Cap PDF

CAP
CAPACITORS
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CAP :I
COMPILED BY: E van Loggerenberg en M F Booysen

FOR:
Modular Training Section
ADDRESS:
General Manager Infrastructure (Spoornet)

Hekro Towers
Johannesburg
PHONE:
(011) 773-3451 or (011) 773-3615
DATE:
May 1991
COPYRIGHT: NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE

COPIED OR PRINTED WITHOUT THE PERMISSION OF THE
GENERAL MANAGER INFRASTRUCTURE (SPOORNET)
NOTE: THIS MATERIAL MUST NOT BE USED AS A
SUBSTITUTE FOR THE APPROPRIATE MANUFACTURERS
MANUALS
REVISED
August 1992
CAP :II
PAGES AMENDED
ALL PAGES
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CONTENTS
SUBJECT
PAGE
1.
Capacitors in DC circuits
2.
Current flow in a capacitor
1:6
3.
Symbols
1:10
4.
Dielectric constants
1:11
5.
Capacitor ratings
1:13
6.
Types of capacitors
1:15
7.
Colour coding of capacitors
1:27
8.
Series connection of capacitors
9.
Parallel connection of capacitors
10.
Capacitive time constant
11.
Capacitance in AC circuits
3:2
12.
Capacitive reactance
3:4
13.
Phase angle
14.
Series RC circuit
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1:2
2:2
2:6
2:11
3:7
3:12
CAP :III
CAPACITORS
NETWORK
CAP
ENTER
1
CRIT
FAIL
PASS
CAP :IV
EXIT
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NETWORK IDENTIFICATION
1.
INTRODUCTION TO CAPACITORS
2.
SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTED CAPACITORS
3.
CAPACITANCE IN AC CIRCUITS
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CAP :V
MODULE
OBJECTIVE
On completion of this module you will be able to:1.
Explain the charging and discharging cycle of a capacitor.
2.
Identify different types of capacitors from a selection of capacitors supplied.
3.
Calculate the capacitance value of capacitors connected in series and parallel and time constant of a
resistance circuit.
4.
Explain the effect of a variation in frequency on the capacitive reactance of a capacitor.
5.
Calculate the capacitive reactance, phase angle, impedance and voltages in a series connected
resistance capacitance circuit.
WHAT YOU MUST DO

Study the notes and any additional resource material. Practice the module tasks untill you can complete
them within the set times and do any additional tasks provided by the Tutor to enhance your competency.
HOW WELL YOU MUST DO IT
1.
2.
Using charging and discharging curves explain the charging and discharging cycle of a capacitor.
Identify at least 5 different types of capacitors.
WHAT YOU WILL BE GIVEN

An oscilloscope and all the necessary components and equipment needed .
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
Basic Electronics Grob 5th Edition
Basic Electricity van Valkenberg
CAP :VI
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COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

1.
Digital multimeter
2.
Analogue multimeter
3.
DC power supply
4.
Function generator
5.
Oscilloscope (dual trace)
6.
Capacitance tester
7.
1x
1x
1x
1x
8.
1 x 0,1F capacitor
1 x 10F Tantalum
1 x 100F capacitor
9.
Various sizes of the following types of capacitors for demonstration purposes:
1k 0,5 watt resistor

1,5k 0,5 watt resistor
6,8k 0,5 watt resistor
470k 0,5 watt resistor
Electrolytic capacitor
Tantalum capacitor
Ceramic capacitor
Metallised polyester capacitor
Metallised polycarbonate capacitor
Silver mica capacitor
Oil-filled capacitor
Variable capacitor
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CAP :VII
ELEMENT
CAP
INTRODUCTION TO CAPACITORS
OBJECTIVE
On completion of this element you will be able to:
(a)
Explain the charging and discharging of a capacitor.
(b)
Demonstrate the charging and discharging cycle of a capacitor.
(c)
Identify 5 different types of capacitors from a selection of different capacitors.
(d) Carry out simple tests with the aid of an ohmmeter to determine whether a capacitor is
open circuit or leaking.
short circuit,
WHAT YOU MUST DO

Study the notes and do the tasks.
You must be able to explain the charging and discharging cycle of a capacitor, identify at least 5 different
types of capacitors and test a capacitor using an ohmmeter.
Notes
Components
Basic Electronics Grob 5th Edition.
Basic Electricity van Valkenberg.
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CAP-1 :1
THE CAPACITOR
The simplest form of capacitor consists of two metal plates positioned opposite each other and separated by
an insulating medium called a dielectric. The dielectric can be air or a form of insulation such as mica,
paper, glass or polyester.
Figure 1
CAPACITANCE IN DC CIRCUITS
Conductors or insulators can be charged so that they have an excess of electrons (negative charge) or a
shortage of electrons (positive charge).
If a voltage is applied to two plates, insulated from each other, the plate connected to the negative potential,
or negative terminal of a battery, will have an excess of electrons and the other plate, which is connected to
the positive potential or terminal of a battery, will have a shortage of electrons.
The two plates are now charged to the applied voltage the capacitor will retain or store the charge, positive
on one plate and negative on the other, when the voltage is removed. The charge between the plates can be
removed by short circuiting the plate or using an external load.
CAP-1 :2
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Uncharged Plates
Figure 2(a)
Charged Plates
Figure 2(b)
The capability of accumulating and giving up a charge is known as capacitance. Energy is taken from the
supply source to charge the plates, but when the charge is discharged, the energy is released into the circuit.
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CAP-1 :3
THE EFFECT OF CAPACITANCE ON THE VOLTAGE IN A DC CIRCUIT
Figure 3
When the circuit in figure 3 is completed, the battery releases electrons to the plate connected to its negative
terminal and attract electrons from the plate connected to its positive terminal. The capacitor charges up
with more electrons being supplied to the negative plate and more electrons being attracted from the positive
plate. The voltage between the two plates should be equal to the battery voltage, 3 Volts. However, this
does not occur immediately as the increasing amount of electrons on the negative plate opposes the supply
of electrons from the negative of the battery. The plate taking up the excess of electrons is negatively
charged and the plate giving up electrons is positively charged, as it tends to attract and oppose the
movement of electrons from it.
CAP-1 :4
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Figure 4
Capacitance delays a change in voltage in a circuit, but does not prevent this change.
When the switch in figure 4 is opened, the plates of the capacitor will remain charged since there is no
circuit between the plates through which a discharge can take place, and the voltage between the plates will
remain at 3 Volts. If a 3-volt battery were again connected to the capacitor, with the correct polarities, there
would be no change. The capacitor, if it had no leakage, would still have a potential of 3 Volts stored in it.
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CAP-1 :5
CURRENT FLOW IN A CAPACITOR

When the switch in figure 4 is closed, a large current flows at first (see figure 5) since the plates are
uncharged. The circuit resistance and the size of the capacitor will limit the current. As the capacitor
charges, the charging current decreases until it reaches zero. The charging current will reach zero when the
voltage across the plates reaches the battery voltage, in this case 3 Volts.
Figure 5
The charging current flows only for a short period of time and then decreases to zero. Since the plates of the
capacitor, have a dielectric between them, there will be no continuous flow of current through the circuit,
because the DC current will only flow for as long as it takes the capacitor to charge up to the supply voltage.
One often hears that the capacitor "blocks" the flow of direct current.
CAP-1 :6
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CAPACITANCE
TASK
To demonstrate charging and discharging of a capacitor.
Figure 6
1.
Construct the circuit in figure 6. It is important to carefully observe the polarities, as indiSet the EVM for center zero on its 3mA, DC current range.
2.
Using the DMM, adjust the supply voltage to exactly 10 Volts DC.
3.
Watching the ammeter, insert a link between terminals "A".
4.
What are your observations?
cated.
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5.
What is the value of the voltage across the capacitor?

..............................................................................................................................................
6.
Remove the link between terminals "A".
7.
What is the voltage across the capacitor before it starts to discharge?

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CAP-1 :7
8.
While observing the ammeter, insert a link between terminals "B" and note your observation.
.................................................................................................................................................
9.
What is the voltage across the capacitor after the ammeter reading drops to zero?
.................................................................................................................................................
10.
What are your conclusions?

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CAP-1 :8
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Conclusion
At the instant the switch is closed, electrons will be attracted from one capacitor plate to the positive
terminal of the battery. The same number of electrons will be repelled into the plate connected to the
negative terminal of the battery.
Enough electrons move into one plate and out of the other so as to make the EMF between the plates equal
to the EMF of the battery.
If the switch is opened after the plates have been charged in this manner, one plate is left with a deficiency
of electrons positively charged and the other with an excess of electrons negatively charged.
The capacitor thus has the capability of storing an electric charge. The plates remain charged even though
the battery is no longer connected to them.
If the plates are then shorted together, the excessive electrons of the negative plate will flow to the deficient
plate filling the holes and canceling the charge. The capacitor is thus discharged.
The directional flow of current can be verified by inserting ammeters in series with the capacitor connecting
wires. At the instant of commencement of charge or discharge, maximum current is passed which drops to
zero when the process is completed.
CAPACITANCE
The plates of the capacitor together with the insulation between the plates constitute an electrical capacitor
capable of storing electricity. The energy is stored in the space between the plates. Current only flows
during the charge and discharge periods. These currents flow even though the circuit is "broken" by the gap
between the plates of the capacitor.
The charge or quantity of electricity that can be stored is proportional to the applied voltage and the
capacitance of the capacitor. The capacitance of a capacitor is the measure of the quantity of
electricity that can be stored.
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CAP-1 :9
OUTLINES AND SYMBOLS FOR CAPACITORS
Figure 7 (a)
Figure 7 (b)
CAP-1 :10
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CAPACITANCE
The unit of capacitance is termed the FARAD (F).
In practice the farad is too large, and capacitance is usually expressed in micro-farads (F), nano-farads (nF)
or pico-farads (pF).
1
microfarad =
10-6 farad
nanofarad
10-9 farad
picofarad
10-12 farad
FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE VALUE OF CAPACITANCE

1.
The surface area of the plates

The larger the area of the plates, the greater the capacitance since larger plates can hold a
greater concentration of electrons.
2.
The dielectric separating the plates

Different dielectric materials affect the capacitance value. If the dielectric material has a
constant of five and if it were placed between two plates, the capacitance value would be
five times higher than if the plates were separated by air of which the dielectric constant
is one.
3.
The distance separating the plates of a capacitor

The further the plates are from each other, the smaller the capacitance value.
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CAP-1 :11
CAPACITOR RATINGS
When working with capacitors one should always take note of:(i)
the capacitance value,
(ii)
the tolerance value and the
(iii)
working voltage.
Capacitance value
The farad is too large a unit for practical purposes and smaller units are used such as
(a)
picofarad (pF) (10-12 farad),
(b)
nanofarad (nF) (10-9 farad), and
(c)
microfarad (F) (10-6 farad).
Tolerance
Capacitors are manufactured to tolerances similar to resistors. Generally, the tolerances in use are 1%, 2%,
5%, 10% and 20%.
Temperature coefficient
The capacitance value will, in some cases, change with temperature change, since the dimensions of the
capacitor plates and the dielectric vary with change in ambient temperature. Certain dielectrics change their
dimensions and characteristics in the opposite direction to most metals. Capacitors with positive, negative
and zero temperature coefficients are available.
Working voltage
It is important to note what conditions a capacitor is rated for when considering its working voltage.
Capacitors are rated either for direct or alternating current voltage. When capacitors are rated for direct
current work only, they are of the polarised type requiring that careful attention be paid to polarity. DCrated, non-polarised capacitors may be used in AC circuits provided the peak to peak voltage of the AC
circuit does not exceed the DC rating.
It is dangerous to exceed the voltage rating of a capacitor.
Exceeding the voltage rating will puncture the capacitor dielectric.
It is dangerous to connect a polarised capacitor in reverse polarity.
Reversed polarity breaks down the dielectric and generates gas at a high pressure that will cause the
container to explode. The application of pure AC to a polarised capacitor has the same effect.
CAP-1 :12
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METHOD FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF HIGHER VALUES OF CAPACITANCE

Because of the large plate area that would be required to construct capacitors having values from 1 to 50
000F and greater, methods have been developed to reduce the physical size of the capacitor.
The methods employed are:
Using a material that is thinner, but with a higher dielectric constant between the plates of the capacitor.
Using a flexible metal plate such as aluminium foil, rolling it into a cylindrical shape together with
interspersed insulation.
Using multiplate construction, which is a sandwich of an odd number of plates with interspersed insulation.
This also has the effect of reducing the physical size of the capacitor.
Figure 8 shows an example of a multiplate construction.
Figure 9 shows foil/insulation cylinder construction.
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CAP-1 :13
Multiple-plate construction
Figure 8
Foil and insulation cylinder

Figure 9
CAPACITOR TYPES
A capacitor is classified according to the type of dielectric used in its construction. There are numerous
types of capacitors of which a few will be discussed.
CAP-1 :14
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1.
ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS
Figure 10
CONSTRUCTION
This capacitor has etched aluminium-foil electrodes with a porous electrolyte impregnated paper spacer
between the anode and cathode. The aluminium-foil plates are rolled up into a cylinder and enclosed in an
aluminium case. The capacitor is a DC-polarised component, which must be connected according to
polarity.
Capacitance range
Electrolytic capacitors are manufactured in ranges from 1F up to 4 700F and are used as axial lead or as
radial lead components. They are also manufactured as vertical bracket-supported mounting type capacitors
for larger values ranging from 2 200F, to 20 000F and higher.
Tolerance
The tolerance of the capacity value is from 20% to 50%.
Voltage rating
Electrolytic capacitors are manufactured in voltages ranging from 3 to 500 Volts. Leakage current ranges
from 5A at 16 Volts, for a capacitor, to 250A, for a 25 Volts 1 000F capacitor. The leakage currents
increase with size of the capacitance.
Application
Electrolytic capacitors are mainly used in smoothing, coupling and decoupling circuits where large
capacitance values are required, in measuring and regulating circuits and as timing components and delay
circuits where accuracy is not essential. Electrolytic capacitors are used for capacitive start single-phase
motors where they split the phase to provide starting torque for the motor. The major disadvantage of the
electrolytic capacitor is that it leaks and degrades with age, as the electrolyte dries out. Electrolytic
capacitor failure is one of the more common electronic circuit faults.
Electrolytic capacitors are very sensitive to overvoltage and are easily damage by this condition.
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CAP-1 :15
2.
TANTALUM CAPACITORS (SOLID ELECTROLYTIC)
Figure 11
CONSTRUCTION
This capacitor consists of a porous anode, tantalum oxide dielectric, and a solid tantalum cathode, encased
in synthetic resin. The connecting leads are radially positioned, and it is a polarised capacitor.
Capacity
Capacity values range from 0,1F to 1 000F.
Tolerance
The capacitor has a general tolerance of 20%.
Leakage
The tantalum capacitor is a low leakage device. Leakage currents range from 2A, at 35 Volts in a 0,22F
capacitor, to 20A at 16 Volts in a 100F capacitor. The amount of leakage current in a tantalum capacitor
is influenced by temperature.
Voltage rating
Tantalum capacitors are most commonly obtainable in voltages of 3, 6, 10, 16, 20 and 35 Volts but ratings
of up to 120 Volts are available.
Application
The tantalum capacitor offers high capacitance value in a small volume with an excellent shelf life. They
are used where stability, low leakage, low self-inductance and small size are required. Applications include
filtering, coupling and decoupling. The tantalum capacitor is the preferred type for coupling and decoupling
and, because of its frequency characteristics, it can be used at higher frequencies. Tantalum capacitors are
voltage sensitive and should not be exposed to applications subject to voltage spikes or surges. These
capacitors should also not be exposed to DC or peak AC voltages in excess of 2% of their rated DC
voltages.
CAP-1 :16
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3.
CERAMIC CAPACITORS
Figure 12
CONSTRUCTION
The ceramic capacitor consists of a thin ceramic plate, rectangular or circular in shape, with both sides being
metallised. The plates are provided with soldered connecting leads fixed to the plates with high-melting
point solder. The connecting leads are coated with several layers of lacquer for moisture proofing. The
capacitor is a non-polarised type.
Capacity
Capacity values range from 1,8pF to 22 000pF, but values of up to 2,2F are manufactured.
Voltage rating
The rated DC voltage ranges from 3,3 Volt to 6 kV DC.
Leakage
Leakage across the dielectric is negligible at the rated voltage.
Obtainable in various positive, negative and zero temperature coefficients.
Application
These capacitors are high insulation resistance components used for filtering, bypass, coupling and
decoupling of circuits. Ceramic capacitors are very sensitive to frequency and temperature changes.
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CAP-1 :17
METALLISED POLYESTER CAPACITORS
Figure 13
CONSTRUCTION
The metallised polyester capacitor consists of a low-inductance winding of metallised polyethylene
terephthalate (PETF) film and radial leads of tinned copper wire. The winding is protected by a hard, water
repellent, solvent resistant lacquer coating. The capacitor is non-polarised, ie. not polarity dependent.
Capacity
Ranges from 0,001 to 4,7F are obtainable.
Tolerance
Capacity is either 10% or 20%.
Leakage
The resistance between the plates is greater than 30 000M for values less than 0,33F and greater than 10
000, times the F value, for values greater than 0,33F.
Voltage rating
Obtainable in 100, 250, 400 and 630 Volts, DC ratings.
Application
The metallised polyester capacitor is probably the type of capacitor most widely used today. It is used in
electronic equipment in general and industrial applications. It is moisture resistant, has a high insulation
resistance, is small in size and renders medium stability. Its capacitance will vary widely with temperature
changes, it is also used for DC blocking, filtering and spike suppression.
NOTE
Although still found in existing equipment, these capacitors are no longer obtainable in colour coded values.
The values are now indicated by typograhpic codes.
CAP-1 :18
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METALLISED POLYCARBONATE CAPACITORS
Figure 14
Construction
This capacitor uses stacked layers of metallised polycarbonate to achieve high density with low selfinductance. The lead connections to the body are not insulated and care must be taken to avoid contact with
other components. It is only suitable for use on single-sided printed circuit boards and is non-polarised. The
dielectric has self-healing properties if punctured.
Capacity
Obtainable in values from 0,001 to 50F, but generally up to 2F.
Tolerance
Tolerances are between 5% to 10%.
Leakage
Negligible.
Voltage Rating
Obtainable in DC working voltages of 100 Volts, 250 Volts and 1 000 Volts.
Application
Metallised polycarbonate capacitors are used in industrial equipment where small size, good long-term
stability and low loss are of prime importance. Common applications are:
DC blocking, high-frequency filter and bypass. These capacitors have a good working frequency character
capability (40 to 400kHz). It is small in size, has medium stability and a long life expectancy under load.
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CAP-1 :19
6.
SILVER MICA CAPACITORS
Figure 15
Construction
The silver mica capacitor is made up of metallised mica, stacked in layers, having tinned solder leads
radially positioned and covered in resin. It is a non-polarised capacitor.
Capacity
Obtainable in values from 1pF to 10 000pF - mica chip.
Obtainable in values from 1pF to 100 000pF - mica capacitor.
Tolerance
Tolerance is generally between 1% or 5%.
It has a zero temperature coefficient and is extremely stable.
Voltage rating
Obtainable in voltages from 100 to 2 500 Volts DC - mica capacitor.
Obtainable in DC voltage ratings of 350, 500 and 1 000 Volts - mica chips.
Application
Silver mica capacitors are used in electronic equipment where precision, stability and reliability are of the
utmost importance. These capacitors perform very well at frequencies of 10kHz to 500MHz. They are also
widely used in timing, oscillator and tuned circuits. These capacitors are susceptible to failures if exposed
to DC voltage stresses, humidity and high temperature.
CAP-1 :20
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OIL-FILLED CAPACITORS
Figure 16
Construction
The oil-filled capacitor is constructed of aluminium foil and interspersed, oil-impregnated paper is wound
into a tight cylindrical shape and is contained in a sealed metal can with oil-tight insulated terminals.
Provision is made to surface mount the can vertically. It is a non-polarised capacitor.
Capacitance
Obtainable in values from 0,001 to many thousands of microfarads.
Tolerance
Generally 20%.
Voltage rating
Manufactured in high-voltage ratings of 600 Volts to many thousands of volts.
Has a large positive temperature coefficient.
Application
Oil-filled capacitors are extensively used in power circuits for power factor correction, smoothing in highvoltage rectifiers, high-voltage filtering applications, electric locomotive applications and generally in high
tension applications.
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CAP-1 :21
8.
VARIABLE AND ADJUSTABLE CAPACITORS
Figure 17
Construction
Variable capacitors are made as panel mounting or as small adjustable or trimming capacitors for mounting
as part of a circuit assembly. Variable capacitors use either air, plastic, mica or ceramic dielectric.
Trimming capacitors are also available as concentric, cylindrical or hinged compression plate types.
Capacity
Available in capacities ranging from 8pF to 500pF.
Air capacitors have a positive temperature coefficient. Ceramic trimmers have various temperature
coefficients.
Rotary plate shape
The rotor plates may be shaped so that the capacitor has a linear or logarithmic variation.
Voltage rating
Voltage ranges are from 250 to many thousands of volts.
Application
Used as a variable component in resonant and coupling circuits.
CAP-1 :22
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IDENTIFICATION OF VALUES
The ratings of capacitors are indicated by means of:
1.
Plain indelible printing.
2.
Colour codes.
3.
Typographic codes.
The most important information that may be gained from the indications are:
(a)
Capacity
(b)
Voltage rating
(c)
Tolerance.
Most codes are standardised by international convention, but some codes are peculiar to the manufacturer.
Colour coding for the identification of capacitors is falling into disuse as the paint dipping process for the
colours increases the cost and manufacturing time.
Typographic identification is used to a far greater extent in addition to the use of plain indelible printing
where it is possible to print a legible character.
The most important values for maintenance purposes are:
(i)
Capacity
(ii)
Tolerance
(iii)
Voltage rating
(iv)
Temperature coefficient, where critical such as in accurate, time related circuits.
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CAP-1 :23
PRINTED VALUES
Figure 18
Values are plainly printed on capacitors indicating:
(a)
The capacitance in microfarads, nanofarads or picofarads.
(b)
The DC voltage in volts.
(c)
The polarity is indicated by plus and minus signs.
(d)
A black band at the negative, or metal can end of the body indicate the negative terminal,
or it may be indicated by means of arrowheads pointing to the negative lead.
CAP-1 :24
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COLOUR CODE FOR POLYESTER AND POLYCARBONATE CAPACITORS
Figure 19
The capacity value is given in picofarads using a coding system very similar to the resistor colour code.
The table of values is given below:
COLOUR
TENS
UNITS
MULTIPLIER
TOLERANCE
VOLTAGE
BLACK
20%
BROWN
10
1%
RED
102
2%
250V
ORANGE
103
2,5%
YELLOW
104
400V
GREEN
105
5%
BLUE
VIOLET
GREY
WHITE
10%
NOTE: NOW REPLACED BY TYPOGRAPHIC CODED VALUES
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CAP-1 :25
TYPOGRAPHIC CAPACITOR CODES
Figure 20
The typographic coding uses figures and letters to indicate the ratings of the capacitor.
CAP-1 :26
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TYPOGRAPHIC TOLERANCE CODES
LETTER
Tol. <= 10pF
Tol. >= 10pF
0,1 pF
0,25 pF
0,5 pF
25%
1 pF
1%
2%
2,5%
5%
10%
20%
100%
50%
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CAP-1 :27
IDENTIFICATION OF CAPACITORS
TASK
1.
Ask the Instructor to supply you with capacitors of various types.
2.
Using the information given on the previous pages, name each capacitor type in writing.
3.
Record the following information about each capacitor:

(i)
(ii)
Capacitance in the appropriate submultiple units

Working voltage. State AC or DC.
4.
Ask the Instructor to check your work.
4.
Ask for more capacitors to identify until you are competent. (As decided by the Instructor).
THE TESTING OF CAPACITORS

When a capacitor is connected across an ohmmeter it will be charged by the internal battery supply. If the
capacitor were fully discharged the meter would read a low value and then as the capacitor became charged
the indicated resistance would rise until the capacitor is charged to the voltage of the battery supply. This
test is only suitable for the larger value capacitor.
GOOD CAPACITOR
Charge indication of a good capacitor

Figure 21
CAP-1 :28
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LEAKING CAPACITOR
The ohmmeter will stabilise and indicate a resistance reading if there is a leakage between the plates of the
capacitor.
Leakage resistance of a faulty capacitor

Figure 22
The resistance reading at which the ohmmeter stabilises will be equal to the leakage resistance
between the plates of the capacitor.
FAULTY CAPACITOR SHORT CIRCUIT
The ohmmeter will continuously indicate a very low resistance reading if the capacitor has a near shortcircuit between its plates. There will be no charge indication under such a condition.
A short-circuited capacitor
Figure 23
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CAP-1 :29
FAULTY CAPACITOR OPEN CIRCUIT

The ohmmeter will indicate a continuous high resistance reading, probably close to infinity, if the capacitor
is internally open-circuited.
No leakage or an open circuit capacitor

Figure 24
NOTE:
Small capacitance value capacitors in the pico- and nano-farad ranges having no leakage, will be indicated
as having an open-circuit although the capacitor is in good condition. Since the capacity is low, either very
little or no charge indication will be seen on the ohmmeter.
Any leakage resistance that does exist between the plates of a low value capacitor will be indicated as a
resistance reading on the ohmmeter. Ohmmeter tests of a capacitor are satisfactory for checking leakage
resistance of all capacitors but do not indicate open circuit conditions of low value capacitors.
An ohmmeter test of a capacitor is not a conclusive test of its true condition, but will give an
indication of a capacitor with a major fault.
CAP-1 :30
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OHMMETER TESTS OF A CAPACITOR

TASK
1.
Set up an electronic type analogue multimeter (EVM) for resistance measurement.
2.
Choose a range that will render a center-scale reading of one Mega-ohm.
3.
Take a 1F 16 Volt electrolytic capacitor and momentarily short-circuit its leads to discharge it.
While watching the ohmmeter, connect the positive ohmmeter lead to the positive capacitor lead and
the negative ohmmeter lead to the negative capacitor lead.
4.
Which way does the ohmmeter needle deflect when the circuit is completed?
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5.
Continue to hold the connections to the capacitor until the ohmmeter reading stabilises.
At what resistance reading does the ohmmeter stabilise.
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6.
Reverse the connections to the capacitor without short-circuiting the capacitor leads.
Describe what happens this time.
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7.
Carry out the same experiment with a 1nF non-polarised 250 Volt capacitor.
8.
What indications do you get on the ohmmeter?

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
9.
What is your conclusion?

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-1 :31
TESTING OF CAPACITORS WITH A MEGGER

The megger can be used to test high voltage capacitors for open and short circuits, as well as for excessive
leakage current.
The output voltage at the terminals of a megger is a DC voltage and is normally in the range
250 Volt - 5 000 Volt.
When testing a capacitor by means of a megger, great care must be taken that the megger voltage does not
exceed that of the capacitor under test, failure to observe precaution will damage or destroy the capacitor.
After a capacitor has been tested with a megger it must be discharged by a resistance placed across its
terminals, a 1 resistor should suffice.
Capacitors should not be discharged by means of screwdrivers or wire links as this could result in damage to
the capacitor owing to excessive discharge currents.
CAP-1 :32
Copyright SPOORNET
NOTES
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-1 :33
SELF-TEST QUESTIONS CAP 1

1.
What does the most simple form of a capacitor consists of?

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
2.
What is the purpose of the dielectric in a capacitor?

.................................................................................................................................................
3.
Why is the farad not normally used in practice?

.................................................................................................................................................
4.
Convert one nanofarad to:

(a) picofarads .......................................
(b) microfarad ......................................
5.
Name 3 factors, which affect the value of a capacitor.

(a) ...........................................................................................................................................
(b) ...........................................................................................................................................
(c) ...........................................................................................................................................
6.
Name 5 different types of capacitors.

(a) ...........................................................................................................................................
(b) ...........................................................................................................................................
(c) ...........................................................................................................................................
(d) ...........................................................................................................................................
(e) ...........................................................................................................................................
CAP-1 :34
Copyright SPOORNET
7.
What is a major disadvantage of the electrolytic capacitor?

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
8.
Which capacitor would you expect to be used for very high voltage high-tension applications?
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
9.
Write down the faults that can occur in a capacitor.

(a) ...........................................................................................................................................
(b) ...........................................................................................................................................
(c) ...........................................................................................................................................
(d) ...........................................................................................................................................
10.
Can a meggar be used to test a capacitor?

................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-1 :35
STUDENT EVALUATION
CAP-1 :36
Copyright SPOORNET
ELEMENT
CAP
SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTED

CAPACITORS
OBJECTIVE
On completion of this element you will be able to:
Calculate the total capacitance in series and parallel circuits.
Calculate the capacitance time constant of a resistance capacitance circuit.
WHAT YOU MUST DO

You must be able to calculate total capacitance in series and parallel circuits and calculate the capacitive
time constant in a RC circuit.
Notes
Components
Instruments
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-2 :1
SERIES CONNECTION OF CAPACITORS
Figure 1
When a number of capacitors are connected in series the total capacitance of the circuit is re-duced to a
value below the lowest value capacitor in the circuit.
The following expression is used to calculate the total capacitance in a series circuit shown in figure 1.
where:
1
Ct
1
C1
Ct
C1
C2
C3
Cetc.
=
=
=
=
=
total capacitance
capacitance of the first capacitor
capacitance of the second capacitor
capacitance of the third capacitor
further series capacitors
1
C2
1
C3
1
C etc.
NOTE: Remember to convert all values to the same submultiple.

Capacitors are rated in terms of microfarads (10-6 farad), nanofarad (10-9 farad) and picofarad (10-12 farad).
EXAMPLE
Convert the following to farads:
300 picofarad (pF) =
300 x 10-12 farad
300 nanofarad (nF)
300 x 10-9 farad
300 microfarad (F)
300 x 10-6 farad
Convert the following to microfarad

1 picofarad pF
1 nanofarad nF
CAP-2 :2
=
=
1 x 10-6 F =
1 x 103 F =
000001F
0,001F
Copyright SPOORNET
SERIES CAPACITOR CIRCUIT

EXAMPLE
Calculate the total capacitance value C1, C2, C3 if C1, C2, C3 are all 10F.
Figure 2
C1
10F.
C2
10F.
C3
10F.
Calculate the total capacitance Ct.

1
Ct
Ct
1
C1
1 + 1 + 1
10
=
=
1
C2
1
C3
3
10
1
1
1
+
+
10
10
10
10
3
3,3F
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-2 :3

EXAMPLE
Figure 3
C1
0,01F 250 Volt
C2
100nF 200 Volt
C3
1 000pF 150 Volt
The capacitance values must be converted to a common submultiple. In this case, picofarads will be used.
1
Ct
1
Ct
Ct
C1
0,01F
0,01 x 1 000 000 =
10 000pF.
C2
100nF
100 x 1 000
C3
1 000pF (no conversion required).
=
=
=
1
1
1
+
+
=
C1
C2
C3
10 + 1 + 100
=
100 000
100 000
=
900,0pF
111
100 000pF.
1
1
1
+
+
10 000
100 000
1 000
111
100 000
The answer is best left in picofarads since conversion to nanofarad or microfarad renders a fractional value.
CAP-2 :4
Copyright SPOORNET

TASK
1.
Ask the Instructor for three capacitors, each of a different capacitance value.
2.
Connect the three capacitors in series with each other.
3.
Calculate the total capacitance.
4.
Total capacitance is: .................................................
5.
Ask your instructor to demonstrate the operation of a capacitance bridge then measure the
circuit capacitance by means of a capacitance meter or bridge.
6.
Total capacitance is: .................................................
7.

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-2 :5
PARALLEL CONNECTION OF CAPACITORS
Figure 4
When a number of capacitors are connected in parallel with each other, the total capacitance is increased.
The increase is due to the effective increase in total plate area. The maximum safe voltage that may be
applied to the circuit is equal to the voltage rating of the lowest rated capacitor in the circuit.
The total capacitance of a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the individual values as in the following
expression:
where
Ct
C1 + C2 + C3 + Cetc.
Ct
total capacitance
C1
capacitance of the first capacitor
C2
capacitance of the second capacitor
C3
capacitance of the third capacitor
Cetc. =
CAP-2 :6
further parallel capacitors
Copyright SPOORNET
EXAMPLE 1
Calculate the total capacitance value of the circuit having 3 capacitors each having a value of 10uF and
connected in parallel.
Figure 5
Ct
C1 + C2 + C3
Ct
10F + 10F + 10F
Ct
30F
EXAMPLE 2
Figure 6
The capacitance values must be converted to the same submultiple. In this case, microfarads will be used.
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-2 :7
C1
0,001F (no conversion required)
C2
1nF = 1 x 10 = 0,001F
C3
10 000pF = 10 000 x 106 = 0,01F
Ct
C1 + C2 + C3 = 0,001 + 0,001 + 0,01
Ct
0,012F
The lowest capacitor voltage rating is 350 volts The maximum safe applied voltage is 350 volt.
PARALLEL CAPACITOR CIRCUIT
TASK
1.
Ask the Instructor for three capacitors of different capacitance values.
2.
Connect the three capacitors in parallel with each other.
3.
Calculate the total capacitance.
4.
Total capacitance is: ..........................................
5.
Measure the total capacitance of the circuit by means of a capacitance meter.
6.
Total capacitance is: ..........................................
7.

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
CAP-2 :8
Copyright SPOORNET
SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTION OF CAPACITORS

TASK
Calculate the following :
1.
A series circuit consists of five 10F 250 Volt capacitors.

Total capacity is .......................................................................................................................
2.
A series circuit consists of
C1, 0,1F 250 Volt;

C3 10 000pF 250 Volt.
C2, 10nF 250 Volt;

3.
A series circuit consists of
C1, 100nF 450 Volt;

C3, 100 000pF 350 Volt.
C2, 0,001F 400 Volt;

4.
A parallel circuit consists of
C1, 16F 450 Volt;

C3, 0,5F 350 Volt.
C2, 2F 400 Volt;

Maximum safe applied voltage is .............................................................................................
5.
A parallel circuit consists of
C1, 0,1F 250 Volt;

C3, 100 000pF 150 Volt.
C2, 100nF 200 Volt;
Total capacitance is .................................................................................................................

Maximum safe applied voltage is .............................................................................................
6.
A circuit consists of a series capacitor circuit in series with a parallel capacitor circuit.
The series circuit consists of two capacitors,
C1 of 0,5F 250 Volt and C2 of 0,22F 250 Volt.
The parallel circuit consists of three capacitors,
C3 of 10F 250 Volt, C4 of 10F 250 volt and C5 of 5F 250 Volt.
Total capacitance is .................................................................................................................
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-2 :9
ANSWERS TO TASK QUESTIONS

1.
Total capacity is 2F
2.
Total capacity is 4 762pF or 4,762nF
3.
Total capacity is 980,39pF
4.
Total capacity is 18,5F

Maximum safe applied voltage is 350 Volts
5.
Total capacitance is 0,3F

Maximum safe applied voltage is 150 Volts
6.
Total capacitance is 151,85nF

Request the Instructor for assistance should you experience difficulty with the calculations.
CAP-2 :10
Copyright SPOORNET
CAPACITIVE TIME CONSTANT

When a voltage is applied to the terminals of a circuit containing capacitance, the voltage measured across
the capacitor will not immediately equal the applied voltage.
The time it will take for a capacitor to become fully charged depends on the circuit resistance and the size of
the capacitance in the circuit.
The product of the resistance and capacitance C x R is known as the time constant of the circuit and is the
time the capacitor takes to charge to 63,2% of the applied voltage.
T
C x R seconds
(T seconds, C in Farads R in ohms)
Figure 7
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-2 :11
CAPACITIVE TIME CONSTANT

TASK
Figure 8
1.
Construct the circuit in figure 8.

Leave the DMM out of the circuit.
Bridge the capacitor for ten seconds before carrying out the experiment. Remove the bridge.
2.
You will need a means of accurately measuring time. A wristwatch with a stopwatch facility
second hand will suffice.
or
3.
Leave terminal pairs À' and `B' disconnected as shown in the diagram.
4.
NOTE: Should the task be interrupted at any point before the charge cycle is completed, the capacitor
must be bridged with a 1 k resistance for a short period and the experiment re-started.
5.
POWER ON : Adjust the supply to exactly 10 Volts and then connect the DMM as shown in the
diagram.
6.
Start measuring time when terminal pair À' is bridged out.

Use a link to bridge out terminal pair À'.
Record the following times :
The capacitor charges to 6,3 Volts in ........ seconds.
Because of leakage the capacitor will in most instances not charge up to the supply voltage.
CAP-2 :12
Copyright SPOORNET
7.
What could the reason be for the capacitor failing to charge to10 volts ?
.................................................................................................................................................
8.
Should the capacitor fail to reach a charge of 10 Volts bridge R1 for a second. The DMM
will then read 10 Volts. Remove the bridge and prepare to commence measuring time again.
9.
It will be necessary to recharge the capacitor, as in step 8, should the following experimental
procedure be interrupted at any time before the discharge cycle is completed.
10. Remove the bridge at terminal pair A and commence timing when terminal pair
bridged out.
11.
B is
Record the following times :

The capacitor discharges to 3,7 Volts in ......... seconds.
The capacitor discharges to 0,0 Volts in ........ seconds.
12.
Bridge R1 should the voltage fail to drop to zero.
13.
Completely remove the bridges.
14.
Change C1 to a 10 F tantalum capacitor. Carry out the same procedure as before, recording
how long the capacitor takes to charge to 6,3 Volts and to discharge to 3,7 Volts after
charging to 10 Volts.
Time for charge to 6,3 Volts is ............ seconds.
Time for discharge to 3,7 Volts is ......... seconds.
15
Remove the capacitor and replace it with 100F.

Change R1 to 100k. Remove the bridges.
Discharge C1 for a second as in step 1.
16.
Carry out the procedure again.

Time for charge to 6,3 Volts is ............ seconds.
Time for discharge to 3,7 Volts is ......... seconds.
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-2 :13
17.
On what does the time taken for charge and discharge to the same voltage depend?
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
18.

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
CAP-2 :14
Copyright SPOORNET
Conclusion
(a)
The capacitor draws maximum current at the commencement of a charge or a discharge cycle.
(b) The amplitude of the maximum level of charge or discharge current is dependent on the total
resistance of the circuit.
(c)
During charge, capacitor voltage increases as current decreases.
(d)
During discharge capacitor voltage decreases as current decreases.
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-2 :15
CAPACITOR CHARGE AND DISCHARGE TIME CONSTANT
Figure 9
From the curves in figure 9 above, it is clear that the time a capacitor takes to charge to 63,2 % of the
applied voltage is equal to:
where:
CR in seconds
t
C
R
=
=
=
seconds
capacitance in farads
resistance in ohms
At 2t seconds, it charges to 86% of the applied voltage.

The figures assume that no leakage exists between the plates of the capacitor.
During discharge, the capacitor takes t seconds to discharge from the charged voltage level to 36,8 % of that
level.
In 2t seconds, it discharges to 14% of the charged level.
The figures assume that there is no leakage between the capacitor plates.
Leakage between the plates of a capacitor will increase charge time and decrease discharge time. If the
leakage resistance is comparable to the total circuit resistance, the capacitor will fail to reach the full applied
voltage during a charge cycle.
CAP-2 :16
Copyright SPOORNET

1.
If 3 capacitors are connected in parallel will the total capacitance value increase or decrease?
.................................................................................................................................................
2.
Write down the formula for 3 capacitors connected in series.

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
3.
Calculate the total capacitance of a circuit containing a 20F, 40F and a 80F capacitor
connected in:
(a) Series ................................................................................................................................
(b) Parallel .............................................................................................................................
4.
Calculate the total capacitance of a circuit containing: 0,02F, 200nF, and a 2 000pF
connected in parallel.
5.
capacitor
If you have two 50F capacitors how would you connect them to obtain a 25F capacitor?
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
6.
Define the term capacitive time constant and write the formula.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
7.
Calculate the time it will take for a 5F capacitor connected in series with a
1M resistor to charge up to 3,16 Volt if the voltage applied to the capacitor is 5 Volt.
.................................................................................................................................................
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-2 :17
STUDENT EVALUATION
CAP-2 :18
Copyright SPOORNET
ELEMENT
CAP
OBJECTIVE
On completion of this element you will be able to :
(a) explain the behaviour of a capacitor in an AC circuit
(b) explain the term capacitive reactance
(c) calculate the capacitive reactance of a circuit containing a capacitor
(d) explain the phase relationships between voltage and current in a capacitive circuit.
WHAT YOU MUST DO

You must be able to explain the behaviour of a capacitor in an AC circuit, the term capacitive reactance, the
phase relationship between voltage and current and calculate capacitive reactance.
Notes
Components
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-3 :1
A capacitor, once fully charged will tend to block the flow of current in a DC circuit. Current will only flow
during the charge and discharge cycles.
A capacitor connected in an AC circuit behaves in an entirely different manner, in that a continuous current
flow does take place in the circuit.
The value of this current is determined by the resistance in the circuit. The size of the capacitance and the
frequency of the supply voltage.
Experiment to demonstrate capacitive reactance and the effect frequency has on a CR circuit
Figure 1
CAP-3 :2
Copyright SPOORNET
TASK
1.
Connect circuit as above.
2.
Apply 2 volt RMS at 1 kHz, to the circuit.
3.
Note the reading on the oscilloscope .................................................
4.
Increase the frequency to 5kHz.

Note the voltage reading .....................................................................
5.
Reduce the frequency to 50Hz note the reading ..............................
6.
Replace the function generator with a DC voltage supply of 2 Volt.

Note the reading after a few seconds ................................................
7.
What is the effect of frequency on the circuit? .................................
From the experiment it is evident that a capacitor does not block AC but, as the frequency tends to decrease
towards DC, the capacitor offers greater opposition to current flow in the circuit.
The plates of the capacitor DE, charge and discharge as the polarity of the voltage to them varies.
At one instant, plate D will have a positive voltage applied to it and plate E will be negative. The next
instant conditions will reverse with plate E having a positive potential applied to it with plate
D now being negative.
The AC current flow in the circuit is due to the charge and discharge currents during each half-cycle.
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-3 :3
CAPACITIVE REACTANCE
Capacitive reactance is the opposition to a voltage change offered by the capacitance of a circuit.
In a DC circuit, no continuous flow of current occurs except for charge and discharge cycles. The capacitive
reactance is infinitely high and "blocks" the current flow. In an alternating current circuit, the AC
continuously varies in value and polarity. The capacitor therefore continuously charges and discharges,
which results in a parent current flow in the circuit.
The magnitude of the charging current and charging voltage depends on the frequency, capacitance and
impedance of the circuit.
Capacitive reactance can be calculated by using the following expression:
Xc
1
2f C
Where Xc
capacitive reactance in ohms
3,142
frequency in Hz
capacitance in farads
Since the farad is such a large unit, the expression can be modified to:
Xc
10 6
2f C
where C = microfarads
The current flow in a pure capacitive circuit can be calculated from:

I
V
Xc
RMS current
RMS voltage
Xc
Capacitive reactance is ohms
CAP-3 :4
Copyright SPOORNET
EXAMPLE
Calculate the capacitive reactance of:
(a)
0,1F capacitor operating at 1kHz
(b)
0,1F capacitor operating at 100kHz
(c)
What is the current flow in the capacitance circuit at 1kHz if the supply volts is 10 Vrms.
(a)
Xc
=
=
1
2f C
1
2 x x 1 x 10 3 x 0,1 x 10 -6
= 1590
(b)
Xc
=
=
1
2f C
1
2 x x 100 x 10 3 x 0,1 x 10 -6
= 15,9
(c)
Ic
10
1590
10
1590
0,0062
6,2mA
V
Xc
It should be noted that the capacitive reactance (resistance) varies dramatically with a variation in frequency.
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-3 :5
TASK
Calculate the capacitive reactance of a 0,1F capacitor at the following frequencies.
(a)
107Hz
(b)
1Hz
Calculate the Ic for both the capacitance circuits (a) and (b) the supply voltage is 10 Volts.
PHASE RELATIONSHIPS IN A CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
The phase relationship between the current and voltage of a capacitive circuit is that in a capacitive circuit
the current leads the voltage by 90o.
For a purely capacitive circuit, the current leads the voltage by 90o but, with resistance and capacitance in
the circuit, the amount by which the current leads the voltage is dependant on the ratio of the capacitor and
the resistor. One may ask why the currents lead the voltage. The reason for this is because, at the moment
the capacitor starts to charge, the voltage across it is zero, whereas the current flow is maximum.
CAP-3 :6
Copyright SPOORNET
PHASE ANGLE
TASK
Figure 2
1.
Construct the circuit in figure 2.
2.
Set up the function generator for maximum output voltage at a frequency of 1,6kHz sine
waveform.
3.
Sets up the scope for measurement, triggering on channel one.
4.
Does the voltage on channel 2 lead or lag the voltage on channel 1 ?

..............................................................................................................................................
5.
What is the approximate angle of phase difference?

..............................................................................................................................................
6.
What does the voltage on each channel represent?

..............................................................................................................................................
7.

..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-3 :7
PHASE ANGLE
EXPLANATION
Figure 3
Channel one is connected to the applied voltage of the circuit and represents that voltage.
Channel two is connected across the series resistor R. The voltage drop across R is due to the circuit
current. Channel two represents the current flowing in the circuit.
The circuit is a capacitive circuit.
It will be seen on the oscilloscope that the voltage across R, as seen on channel two, leads the applied
voltage on channel one by less than 90o due to the series resistor in the circuit.
The current in a purely capacitive circuit leads the applied voltage by 90o .
The current in a resistive circuit is in phase with the applied voltage.
CAP-3 :8
Copyright SPOORNET
PHASE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CURRENT AND VOLTAGE IN A PURELY CAPACITIVE CIRCUIT
We have seen that the current leads the voltage by 90o when a capacitor is connected to an alternating
current circuit.
Figure 4(a)
Figure 4 (b)
The voltage Vc can be determined by the expression

Vc
I x Xc
I x
1
2f C
PHASE RELATIONSHIP
CAPACITANCE
IN
CIRCUIT
CONTAINING
BOTH
RESISTANCE
AND
When a resistor and capacitor are connected in series the current is still leading but with an angle between 0
and 90o depending on the resistance and reactance value.
Figure 5
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-3 :9
THE PHASOR RELATIONSHIP IS SHOWN BELOW
Figure 6
Vc
I x Xc
From the above

V2
Vr2 + Vc2
From Pathagoras a2
Iz2
(I x R)2 + (I x Xc)2
Z2
R2 + Xc2
b2 + c2
R 2 + Xc2
The term Z is called the impedance and is the total opposition to the flow of alternating current in an AC
circuit.
The current in the circuit I
Phase angle Tan
V
Z
Xc
R
tan-1
Xc
R
cos-1
R
Z
VR
IxR
I x Xc
R
Z
Can also be calculated
Voltage across resistor

Voltage across capacitor Vc
Phase angle cos
CAP-3 :10
Copyright SPOORNET
EXAMPLE
A 0,33F capacitor is connected in series with a 5 000 resistor.
The supply voltage is 250 Vrms at 100Hz.
1.
Calculate the following:

......................................
Impedance
......................................
Current
......................................
Phase angle
......................................
Voltage across the resistor
......................................
Voltage across the capacitor
......................................
The power dissipated in the circuit
Copyright SPOORNET
......................................
CAP-3 :11
SERIES RC CIRCUIT
EXAMPLE
Figure 7
Supply voltage
250 Vrms
Frequency
100 hertz sine waveform
Resistance
5 000
Capacitance
0,33F
Xc
1
2f C
XC
4823 (to the nearest)
Z
Z
=
=
R 2 + Xc2
6947
V
Z
36mA leading
Reactance:=
1
2 x x 100 x 0,33 x 10 -6
Impedance:=
5 000 2 + 4 823 2
Current:-
CAP-3 :12
250
6947
Copyright SPOORNET
CIRCUIT VOLTAGES:Voltage across resistor:VR
IxR
180 Volts
5 000 x 0,036
Voltage across capacitor:Vc
I x Xc
Vc
173,6 Volts
4 823 x 0,036
SUPPLY VOLTAGE
The voltage across the components can not be added to obtain the supply voltage as in a resistance circuit.
The voltages in this circuit are not in phase with each other, and can only be added vectorially to obtain the
correct answer e.g. 180 + 173,6 is not equal to 250 Volt.
Figure 8
Supply voltage
VR
+ Vc2
To prove the answers calculated by adding VR and VC vectorially:V
Copyright SPOORNET
180 2 + 173,6 2
250 Volt
CAP-3 :13
PHASE ANGLE:IMPEDANCE
VOLTAGE
Figure 9 (a)
Figure 9(b)
From the impedance vector diagram:Tan
=
=
=
=
Xc
R
4 823
=
5 000
tan-1 0,9646
43,9o leading
0,9646
VR
V
180
=
250
cos 1 0,72
43,9 o leading
0,72
From the voltage vector diagram:Cos
=
=
CAP-3 :14
=
=
Copyright SPOORNET
POWER DISSIPATED
P
= V x I x Cos
= 250 x 36 x 10-3 x Cos 43,9
= 6,485 Watts
SERIES RC CIRCUITS
TASK
1.
A series RC circuit consisting of a resistor, R1 of 100 and a capacitor, C1 of 32 F is
a sinusoidal supply voltage of 250 Volts at 50 hertz.
connected to
CALCULATE:(a)
Reactance
..........................................................................
(b)
Impedance ..........................................................................
(c)
Circuit current
(d)
..........................................................................
(e)
..........................................................................
(f)
Angle of lead or lag (specify) between the current and the applied voltage ...................
(g)
Apparent power
(h)
True power ..........................................................................
Copyright SPOORNET
..........................................................................
..........................................................................
CAP-3 :15
NOTES
CAP-3 :16
Copyright SPOORNET

1.
How does the behaviour of a capacitor connected in a DC circuit differ with that of a
capacitor connected in and AC circuit ?
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
2.
What factors determine the current flow in a resistance capacitance circuit?

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
3.
Define capacitive reactance.

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
4.
Write down the formula for capacitive reactance.

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
5.
Calculate the capacitive reactance of a 0,25 F capacitor operating at 40 kHz and what
current flow be if the supply was 15 Vrms?
would the
.................................................................................................................................................
6.
Write down the phase relationship between the current and voltage in a capacitance circuit.
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
7.
What do you understand by the term phase angle?

.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................
Copyright SPOORNET
CAP-3 :17
8.
A 0,1 F capacitor is connected in series with a 10 k resistor supply voltage 100 Vrms at 5 kHz
calculate the (a)
..........................................................................................
(b)
Impedance
..........................................................................................
(c)
Current in the circuit
..........................................................................................
(d)
Phase angle
(e)
..........................................................................................
(f)
..........................................................................................
(g)
Power dissipated in the circuit .................................................................................
CAP-3 :18
.......................................................................................
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CAP-3 :20
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CAP

COMPILED BY: E van Loggerenberg en M F Booysen

Modular Training Section

General Manager Infrastructure (Spoornet)

(011) 773-3451 or (011) 773-3615

COPYRIGHT: NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE

Current flow in a capacitor

Colour coding of capacitors

Series connection of capacitors

Parallel connection of capacitors

Capacitive time constant

SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTED CAPACITORS

Explain the charging and discharging cycle of a capacitor.

Identify different types of capacitors from a selection of capacitors supplied.

Explain the effect of a variation in frequency on the capacitive reactance of a capacitor.

WHAT YOU MUST DO

WHAT YOU WILL BE GIVEN

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

Oscilloscope (dual trace)

Various sizes of the following types of capacitors for demonstration purposes:

1k 0,5 watt resistor

Explain the charging and discharging of a capacitor.

Demonstrate the charging and discharging cycle of a capacitor.

Identify 5 different types of capacitors from a selection of different capacitors.

WHAT YOU MUST DO

THE EFFECT OF CAPACITANCE ON THE VOLTAGE IN A DC CIRCUIT

CURRENT FLOW IN A CAPACITOR

Watching the ammeter, insert a link between terminals "A".

What are your observations?

What is the value of the voltage across the capacitor?

Remove the link between terminals "A".

What is the voltage across the capacitor before it starts to discharge?

What are your conclusions?

OUTLINES AND SYMBOLS FOR CAPACITORS

FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE VALUE OF CAPACITANCE

The surface area of the plates

The dielectric separating the plates

The distance separating the plates of a capacitor

the capacitance value,

the tolerance value and the

picofarad (pF) (10-12 farad),

nanofarad (nF) (10-9 farad), and

microfarad (F) (10-6 farad).

METHOD FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF HIGHER VALUES OF CAPACITANCE

Foil and insulation cylinder

TANTALUM CAPACITORS (SOLID ELECTROLYTIC)

METALLISED POLYESTER CAPACITORS

METALLISED POLYCARBONATE CAPACITORS

SILVER MICA CAPACITORS

VARIABLE AND ADJUSTABLE CAPACITORS

Plain indelible printing.

Temperature coefficient, where critical such as in accurate, time related circuits.

The capacitance in microfarads, nanofarads or picofarads.

The DC voltage in volts.

The polarity is indicated by plus and minus signs.

COLOUR CODE FOR POLYESTER AND POLYCARBONATE CAPACITORS

NOTE: NOW REPLACED BY TYPOGRAPHIC CODED VALUES

TYPOGRAPHIC CAPACITOR CODES

TYPOGRAPHIC TOLERANCE CODES

Tol. <= 10pF

Tol. >= 10pF

Ask the Instructor to supply you with capacitors of various types.

Record the following information about each capacitor: