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f ( x ) = an ( x c1 ) 1 ( x c2 ) 2 "( x ck ) k , r1 + r2 + " rk = n
r
where the c's are the real or complex roots of the polynomial.
Examples of polynomials in factored form are
f ( x ) = 3 x ( x 2 ) ( x + 1) and f ( x ) = x ( x 2 + 3) ( x 4 )( x + 5 )
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The leading term is the term in expanded form with the __________
exponent. In factored form, the leading terms of each factor need to be
__________ together to find the leading term.
6.
7.
Practice: Write the leading term, degree, leading coefficient, and constant for each
polynomial.
Leading
Term
Polynomial
Degree
Leading
Coeff.
Constant
f ( x ) = 5 x 6 4 x3 + 2 x 5
f ( x ) = 3 x 4 + 5 x 2 + 4
f ( x ) = 3 ( x 2 ) ( x + 5 )( 2 x 3)
2
f ( x ) = 4 x ( x 2 + 1) ( x 3)( x + 2 )
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
f ( x ) = ( x 3)( x + 2 )
f ( x ) = x ( x 3) ( x + 3)
3
x = a is a real number.
a.
b.
c.
The larger the exponent on a factor, the __________ the graph will be
near that root.
d.
The only place that a polynomial (any continuous function) can change
signs is at an _______________.
Practice: Write a polynomial function, in factored form, that is negative on the far
right side, crosses the x-axis at x=3, and touches the x-axis at x=-1.
Practice: Write a polynomial function, in factored form, that is positive on the far
right side, touches the x-axis at x=4 and x=-4, and crosses the x-axis at x=0.
20.
Sign Charts
a.
Look at the function in _____________ form and find all the zeros.
Put these on number line in the proper order.
b.
When making a sign chart, always start on the __________ and work
your way to the ____________. This is because the sign on the
__________ side can be determined by looking at the leading
coefficient.
c.
21.
( x + 1)
b.
c.
d.
22.
b.
c.
d.
23.
a + bi is a
b is a solution,
b.
f ( x ) = 2 x5 5 x3 + 4 x 2 + 3x
24.
25.
Polynomial Division.
a.
b.
Synthetic Division
5 4 2
3 6 6
1 2 2 4
1
a.
b.
Write down the coefficients in the dividend and leave a blank line
below them. If there are any missing powers, you will need to write a
________ as a placeholder.
c.
To the left of the values, write the root that corresponds to the factor.
If x a is the factor, then write a to the left.
d.
e.
f.
The values in the next column are ____________ and the sum is
written at the bottom of that column. These last two steps are
repeated until the division is done.
g.
( 3x
5 x3 + 4 x 2 2 x + 2 ) ( x 2 )
26.
Remainder Theorem:
a.
b.
27.
Factor Theorem:
a.
b.
28.
Upper and Lower Bound Theorems: (requires real coefficients and a positive leading
coefficient - factor a -1 out if leading coefficient is negative)
a.
b.
c.
d.
Another way to state the upper bound theorem (so that you dont have
to worry about the leading coefficient being negative) is that the value
is an upper bound if all the values in the quotient are the __________
__________.
e.
29.
3 1 2
4 2 2
2 1 1 4
2
f ( x ) = 2 x3 + 3 x 2 x 2 , then f ( 2 ) = ____________.
b.
x = 5 is an ___________ bound
x = 2 is a __________ bound
3 18 62
10 35 85
7 17 23
f ( x ) = 2 x 3 3 x 2 18 x 62 , then f ( 5 ) = ____________.
c.
3 14
f ( x ) = 2 x 3 3 x 2 14 x 5 , then f ( 2 ) = ____________.
d.
x = 3 . If f ( x ) = x3 3 x 2 4 x + 8 , then
f ( 3) = ____________.
3
3
0
8
4
0 12
4 4
e.
f.
1 4
5 6
8 15
5 15
3
0
7
0
7
30.
b.
31.
Use the information given to answer the questions about the polynomial
function.
f ( x ) = 6 x 6 25 x5 + 38 x 4 46 x3 + 44 x 2 + 8 x 16
f ( x ) = 6 x 6 + 25 x5 + 38 x 4 + 46 x 3 + 44 x 2 8 x 16
2
f ( x ) = ( 2 x + 1)( 3x 2 )( x 2 ) ( x 2 + 2 )
a.
b.
c.
As
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
32.
Use the information given to answer the questions about the polynomial
function.
f ( x ) = x 7 + 19 x5 99 x3 + 81x
f ( x ) = x 7 19 x5 + 99 x3 81x
f ( x ) = x ( x 2 1)( x 2 9 )
a.
b.
c.
As
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
33.
a.
b.
c.
When you list all of the possible rational roots in order, you get:
8, 4, 83 , 2, 43 , 1, 23 , 13 , 13 , 23 ,1, 43 , 2, 83 , 4, 8
Perform synthetic division using a value from the list of possible rational roots.
Begin with something simple and sort of in the middle. x = 1 works well.
3
3
d.
7
3
10
6 12
10
4
4 8
8
8
0
try extreme values like 8. They're unlikely to work and we are not
able to eliminate any values if they don't.
Now we try something else. There's still a possibility of 1 positive from Descartes'
Rule of Signs and we've ran out of nice values, so let's try a negative like x = 1 .
f.
g.
3 10
4 8
3 7
3
3 7 3 5
It didn't work and it's not a __________ bound, so let's move on and
try something else, say x = 2 .
3 10 4 8
6 8 8
3 4 4 0
i.
( 3x 2 ) = 0 , so the
j.
34.
35.
b.
c.