ENCH 425: Transport Processes I

Lecture 32
11/23/2016

11/23/2016

ENCH 425

Minor Losses- Inlets and Exits

If inlet has sharp corners, flow separation
occurs at the corners
A vena contracta is formed. Fluid must
accelerate locally to flow through reduced area
Loss coefficient for 3 inlet geometries is shown
Entrance type

Minor loss
coefficient, K

Reentrant

0.78

Square-edged

0.5

Rounded

r/D

0.02

0.06

0.15

0.28

0.15

0.04

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Hydraulic_vena_contracta_275px.png

11/23/2016

ENCH 425

Minor Losses: Enlargements and

Contractions

Minor loss coefficient for sudden expansion and contraction is shown

The loss coefficient are based on the larger value
For expansion

11/23/2016

1 2
use and
2

contraction, use
ENCH 425

2 2
2

of
2

Minor Losses: Enlargements and

Contractions
Losses caused by area change can be reduced
by installing a nozzle or a diffuser
Data for loss coefficient (K) for nozzles is given
in table below
Included Angle, , Degrees

11/23/2016

A2/A1

10

15-40

50-60

90

120

150

180

0.50

0.05

0.05

0.06

0.12

0.18

0.24

0.26

0.25

0.05

0.04

0.07

0.17

0.27

0.35

0.41

0.10

0.05

0.05

0.08

0.19

0.29

0.37

0.43

ENCH 425

Minor Losses: Enlargements and

Contractions
Diffuser data is often presented
as pressure recovery coefficient

is defined as the ratio of the

static pressure rise to the inlet
dynamic pressure

2 1
1 2

2 1

Gives the fraction of kinetic

energy converted into pressure
energy
Head loss for diffuser can be
shown to be

2
1
1
=
1
2
2

11/23/2016

ENCH 425

Minor Losses-Pipe Bends

Head loss through a pipe bend is larger than flow through a
straight section of equal length
Additional loss primarily due to secondary flow
Loss through a bend is represented by equivalent length of a
straight pipe
Equivalent length depends on relative radius of the bend

90 bends

11/23/2016

ENCH 425

Miter bends

Minor Losses Valves and Fittings

a) Gate: Slides down across
the cross section
b) Globe: closes a holes in
a special insert
c) Angle: similar to globe
but with 90 bend
d) Swing-check: Allows
one-way flow
e) Disk: closes cross section
with circular gate
f) Butterfly
Frank M. White, Fluid Mechanics, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003

(f)

11/23/2016

ENCH 425

Minor Losses Valves and Fittings

Resistance coefficient for fully open Valves, Elbows and Tees

Fitting type

Equivalent Length Le /D

Resistance coefficient for partially open Valves

Valves (fully open)

Gate Valve

Globe Valve

340

Angle Valve

150

Ball Valve

Lift check valve: globe lift

angle lift

600
55

Foot Valve with strainer: poppet disk

hinged disk
11/23/2016

420
75

Fitting type

Equivalent Length Le /D

Standard Elbow: 90
45

30
16

Return bend: Close pattern

Standard Tee: flow through run

flow through branch

20
60

Frank M. White, Fluid Mechanics, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003

ENCH 425

Pumps, Fans and Blowers

Pump adds energy to the fluid in the form of gain in pressure

Energy balance across the pump, to get pump head,
=

2
+
+
2

2
+
+

2
+
+
2

2
+
+
2

If inlet and outlet diameters are same and no change in elevation

=

Power supplied to the fluid is =

= Q

Energy equation with pump included in the system

2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
+
+ 1
+
+ 2 =

Head of the pump included as negative loss

11/23/2016

ENCH 425

Solution to pipe flow problems

Energy equation between two points on a single path
2
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
+
+ 1
+
+ 2 =

= +
2

=
2

Each major loss

64
< 2300: =

Each minor loss

11/23/2016

=
2
:
ENCH 425

= 2.0log

/
2.51
+
3.7

2

=
2
: of pipe
10

Example

Water of density =1.94 slug/ft3, =0.000011ft2/s, is

pumped between two reservoirs at 0.2ft3/s through
400 ft of 2in diameter pipe and several minor losses as
shown. Compute the pump horsepower required.
e/D = .001
11/23/2016

ENCH 425

11

Non-circular Ducts
Correlation for turbulent pipe flow can be extended to non-circular
geometries using Hydraulic diameter
4

A is cross-sectional area and P is wetted perimeter

For circular duct, =

2
, &
4

=
2
4
=
= 4 4 =

If the aspect ratio for rectangular ducts is defined as = /, then

4
4
2
=
=
=

2( + ) 1 +

11/23/2016

ENCH 425

12

Types of pipe flow problems

Single path systems
a. Find p for a given L,D, and Q - straightforward
b. Find L for given p, D, and Q straightforward
c. Find Q for given p, D, and L iterative

d. Find D for given p, Q, and L iterative
& /

Multiple path systems

Pipes in series and/or parallel
11/23/2016

ENCH 425

13