Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Solutions to Assignment 1.
1. (a) To construct an eigenket of ~a , we take the combination
X
~
eik~r |~ri,
|~ki =
(1)
~
r
|~ki =
~
r
X
~
r
X
eik~r ~a |~ri
~
~
r0
~
eika |~ki.
(2)
H|ri = Eo |~ri
(3)
~
a=(
x,
y ,
z)
X
~
r
eik~r H|~ri
eik~r Eo |~ri
~
~
r
[|~r ~ai
~
a=(
x,
y ,
z)
i~
k~
r
Eo
(e
i~
k~
a
+e
i~
k~
a
) |~ri
~
a=(
x,
y ,
z)
~
r
= E(~k)|~ki.
(4)
where
E(~k)
= Eo 2
cos(~k a)
~
a=(
x,
y ,
z)
(5)
~ ~0
(6)
(7)
(c) The inverstion operator reverses the direction of all translation, so that
d~ 1 = d~
(8)
Consequently, the inversion operator does not commute with the translation operator.
[, d~] 6= 0.
(9)
(d) Under the inversion operation, angular momentum operators are invariant, J~ 1 = J~ so that [, J~] = 0.
Consequently, the inversion operation commutes with functions of the angular momentum operator, and
thus commutes with the rotation operator.
[, D(R)] = 0.
(10)
3. Sakurai problem 9. When we time reverse a momentum eigenstate, we reverse the sign of the momentum, in
addition to complex conjugating the state. We therefore expect that the time reversal of (p) is (p) . To
show this explicitly,
Z
D 0 0
0
hp||i = hp|
d p |p i(p )
Z
= hp| dD p0 |p0 i (p0 )
Z
= hp| dD p0 | p0 i (p0 )
Z
=
(D) (p+p0 )
z }| {
dD p0 hp| p0 i (p0 ) = (p)
(11)
B 2
2
[S + S
]
2 +
A 0 B
H0 0 0
B 0 A
(12)
(13)
where I have taken h = 1. Taking det[E1 H] = E((E A)2 B 2 ) we see that the energy eigenvalues are
E = A B, 0
(14)
| + 1i | 1i
,
2
(E = A B)
(15)
|0i = |0i,
(16)
i.e the lower and upper eigenstates are odd-parity under time reversal, whereas the central state is even-parity
under time-reversal.
2
5. Sakurai, chapter 4, Q 6. This is a tricky problem. There are two ways you could do it: (i) solving the complete
problem but to exponential accuracy or (ii) by directly calculating the matrix elements between the states on
the left, and right hand side. I shall illustrate method (ii). To begin, let us consider the problem when the
length a is infinitely large. In this case, the wavefunction for the left, and right hand ground-states are
(x > a + b)
0
A sin[k(a + b x)] (a < x < b)
R (x) = hx|R i =
x
(x < a)
Be
(x < a b)
0
A sin[k(a + b + x)] (b < x < a)
(17)
L (x) = hx|L i =
(x > a)
Bex
q
where =
2m
(Vo
h
2
+ E)
2m
V .
h
2 o
Now the tricky bit is that we need to construct orthogonalized wavefunctions. To do this, we construct
1
|R i =
[1 |hL |R i|2 ] 2
|L i = |L i
[|R i |L ihL |R i]
(18)
(19)
Applying the Hamiltonian to this expression, and demanding that H|i = E|i, we obtain the eigenvalue
equation Hab b = Eb , (a, b {R, L}), where
hR |H|R i hR |H|L i
.
(20)
Hab
hL |H|R i hL |H|L i
To evaluate this matrix, it is helpful to realize that the complete Hamiltonian can be written
H = HR + VL = HL + VR
(21)
where HL is the Hamiltonian for the left-hand well and HR is the Hamiltonian for the right-hand well and
=
=
VR
VL
Vo [(x a) (x a b)],
Vo [(x + a + b) (x + a)],
(22)
V (x)
L
V(x)
( x)
Vo
R
x
(a+b)
- Vo
-(a+b)
-a
With this set-up, we note that HL,R |L,R i = Eo |L,R i , where Eo is the energy of an isolated well. If you now
compute the matrix element hR |H|L i, you obtain
hR |H|L i
hR |VR |L i
= EhR |L i + p
1 |hL |R i|2
hR |VR |L i
= p
1 |hL |R i|2
hR |VR |L i.
(23)
In the last step, we have noted that |hL |R i| is exponentially smaller than unity, so that terms containing
this quantity have been dropped. The splitting between the two states is then going to be simply
= |hR |VR |L i|
(24)
Now to calculate this, we need to compute the exponential tail in L . Applying continuity of the wavefunction
and continuity of the logarithmic derivative, we obtain
k tan(kb) =
A sin kb = Bea ,
(25)
2
,
b
1
1+
,
b
b
r
2 a
e
=
b b
(26)
a+b
2
sin[k(a + b x)]Bex
dx
b
a
Z b
ko (2a+b)
2
e
= Vo
dx sin[kx]ex
b
0
Z b
ko (2a+b)
2
e
= Vo
dxIme(+ik)x
b
hR |VR |L i = Vo
2ko /
z }| {
ko (2a)
2
eikb
e
Vo
Im
+ ik
b 2
4ko
e2a
Vo
b3
2 h2 2
=
e2a
b mb2
(27)
2m
V
h
2 o
for large Vo .
4
h2 2a
e
mb3
(28)
+ / 2
L
R
V(x)
Vo
-(a+b)
-a
/ 2
R
L
(a+b)
V(x)
Vo
-(a+b)
-a
(a+b)
Fig. 2.: Showing the even and odd wavefunctions for the symmetric potential well.