
55
475

........
25"
........

Mercury at 32" F. A............................

NickelA .......................................
SilverA

849
537
655

........
........
........

............
.......................................

.........
.........

Ninimum
Anglo

iquids
Alcohol........................................
Benzine ........................................
MiIk ..........................................

................................
..............................

32O
389
200

27
45
17
50
10-25
166
85
105
98

Pulverized. ............................
Mixed Sizea............................
Coarse, Sized ...........................

Copper Cast A.
Co er Rolled A , . .
C o g Cast Pure or 24 Karat A.

32
10

50

30"

25

Pablum .......................................
Waste. ................................
Rice ...........................................

Ninimum
Angle
of
Slide t

DESCRIPTION

DESCRIPTION

489.6
459
437.5'

lit? SolidA ....................................

300
.........
35'

183
13.5
40

........
........
........
........
36O
450

(Continued on following page)

APPENDIX A

679

TABLE A7-(confinued)
~-

of

DESCRIPTION

Average
W t . er
cu. Pt.
pounds*

21
107
103

450
40'

Starch. (Powdered). ..............................

"
(Lump & Pelleted). ........................
'' Tablet, Granular Crystals.. .................

25-45
30
40

68

24-

25
50
50

................
Nuchar. Granular.. .
Paste, Dried, & l a k y , ..............................

22
10

30
36O

Straw in Bales.. ..................................

Stucco (Tubed and Untubed). Powdered.. . . . . . . . . . . .
3ulp;ur. Pulverized. ..............................
Coarse ..................................

Phosphate, Powdered. .............................

''
Dicalcium. Granular.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"
Super. G r o u n d . . .......................
"
l'ri-Sodium. Granulated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"
Tri-Sodium Pulverized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
''
HockA.. ............................
Florid3 #20 Mesh, Air Cleaned. . . . . . . . . . .
"
Mono Calrium, Powdered. ..............

60
60
51
60
50
200
93
61

40"
30
450
26'
40

Average
Wt. er
cu. Pt.
pounds'

DESCRIPTION

Mortar. Hardened. ...............................

Mud Wet Fluid.. ..........................
Nails and Spikes. 106 Lbs. Per Keg. . . .
Nitrate of Soda, Pellet Type Granular..

Phthalic Anhydride, Flaky..

Pigment (For Rubber Tires)
PitchA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'' Flake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plaster of Paris, Poade
P o t y i u m , Chloride A.
Sulphate A

...........
...........

....................

50
124
167

.........

20
32
56

.........................

Salt, Granulated.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
" Hock Crushed, sized.. . . . . . . . .
Sand, Mine run.. .................................

...........................
...........................

Core .......................................
Voids Full of W a t e r . . .......................

"
"

16.5

40
19

60
200

93
67
23
132
107
81
75
9&120
9c-100
90-110
65
10 to 131

Sandstone, Solid A . ...............................

"
Quarried di Piled.. ......................
Serpentine (Talc) A . ..............................

147
82
169

Shales, Slate A , ..................................

eilex ............................................
Silica, Flour, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

172
70
80

SlagA ...............................
" Furnace Granulated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
" Birmingham. ...............................

60 to 1%
122
82

S h i e , Solid A. ...................................
Fine Ground ................................

175
82
87
45

Snow (Fresh Fallen). .............................

*a
(Moistened) Compacted By Rain.. . . . . . . . . . . . .

..................................

A .................................
Ground ...........................

'' Briquet
" and Sili
Bicarbonate.

'I

''

..............

(1 t o 1.85). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.........................
Aluminate Ground
.................

'*

Saliyn.
Antimonate Crushed. .....................
''
Carbonate. Powdered (Soda Ash). . . . . . . . . . .

''
"
''

"

Nitrate. Granular ........................

Phcmpbates. See Phosphates
Sulfite. Powdered.. .......................
Sulfate (fine andlump.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

t * L%

40

.........

Pyrethrum flowers. coarse ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"
spent flowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pyro, Powdcred ..................................

......
Rosin (From Crude Turpentine) A . . .
Rubber. Srrap (Ground). ..........................
, Fine Ground.. . . . . . . . . . . .

.........
27O

42
52
70
42

36
40-45
40

Rock, Phosphate Pulv.. ...........................

"
S o l i d A . , ........................
"
Florida Phosphate b20 Mesh Air Cleaned. .....

Slidet

.........
108
.........
........ .........

Powder, Face.. ...................................

Powder. Pudding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pumice, Pulverized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...

Quartz A. .......................
Resin, Synthetir (from plant). Crush
Re&n and Wood Flour, Powdered.. .

Minimum
Angle

5 t o 12
15 t o 50

5-15
169
60
2535
66
50
80
30-55

24'
450
27'

40'

.........
453640
450
3'0
40'
330

.........
30
40'

40"

.........
27O

.........
350
32O
40'

31'
35wa
250
30'
320
390
450-

.........

.........
.........
.........
440
450

.........
250
250

.........
350
28O
450

.........
.........
28-320

.........

...........................
...........................

...........................
Tailings.

..................................

220

290
42'

72
49

2550O

68

240

96
88

31

31**

. . . . . . . . .........
40'

of
Slidet

450
280

24"

.........

'
6 to 3 8 O

76

450
320

40-50
45
50
57

450
450
350
3E0

.........
36O

r a k , Solid (Soapstone) A . .........................

Micaceous. Granulated
....
Tankage, Ground.
....

169
62
49

TarA ...........................................
rartaric Acid (Cream of T a
Tin, Oxide. Ground.
.................

60
100

ritanium Dioxide (paint pigment). powdered.. . . . . . . .

I'obacco Stems, Chopped, Coarse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
h a p . RockA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'' Quarried, in Piles. ...........................
rripoli (Powdered). ...............................

25
16
187
107
80

.........

Vegetables and Fruits

Apples
(56# per Bushel). ........................
''
Dried (228per Bushel). ...................
Beets. Shredded Sugar.. .........................

45
17

........
........

.........
......

75

7.6

320

.........
359
350
450
23O

........
40

3lo

........
........
........

Onions (60fper Bushel) .........................

Peas (64 Lbs. Per Bushel). .......................
Potatoes (60 Lbs. Per Bushel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51
48

Copra. Medium Sized Pieces. ....................

Meal, Ground. ...........................
"
Expeller Cake Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"
Expeller Cake Chopped ....................

33
40
32
29

Walnut Shells. Ground (320 M e s h ) , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wax.BeesA .....................................

21
60

........

Cedar .........................................
Cherry (Perfectly Dry). .........................
Chestnut (Dry). ...............................

22
44
30

........
........
........

Chips (Dry) ....................................

Cypress .......................................
Elm (Perfectly Dry). ...........................

15-32
32
35

Fir.Eastern ....................................
Hemlock (Perfectly Dry). .......................
Hickory (Perfectly Dry). ........................

25
29
48

........
........
........
........

Liguumvitae, Dry.. .............................

Locust, Dry ....................................
Mahogany .....................................

41 to 83
46
35-53

........
........
........

Maple, Dry ....................................

Oak, Live, Perfectly Dry. .......................
'I
Red, Perfectly Dry.. .......................

33-40
59
41 to 45

........

48

Woods

P i y , White Perfectly Dry.. ....................

Yellow Perfytly D f i Short
~
leaf. . . . . . . . . . . . .
I'
'I
Long leaf..

............

Pop1ar.D ry ....................................
Red Wood, California Dry. ......................
Sawdust, U r y . . ................................
"
Ground

29
10-30
20

................................

Shingles Per 1ooO. Short 900 Lbs. Long 1400 Lhs..

Spruce. Dry. California ......................
Sycamore (Perfectly Dry). .....................
Walnut, Black (Perfectly Dry).

Wool Mineral.

Zonolite. Fine, Granular. ...........................

200
390
30"
200

550

220

........

........
........

........
........
.........

........
.........
36'
459

. ........
.........
25
........
37
........

..................

...................................

Zinc calcines. Powdered.. ..........................

" Ore, roasted, Granular.. ......................
" VGde ......................................
"
Leaded, Ground.. .......................
'I
Sulphate, Powdered ...........................

27
38
44
26 to 30

40
370
320

r lAngle
inimu

42
10
85
110
20
25-40

72
7

.........
30
540
38O

460
50
440
30"

=
noted preceding table.

Data of Stephens-Adamson Co., Catalog 66, Aurora, IL, 1954. See also Table 5.3

680 UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

TABLE A8. Petroleum Products, Typical Compositions

Summary of Product,Types Produced From Petroleum
Number of Carbon Atoms .......................
CI CZ c3 c4 C S c6 c? CS CS ClO CI1 c12 C13 c14 cl5 c16 c17 CIS
Boiling Point of Normal
'c ..... -161 -89 -42 -0.5 +36 69 98 126 151 174 196 216 235 253 270 287 302 316
Paraffin a t 760 m m
"F..... -259-127 -44 +31 97156 209 258 303 345 384 421 456 488 519 548 575 601

liquefied Petroleum Gas.. ......................

Precipitation N a p h t h a . ..........................
VM&P Naphtha ....................................
Mineral Spirits ...............
Reformate, ...........................................
Gasoline. .......................
Kerosene, Diesel Fuel ............................
Aviation Turbine Fuel ...........................
Gas Oil, Fuel Oil ..................................
Transformer Oil.. ..................................
Lubricating Oil .............................
Asphalt, Pitch .......................................
Wax .................................

Source: Humble Oil Co.

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4

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