Digital Architecture

Digital Architecture Term paper, 2014-15
Var3design@gmail.com
TERM PAPER -1
SHAPE GRAMMARS
1.1 SHAPE GRAMMARS (INVENTED BY GEORGE STINY):
Set of shape rules that apply in a step-by-step manner to generate a set, or language of designs.
Both descriptive and generative. The rules generate or compute designs, and the rules themselves
are descriptions of the forms of the generated designs. It is a way to study 2- and 3-dimensional
languages.
1.2 Shape grammar perform computation with shapes in two steps
a. Recognition of a particular shape
b. Possible replacement of the shape.
Shape grammars are most useful when confined to a small, well-defined generation problem
such as housing layouts and structure refinement.
1.3 PURPOSES - Used as design analysis tools & to develop new languages of designs on the
basis of existing ones.
1.4 Languages are created by

a. Transforming the spatial relations underlying grammars for
existing languages.
b. A known style is first analyzed by inferring a grammar for it,
c. the rules of the grammar are transformed,
d. Then the transformed rules become the basis for a new grammar and style.
1.5 PROPERTIES - The components of shape rules are shapes: points, lines, planes, or
volumes. Shape rules generate designs using the shape operations of addition and subtraction,
and spatial transformations familiar to designers such as shifting, mirroring, and rotating. Spatial,
rather than textual or symbolic, algorithms. It treats shapes as non-atomic entities. Shape
grammars are nondeterministic. The user may have many choices of rules, and ways to apply
them, in each step of a computation.
1.6 DESCRIPTION
a. A shape grammar consists of shape rules and a generation engine that selects and
processes rules. A shape rule defines how an existing (part of a) shape can be
transformed.
b. A shape rule consists of two parts separated by an arrow
pointing from left to right. The part left of the arrow is
termed the Left-Hand Side (LHS). It depicts a condition in
terms of a shape and a marker. The part right of the arrow
is termed the Right-Hand Side (RHS). It depicts how the LHS
shape should be transformed and where the marker is
positioned. The marker helps to locate and orient the new
shape.
1.7 Functioning
a. A shape grammar minimally consists of three shape rules: a start rule, at least one
transformation rule, and a termination rule.
b. The start rule is necessary to start the shape generation process.
c. The termination rule is necessary to make the shape generation process stop. The
simplest way to stop the process is by a shape rule that removes the marker.
d. A shape grammar system additionally has a working area where the created geometry
is displayed.
e. The generation engine checks the existing geometry, often referred to as Current
Working Shape (CWS), for conditions that match the LHS of the shape rules. Shape
rules with matching LHS are eligible for use.
a. If more than one rule applies, the generation engine has to choose which rule to apply.
b. In the alternative scenario, the engine first chooses one of the grammar rules and then
tries to find all matches of the LHS of this rule in the CWS.
c. If there are several matches, the engine can (depending on its
configuration/implementation); apply the rule to all matches in parallel, apply the rule to
all matches serially (which might lead to inconsistencies) or choose one of the detected
matches and apply the rule to only this match.
1.8 Developing and Applying a Standard Shape Grammar
1.10 Spatial Transformation
1.11 BOOLEAN OPERATIONS UNION, INTERSECTION & SUBTRACTION.

1.12 LABELS - Symbols, numbers, or words that restrict the way that rules apply.
1.13 3D SHAPE GRAMMAR - Shape grammars are useful in generating 3d models they give
various options for massing of an object or a building .the rules applied on 3d shapes are similar
to those applied on 2d models to generate various options of building mass .
Software using shape grammar: SGI- Shape Grammar Interpretter & Cityengine
TERM PAPER-2
LIGHTING DESIGN
2.1 Introduction -This is a list of Lighting Design software for use in analyzing photometric,
BIM (Building Information Modeling), and 3D modeling. The software is typically used by
importing the structural design via CAD files. Then lighting elements are inserted. And finally,
the lighting objects are associated with a photometry via IES files. The photometry of a light
fixture describes the way it distributes its light into space. Once this process is completed, the
luminance and luminance produced by each fixture in the space can be calculated. The output is
typically a diagram indicating these by means of colors or numbers. This typically is the goal of
technical photometry software.
In marketing and higher-level design, 3D photometric analysis is useful to give a graphical (no
numeric) output of a proposed design.
2.2 Features:
It analyses the various types of lighting installed in the building by simulating the
installed lights for its output and then it is calibrated for day & night.
It is useful in analyzing the type of light and visualize the ambience that will be generated
after installation even before the system is installed
2.3 Methodology:
Floor area, furnitures, mounting height, openings etc are the inputs which are provided
to various lighting softwares and the software provides the resultant lighting design by
simulating it with the fixtures selected during simulations.
2.4 Available Softwares:The various softwares free and paid available for a efficient lighting design which includes
AGi32, CalcuLuX , Capture Polar, DIALux, GrandMa 3D, LD Assistant, LightCalc, Lighting
Design, Microlux, Maclux Pro, OptisWorks, OptiWin 3D pro, Rayfront, Relux, SPEOS,
Vectorworks Spotlight, LXFree, LXBeams, Visual, Lighting Reality, TracePro, LightStar 4D,
Light-in-Night Road, Ulysse, Wysiwyg.
2.5 LIGHTCALC BY ENVIRO SYSTEM.
LightCalc was created to solve the problems of lighting calculation. No longer is it necessary to
know any of the math! The program works with information the designer has ready access to;
ceiling
height,
room
width
and
length,
counter
height,
color
pallette,
etc.
LightCalc goes to work determining the appropriate foot-candle level, fixture spacing, and it
will suggest a ceiling layout for your fixtures. The program was written by Michael De Luca,
ASID, CKD, NCIDQ for interior designers and architects, knowing what is important to them
and what types of information they normally will have at hand. LightCalc is fun, yet accurate to
use, and a superb tool to show the client the effects of the lighting plan while still on the drawing
board.
2.6 Summary of features:
Determines the overall reflectance in the room.
Finds the proper footcandle level for general, task, and art lighting.
Adjust the footcandle level for dark to light rooms and client age.
Determines the proper spacing needed.
Uses both Inverse Square Law and Lumen methods.
Suggests a grid layout for general lighting.
Art Lighting - See the light right on artwork.
TERM PAPER-3
DIGITAL SUSTAINABILITY
3.1 Introduction -Sustainability in architecture relates to endurance, self-sustaining and long
lasting. It is achieved by designing energy efficient & sustainable buildings. In this
presentation we have learnt the uses of various Building information modeling softwares
and their utility in making safe sound well endured building concepts/ results ASAP and
precision.
3.2 Features
A. It is related to analyzing the building performance analysis (by means of various
computer softwares and tools.
B. Various softwares used includes AutoCAD; CAD/CAM, REVIT, SKETCHUP, 3DMax,
Solid works, River valley, Climate Consultant, Equest, energy plus, ecotect etc.
C. Aims at analyzing the energy modeling of the building and its service coordination well
before its execution.
3.3 Methodology
A. Typical way of doing any Building information modeling by means of any mentioned
softwares includes providing various building datas (actual + assumed) including
materials, openings, climate whether Data, occupancy, running hours, orientation etc.,
then it is simulated in the computer program and output thus generated is then visualized
with various available options to pick the best suited system for the building considering
its whole life span & cost.
3.4 DIGITAL CONCEPTUALISATION

A. Concept is the primitive idea from which a design evolves out.
B. In 1963, Ivan Sutherlands Sketchpad program demonstrated that computers could be

used for drafting and modeling.
C. By the mid-1990s, architectural practice without graphics software had become

unimaginable, and today, digital design technologies have been adopted almost
universally as the predominant means of production in architectural practice.
3.5 Digital Techniques:

A. Digital techniques of representations & visualizations were being applied in early design
stages in order to explore & investigate key design issues such as circulation, massing,
site relationships, analysis of views etc. Visual techniques were used by the design team
not only to develop the scheme but also to inform & involve the client in the design
process.
3.6 Parametric Expression

A. Parametric modelling techniques used to integrate the development of design schemes rather
than modelling components separately & individually. Parametric framework is substantially
different from conventional CAD modelling approaches, requiring less effort on remodeling
& the maintenance of consistency.
3.7Digital Sketch Modelling
B. Digital techniques are evolved to support & preserve key sketch design ideas as they evolve
& develop. Sketching is done on papers, but increasingly sketches are digitally captured in
some way such as through scanning devices. This type of model is often used by Frank
Gehry.
3.8 Softwares
01. Climate consultant:A. It is a graphical tool to analyze the prevailing site conditions.
B. Visual display of overall patterns
C. Translates outdoor conditions to indoor comfort
D. Sun shading plot & Sun overlays
E. Radiation Range Chart
F. Psychrometric Charts: hours for a specific day as points in sequence
02. eQuest:A. Performs detailed comparative analysis of building designs and technologies
B. Applies simulation techniques
C. provide a single-run results summary
D. a comparative results summary from multiple separate building simulation runs
E. parametric tabular reports to compare annual results by endues, incremental or
cumulative results
F. Evaluates whole-building performance throughout the entire design process.
G. Explores the energy performance of design concepts from the earliest design
phase.
H. Supports
detailed
analysis
throughout
the
construction
documents,
commissioning, and post-occupancy phases.

I. Enables automated quality control checks of simulation inputs and results
03. Design Builder:A. A simplified CAD interface, templates, wizards, and most compact air system
configurations of Energy Plus.
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TERM PAPER-4
Digital fabrication
4.1 Introduction -Digital fabrication is a type of manufacturing process where the machine
used is controlled by a computer. The most common forms of digital fabrication are:
a) CNC Machining: where, typically, shapes are cut out of wooden sheets this is the
main technology used by Open Desk products at the moment
b) 3D Printing: where objects are built up out of layers of metal or plastic
c) Laser Cutting: where materials like metal are burnt or melted by a laser beam
d) There are a huge range of digital fabrication techniques.
4.2- 3D Printer Processing

When creating three dimensional objects through 3D printing technology using the additive
process, digital footprints or three dimensional plans are created using computer aided design
(CAD).
a) This virtual geometric information is transformed into readable information by the
3D printer. The way that a 3D printer can read such information is through layers
or slices which represent cross sections of the object.
b) There are many variables which determine the result of a print. One of the
variables is the actual material or binding material which composes the future 3D
object. The second, and equally important variable is the printing machine.
4.3 Software used in 3D printinga) AutoCAD

b) Rhino
c) Revit
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d) Google sketch up
e) Maya
4.4 Specialty Materials

Consumer grade 3D printing has resulted in new materials that have been developed specifically
for 3D printers.
a) For example, filament materials have been developed to imitate wood, in its appearance
as well as its texture. Furthermore, new technologies,
b) Such as infusing carbon fiber into printable plastics, allowing for a stronger, lighter
material. In addition to new structural materials that have been developed due to 3D
printing.
c) Iron oxide-free Portland cement powder has been used to create architectural structures
up to 9 feet in height
4.5 Computer Numerical Control (CNC) processes:-CNC processes create objects

by removing material (subtractive).Examples are milling, water jet cutting, and laser cutting.
4.6 Rapid prototyping (RP) processes:-RP processes create objects by building it up

layer-by-layer (additive). Examples are three-dimensional printing, stereo lithography, and
fused-deposition modelling.
CNC processes create objects by removing material from a starting block, rod, or sheet through
computer controlled movements.
Step 1: The user starts the process by preparing a file in the computer, sets up the material in the
machine, and then sends the file to the machine.
Step 2: The machine automatically mills or cuts the material according to the computerized
directions it is given.
Rapid Prototyping (RP) create objects by building up material layer-by layer through computer
controlled movements.
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Step 1: The user starts by preparing a three-dimensional file in the computer, sets up the
machine, and then sends the file to be printed.
Step 2: The machine automatically builds up the material according to the computerized
directions it is given.
4.7 -5 rapid prototyping possesses used in the architectural designa) Stereo lithography (SL)
b) Fused deposition modelling (FDM)
c) Three-dimensional printing (3DP)
d) .MultiJetmodeling (MJM)
e) Laminated object modelling (LOM)
4.8 Fabrication Materialsa) Wood

b) POP
c) Concrete
d) Composite materials
e) Metals
4.9 Positive effects of using 3D PrintingDesigners are physically exploring different designs than they would otherwise be able to with a
physical model.
a) 2D Designers are now using this technology to confirm the quality of their digital
models. 3D printing provides an honest representation of a digital model,
revealing detrimental imperfections that would otherwise go unnoticed.
b) Designers are exploring more designs in a shorter amount of time. Although not
quantified, a few regular users of 3D printing noted this as one of the reasons they
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prefer using the technology as one of their primary methods of creating physical
models.
c) .Designers are evaluating their designs in a range of scales from a single model.
4.9 Negative effects of using 3D Printinga) Designers are designing for the 3D printer rather than for construction processes used to
construct buildings. Therefore, designers are creating buildings with more surfaces and
less slender elements.
b) Students are further removed from the building process. A concern to many professors
and professionals is that students become somewhat removed from the building process
of architecture when they use the 3D printer as a model building technique. The machine
creates the physical object, not the designer.
c) Students are designing homogeneous buildings. The danger here is that students begin to
see buildings as monolithic objects and not as an assembly of a wide variety of
components.
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TERM PAPER-5
2D graphics
5.1 Introduction- Computer graphics is the computer-based generation of digital images
mostly from two dimensional models (such as 2D geometric models, text, and digital images)
and by techniques specific to them.
2Dcomputergraphicsaremainlyusedinapplicationsthatwereoriginallydevelopedupon traditional
printing & drawing technologies but now 2D graphics are very important in the control
peripherals such as printers, plotters, sheet cutting machines, etc.
They were also used in most early video and computer games; and are still used for card and
board games such as solitaire, chess, mahjongg etc
Preferred:They give more direct control of the image than 3D computer graphics (whose
approaches more an into photography than to typography).
5.2 Different techniques in 2d graphics:

1.
A convenient way to create a complex image is to start with a blank canvasraster map
(array of pixelsalso known as a bitmap (or pixmap fits in colour) filled with some
uniform background colorand then" draw"," paint" or" paste" simple patches of colour
on to it, in an appropriate order.
2. LAYERS :
2d graphics can model multiple layers (conceptually of ink, paper, or film; opaque,
translucent, or transparentstacked in a specific order.
The ordering is usually defined by a single number (the layers depth, or distance from
the viewer).
Layered models also allow better anti-aliasing of complex drawings and provide a sound
model for certain techniques such smattered joints and the even-odd rule.
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5.3 2DgraphicsinArchitecture:
a) Form a king drawings
b) Presentation drawings
c) Animation
d) Working drawings
e) Imaginary models
f) 3d printing models
g) 2Dgraphics in medicine
h) Medical animation soften come into their own when they are used to explain topics or
procedures which are especially difficult to imagine, such as demonstrating how a
particular medicine interacts with the body, or illustrating internal an atomical details.
They canal so be hugely effective in educating patients around health topics or
highlighting prevention issues amongst medical practitioners and consumers.
i) 2Dgraphicsinurbanplanning:
j) Both CAD and GIS is being integrated to help the urban designers to make map sand
contours.
k) 2D vector graphics in web designing.
l) Although most Web image sare bitmap images, vector-based graphics are becoming
increasingly important.
m) User soften convert vector images to bitmap images because Web browsers better support
the latter, but this negates many advantages of vector graphics. Also, browsers typically
implement vector graphics viewers as plug- ins. Without native browser support, vector
graphics work poorly on the web.
n) Photography:
o) Various photo editor tools are being used by photographers to edit the photographs to
make them look as they desire.
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TERM PAPER-6
AUGMENTED REALITY IN ARCHITECTURE
ABSTRACT:Augmented Reality(short: AR) has been around since 1990 but that doesnt
mean that it was never there before. The moment that man made gadgets that
could relate to their environment and supply their users with information based on
that, AR was there.
6.1 DEFINITION:Augmented reality (AR) is an important branch of virtual reality.
Its a hot spot of study in recent years. AR is that organically, in real-time and
dynamically overlaying virtual images created by computers and other information on
real environment which the observer sees.
The term augmented reality signifies the projection of an additional virtual content
into the reality. Augmented reality belongs to the so called human-machine interaction-methods.
In general augmented reality means the augmentation of human sensory perception.
To build an augmented reality environment four elements are neede
A combination of -
a real scene viewed by a user and a virtual scene generated by a computer
that augments the scene with additional information.
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RELATED TERMS6.2 Virtual Reality (VR), sometimes referred to as immersive multimedia, is a computer
simulated environment that can simulate physical presence in places in the real world or
imagined worlds. Virtual reality can recreate sensory experiences, which include virtual taste,
sight, smell, sound, and touch.
6.3 Augmented Virtuality (AV) refers to the merging of real world objects into virtual worlds.
As an intermediate case in the Virtuality Continuum, it refers to predominantly virtual spaces,
where physical elements, e.g. physical objects or people, are dynamically integrated into, and can
interact with the virtual world in real-time.
6.4 Mixed Reality (MR), as formally defined by Milgram etal., is a special class of Virtual
Reality (VR) related technologies for creating environments wherein real and virtual world
objects are presented together on a single display.
6.5 HOW AUGMENTED REALITY WORKS:How does one visualize a design for a building, modification to a building, or extension to
anexisting building relative to its physical surroundings?
One solution is to allow a user to walk around thesite where the new building is to be constructed
andvisualise this new artefact in the spatial context ofthe existing environment. AR may be
employed as a technique to provide this visualisation.
The advent of wearable computers (Bass et al.1997; Mann 1998; Thorp 1998) and lightweighthead mounted displays (HMDs) has made it feasible to use augmented reality (AR)
applications.
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6.6 Real and Virtual delays can be matched

Delay the video of the real world to match the delay in the virtual image stream.
(cant be done in optical because it gives the user a direct view of the real world.)
Disadvantage: eliminating dynamic error comes at the cost of delaying both the
real and virtual scenes - user sees everything lagging behind.
6.7 Construction Touring
The first set of known AR system is Campus touring machine by Feiner of
Columbia University (Feiner, 1997). The sketch below illustrates how a MARS
(mobile augmented reality system) unit could be used.
Using that system, user can see certain constructions related information in
campus (department or constructions name), or certain construction in the past.
The system adopts passive sensor (including compass and incline sensor) and
difference GPS, but when user moves faster, system error is bigger.
6.8 Construction Analysis
In Rockwell Science Center, a research group registers by checking ground level
Contour and compare it with local geographic model. Azuma research group
Develop a system, including compass and three rate gyro incline sensor, use a
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Tracking method of video based inertia mixed with optical, with a condition of
Already known land mark can minimize error to a few pixels (Azuma, 1999). But
this system cannot do real time tracking at the moment.
6.9 Construction Rebuilding
Another application of AR system is letting users see characters and events in the
past or in the future. When tourists visit cultural heritage, they can not see their
past scene. For a modernistic tourist it is difficult to imagine past refulgence of a
place. So at some historic sites there are always some actors wearing old-time
habiliments performing past scene. But tourists with outdoor AR system can see
redivious history created by the computer. HMD can shelter modern constructions
or cenotaphs in the back, display culture heritage information at then.
6.10 USE OF AR IN ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING:Talking Places and Urban Story-Telling
Discover and experience Architectural Culture with all your Senses
Discussion of Variants based on different Markers
6.11 AR DEVELOPMENT PLAN:-
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TERM PAPER-7
BIM & IFC
7.1 Introduction
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is
data during
the process of generating and managing building
its life cycle. Building information models (BIMs) are files (often but not
always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) which can be exchanged or
networked to support decision-making about a place.
It uses three-dimensional, real-/me, dynamic building modelling software to
productivity in building design, construction and maintenance period
CAD/CAM + Intelligence = BIM
X, Y, Z =3D
3D + time =4D
4D + cost =5D
5D + sustainability + accessibility.
B.I.M. IS MORE THAN JUST 3D DESIGN, ITS INTELLIGENT:-
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increase
7.2 MEP IN BIM:BIM
is
part
of
for
very
large
projects,
or
players who
can
afford the
implementation
and
costly BIM
systems.
can
be
panacea
as
yet
it
lacks industry
wide
field
surveys
are
done
and
the
BIM
general coordination, but
design modeling
participation. In
any
case,
manually,
the
information
and
7.3 INDUSTRY
Industry
rather, those projects
is
used
that
involve
training
for
typically
of
MEP
later incorporated digitally.
FOUNDATION CLASSES:-
Foundation
Classes
(IFCs) developed
International Alliance
for
of
project that
and
exchange
among different
used
in
project.
It
is a platform neutral, open file
building
the
processthat
Interoperability
by
(IAI) are
the
general models
support
project information
types of
computer
sharing
applications.
format specification that is not controlled by a
single vendor or group of vendors.
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7.4 REVIT
ARCHITECTURE & IFC:-
Revit provides IFC import & fully certified export.

When you
export a Revit building information model to IFC format, the information can
be used directly by other building specialist such as structural & other building services
engineers.
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TERM PAPER-8
CAD DESIGNS: HARDWARE TECHNOLOGIES
Introduction
Tools and technologies used for development of objects generated by CAD are known as
hardware technologies for CAD.
8.1 3D-PRINTERS:a) 3D printers can create almost anything these days, from eyeglasses and coffee mugs
to working handguns. But now architects in Amsterdam are dreaming bigger
b) Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is a process of making a three-dimensional
solid object of virtually any shape from a digital model.
c) 3D printing is achieved using an additive process, where successive layers of
material are laid down in different shapes.
d) The layers of sand are held by a binding agent said to be a magnesium-based solution.
Resolution of the layers is claimed to be 510 millimeters (0.200.39 in).
8.2 TECHNOLOGY:a) D-Shape appears like a big Aluminum structure inside of which the building will be
constructed. CAD-CAM software drives the machinery during the building process. This
structure holds the printer head.
b) The Computer design obtained is downloaded into a STL file and is imported into the
Computer program that controls D-Shapes printer head.
c) The process takes place in a non-stop work session, starting from the foundation level
and ending on the top of the roof, including stairs, external and internal partition walls,
concave and convex surfaces, bas-reliefs, columns, statues, wiring, cabling and piping
cavities.
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d) The solidification process takes 24 hours to complete. The printing starts from the bottom
of the construction and rises up in sections of 5-10mm. Upon contact the solidification
process starts and a new layer is added.
8.3 ADVANTAGES OF D-SHAPE TECHNOLOGY VS TRADITIONAL METHODS
a) Quality. The actual building will correspond to the CAD design to within planned
tolerances of 5-10 millimeters.
b) Quantity/Time: The system is estimated to be four times faster than traditional building
methods.
c) The annual production capacity of the first (smaller) model of D-Shape will be of 2500
m, which is equivalent to twelve two floor buildings.
d) Safety: no human intervention means substantially reduced risk of accidents.
e) D-Shape would lower the costs in terms of both human lives and financially.
f) The advantages of this would be quicker construction, lower labor costs, and less
waste produced.
8.4 3D SCANNER
A 3D scanner is a device that analyses a real-world object or environment to collect data on its
shape and possibly its appearance (e.g. colour). The collected data can then be used to construct
digital three-dimensional models.
8.5 Applications:
a) Architectural industries
b) Optical technologies
c) Nondestructive testing
d) Industrial computed tomography scanning
e) Industrial design
f) Orthotics
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g) Prosthetics
h) Reverse engineering & Prototyping & Quality control inspection
8.6 FUNCTION
The purpose of a 3D scanner is usually to create a point cloud of geometric samples on the
surface of the subject. These points can then be used to extrapolate the shape of the subject (a
process called reconstruction). If colour information is collected at each point, then the colours
on the surface of the subject can also be determined.3D scanners share several traits with
cameras. Like cameras, they have a cone-like field of view, and like cameras, they can only
collect information about surfaces that are not.
8.7 COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINES
What Is Numerical control
I.
Numerical control (NC) is the automation of machine tools that are operated by
precisely programmed commands encoded on a storage medium, as opposed to controlled
manually via hand wheels or levers, or mechanically automated via cams alone. Most NC
today is COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC), in which computers play an
integral part of the control.
II.
Programmed instructions are converted into output signals which in turn control machine
operations such as spindle speeds, tool selection, tool movement, and cutting fluid flow.
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TERM PAPER-9
MIND MAPPING
9.1 ABSTRACT:a) Mind map is an effective graphic organizer tool.
b) Helps in arranging all the scattered ideas and brings them in a concrete form.
c) Facilitate audience to get a brief idea about the topic of presentation thereby making it
even more interesting.
a) Mind map is a powerful graphical technique which harnesses full range of cortical
skills in a single, powerful manner.
b) Word,
c) Image,
d) Number,
e) Logic,
f) Rhythm,
g) Color,
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MIND MAPPING - is a tool, not a solution!

9.2 TYPES OF - MIND MAPPING:1. Reference mind maps for keeping track of information.
2. Presentation mind maps for presenting or training.
3. Planning mind maps for creating plans.
9.3 USES OF - MIND MAPPING:a) note making
b) recall
c) creativity
d) problem solving
e) planning
f) presentations
g) meetings
h) development
i) management
j) brain storming
9.4 BENEFITS OF MIND MAPPING:a) information can be inserted easily
b) can be converted to a standard outline
c) mind maps can reveal problems
d) Presentations.
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9.5 SOFTWARE USED FOR MINDMAPPING:a) Buzan's iMindMap
Buzan Online Ltd
b) MindManager
Mindjet
c) MindMapper
SimTech Systems
d) MindView
MatchWare
e) XMind Pro
XMind Ltd.
9.6 ARCHITECTURE AND MIND MAPPING:-
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TERM PAPER-10
SCRIPTING &ALGORITHM IN DESIGN
10.1 ABSTRACT
WHAT IS A SCRIPTING LANGUAGE..??
a) A scripting language is basically a high level programming language that is
interpreted by another program at runtime rather than compiled by the computers
processor as other programming languages for example C++.
b) Often Scripting languages are embedded in HTML in order to add additional
functionality to WebPages. such as adding dynamic styles or user interaction with the
page.
c) Some of the most popular scripting languages today are Perl, Java script, ASP, PHP, JSP,
Tlc and Python. When it comes to scripting languages running on a server there are 2
different types.
d) Java script is an example of client-side scripting language and a server side
scripting language is such as PHP.
10.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF A SCRIPTING LANGUAGE
IBM's Job Control Language (JCL) is the archetype of languages used to control batch
processing.
a) The first interactive shells were developed in the 1960s to enable remote
operation of the first time-sharing systems, and these used shell scripts, which
controlled running computer programs within a computer program, the shell.
b) Scripting is a property of the primary implementations and uses of a. language.
c) Scripting languages are intended to be very fast to pick up and write programs in. This
generally implies relatively simple syntax and semantics. For example, it is
uncommon to use Java as a scripting language due to the lengthy syntax and
restrictive rules about which classes exist in which files contrast to Python,
where it is possible to briefly define some functions in a file or even eschew
functions to write a top-down script in imperative style.
30
d) A scripting language is usually interpreted from source code or byte code.

e) The software environment the scripts are written for is typically written in a
compiled language and distributed in machine code form.
f) Scripting languages may be designed for use by end users of a program enduser development or may be only for internal use by developers, so they can
write portions of the program in the scripting language.
g) Scripting languages abstract their users from variable types and memory management.
h) Scripts are often created or modified by the person executing them, though they are also
often distributed, such as when large portions of games are written in a scripting
language.
10.3 TYPES OF SCRIPTING LANGUAGES
a) Glue languages - A glue language is a programming language that is designed or
suited for writing glue code code to connect software components. They are
especially useful for writing and maintaining: - Custom commands for a command shell
Smaller programmes than those that are better implemented in a compiled language
Glue language examples: VBScript , JScript and JavaScript, AppleScript.
b) GUI scripting - With the advent of graphical user interfaces, a specialized kind of
scripting language emerged for controlling a computer. These languages interact with
the same graphic windows, menus, buttons, and so on that a human user would. They do
this by simulating the actions of a user. These languages are typically used to
automate user actions. Such languages are also called "macros" when control is
through simulated key presses or mouse clicks.
c) Some GUI scripting languages are based on recognizing graphical objects from
their display screen pixels. These GUI scripting languages do not depend on
support from the operating system or application.
d) Application-specific languages
e) Extension/embeddable languages
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10.4 ALGORITHMS
IT is a list of instructions specifying a preciese description of a step process that terminates after
a finite number of steps for solving ab alogrithm problem producing the correct answer in the
end. It is a recipe for solving problem.
10.5 HOW ALGORITHMS CAN BE USED TO STUDY THE VISUAL PROPERTIES OF
THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
a) Qualitative Measures
b) Analyzing Visual Character
c) Surfaces of the Streetscape
d) Texture of the Streetscape
e) The Significance of Detail Within the Faade of Buildings
f) Visually Assessing the Character of a Streetscape
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TERM PAPER-11
Systems approach & ERP
11.1 Introduction
ERP is acronym for Enterprise Resource Planning and is software that helps an Enterprise
optimize its resources (money, manpower and material) by integrating information and making it
easily accessible and available.
This in turn leads to superior decision making capabilities and execution of business processes
within the Enterprise thereby giving the Enterprise a competitive edge in the marketplace.
11.2 NEED FOR ERP
i. Optimum resource management.
ii. ERP as a solution to Resource Management.
iii. ERP allows for simultaneous access to planning and control
iv. ERP solutions provide competitive advantage to the organization.
v. ERP marries management issues to information technology.
11.3 How ERP System Works

A typical ERP system would use multiple component
of computer software and hardware achieves
integration. ERP delivers a single database that
contains data for the software module.
33
11.4 ERP ARCHITECTURE

Two most commonly employed architecture are:
1.Two-tier Implementations - The server handles both application and database duties.The
clients are responsible for presenting the data and passing user input back to the server.This
distribution of processing responsibilities remains the same even in the presence of multiple
servers.
2.Three-tier Client/Server implementation Architecture - The database and application
functions are separated. This is very typical of large production ERP deployments. Satisfying
client requests requires two or more network connections.The client establishes communications
with the application server which then creates a second connection to the database server.
11.5 INFORMATION INTEGRATION THROUGH ERP SYSTEMS
11.6 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY In any construction project resource management is one of the most important concerns. Its
34
availability and procurement at proper time is the key for successful completion of any project.
Resources include work force (Men), materials, equipment (Machines), standard costs and
budget.(Money). These resources are also called as four Ms of construction industry.
11.7 QUANTIFYING QUALITY IN BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

The quality management system monitors and analyzes quality of the constructed product and
predicts quality problems and issues. Typical quality measures include:
Quality control (QC) tests
a. Number performed
b. Frequency
c. Percentage passed/failed
d. Number of non-conformance issues
e. Number of change requests and root causes
f. Cost of Rework
g. Number of exceptions at turnover
h. Cost of Quality
11.8 REAL ESTATE - ERP for real estate developers is a comprehensive ERP platform for
Builders/ Developers to help them manage all their organizational data on one platform.
Lead Management, Booking Management, Purchase Management & Engineering
Management
11.9 CONCLUSION
ERP is software based most commonly accepted business management system in construction
Industry.
a. In spite, being one of the three fundamentals of Construction Project Management along
with time & cost, quality constraint has been ignored in these existing e-models.
35
b. Quality is the criteria of acceptance or rejection in the construction industry. But

achieving quality in construction is not a one day story.
c.
Materials are important but even strict adherence of quality norms for Methodology of
various processes in execution of a building construction is vital.
d. The methodology can be checked by various experts in the construction industry.

e.
Maintaining all these documents & communicating these results to various stakeholders
is something to be planned for.
f. It also maintains records of material testing, machine calibrations, time deviation, cost
deviation, etc.
g.
Quality Module of Enterprise Resource Planning acts as a great assistance in monitoring

quality of construction of a building.
36
TERM PAPER-12
DIGITAL DESIGN - SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES 3D GRAPHICS
12.1 What is digital design?
Digital design is a growing specialty in the field of graphic design. Digital designers use
creativity and computer skills to design visuals associated with electronic technology.
Digital design, a term used to describe a wide variety of computer related skills, includes work in
fields such as web design, digital imaging and 3D modeling.
Digital design is the branch of graphic design that uses computers, graphics tablets and other
electronic devices to create graphics and designs for the Web, television, print and portable
electronic devices.
12.2 Application of digital design
Digital design has become a significant part of society--almost every product and field of work
includes digital design at some point. Car companies start their design process using computer
drafting programs, while food distributors hire digital designers to create logos and bright boxes
to help sell their products. Other applications are - Web design it includes digital imaging,
coding, animation, interface design, and a variety of other skills, 3d models for
movies, Animation to create interfaces, Architectural planning, Product designing, Touch-up of
photographs for printing in magazines and papers.
12.3 Digital Application in ARCHITECTURE

a. Digital architecture uses computer modeling,
programming, simulation and imaging to create both
virtual forms and physical structures. The terminology
has also been used to refer to other aspects of
architecture that feature digital technologies.
37
b. Digital architecture allows complex calculations that delimit architects and allow a
diverse range of complex forms to be created with great ease using computer algorithms.
12.4 Digital Application in 3D GRAPHICS
3D computer graphics is the science, study, and method of projecting a mathematical
representation of 3D objects onto a 2D image using visual tricks such as perspective and shading
to simulate the eye's perception of those objects.
12.5 3D COMPUTER GRAPHICS CREATION FALLS INTO THREE BASIC PHASES:
1. 3D MODELLING - a way to describe the 3D world or scene,

which is composed of mathematical representations of 3D
objects called models.
Simple 3D objects can be modeled using mathematical
equations operating in the 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinate
system.
12.6 MODELING TECHNIQUES

1. Mesh based wireframe modelling, 2.polygon based surface modelling, 3.solid modelling,
4.curve based free-form modelling.Other Modelling Techniques are: Poly modelling-3DS Max,
Maya; Patch modelling -Spline based; Parametric modelling - Catia, Solidworks, Unigraphics;
Nubs modelling Rhino.
a. 3Ds Max - Modelling, animation and rendering package. It has modelling capabilities.
It's frequently used by: video game developers, TV commercial studios, architectural
visualization studios, for movie effects and movie pre-visualization.
b. Sketch Up - marketed officially as Trimble SketchUp, is a 3D modeling program for
applications such as architectural, civil and mechanical engineering, film, and video game
38
design. The program includes drawing layout functionality, allows surface rendering in
variable "stylesalso supports third-party "plug-in" programs.
c. RHINO - Rhinoceros (Rhino) is a stand-alone, commercial NURBS-based 3-D modeling
software, The software is commonly used for industrial design, architecture, marine
design, jewelry design, automotive design, CAD / CAM, rapid prototyping, reverse
engineering, product design as well as the multimedia and graphic design industries.
Rhino specializes in free-form non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) modeling.
d. CATIA - (Computer Aided Three-dimensional Interactive Application) is a multiplatform CAD/CAM/CAE commercial software suite. CATIA competes in the high-end
CAD/CAM/CAE software.
e. SOLIDWORKS - is solid modeling CAD (computer-aided design) software that runs on
Microsoft Windows
f. LAYOUT AND ANIMATION
g. A 3D world or scene is composed of collection of 3d models. Three different coordinates
systems (or spaces) are defined for different model related operations:
h.
i. 3.RENDERING - The process of taking the mathematical model of

the world and producing the output image. The core of the rendering
process involves projecting the 3D models onto a 2D image plane.
j. Types of Rendering Algorithms: 1. Pixel-oriented rendering- Ray
tracers & 2. Polygon-oriented rendering: Scan-line renderers
k. Ray Tracers- Operates by tracing theoretical light rays as they
intersect objects in the scene and the projection plane.
l. Radiosity - Technique that models the inter-reflections of diffuse light
between surfaces of the world or environment. Produces more photorealistic illumination
and shadows.
39
m. Flat Shading - The color of the polygon is

calculated at the center of the polygon by
using the normal vector. The complete
polygon surface is uniformly lighted.
n. Gouraud Shading - A normal vector is calculated at each vertex. Color is calculated for
each vertex and interpolated across the polygon.
o. Phong Shading - The normal vectors are interpolated across the surface of the polygon.
The color of each point within the polygon is calculated from its corresponding normal
vector.
p. MENTAL-RAY -Mental Ray (stylized as mental ray) is a production-quality rendering
application developed by Mental Images (Berlin, Germany). The primary feature of
Mental Ray is the achievement of high performance through parallelism on both
multiprocessor machines and across render farms.
q. V-RAY - V-Ray is a rendering engine that is used as an extension of certain 3D computer
graphics software.
r. It is a rendering engine that uses advanced techniques, for example global illumination
algorithms such as path tracing, photon mapping, and irradiance maps and directly
computed global illumination.
s. V-Ray is used in the film and video game industries and it is also used extensively in
making realistic 3D renderings for architecture.
t. Viewing frustum - Segment of the 3D world to be rendered. Objects outside the viewing
volume are ignored.
u. Painters Algorithm - Polygon-oriented. All the polygons are sorted by their depth and
then displayed in this order.
40
TERM PAPER-13
Parametricism in Architecture
13.1 Introduction- Parametric design is not unfamiliar territory for architects. From ancient
pyramids to contemporary institutions, buildings have been designed and constructed in
relationship to a variety of changing forces, including climate, technology, use, character, setting,
culture, and mood. The computer did not invent parametric design, nor did it redefine
architecture or the profession; it did provide a valuable tool that has since enabled architects to
design and construct innovative buildings with more exacting qualitative and quantitative
conditions.
13.2 PARAMETRIC DESIGN- The advent of the industrial revolution, mass production and
large-scale manufacturing industries during the last two centuries has had revolutionary effect on
architecture. The fathers of modern architecture, such as Le Corbusier, Mies Van Der Rohe and
Walter Gropius were inspired by the automobile factories and methods of the era; this gave birth
to the computer as a design tool. Parametric design is a method of intelligently designing
architectural objects based on relationships and rules using the computer.
When we define the column in a general sense, using variable attributes (parameters) we allow
for a large (possibly infinite) number of specific design instances. When we use parameters to
define a large number of instances, and then select the best one, we are performing parametric
design.
Offering new ways of controlling form, parametric design allows architecture to react to its
context, the environment and rules and regulations, enabling a completely digital workflow from
41
design to manufacturing. With the use of parametric software, architects are able to study
relationships and incorporate basic aspects of the actual construction including material,
manufacturing technologies and structural properties into the design process. It has allowed for
architectural design to become an iterative, generative and reactive process rather than one of
evolution; some argue that this is closer to nature, as DArcy Wentworth Thompson book On
Growth and Form he argues, "an organism is so complex a thing, and growth so complex a
phenomenon, that for growth to be so uniform and constant in all the parts as to keep the whole
shape unchanged would indeed be an unlikely and an unusual circumstance.
These are defined in parametric software and are easily manipulated to quickly generate multiple
iterations of the design in 3D. The use of this tool has allowed for more complex free form
shapes as well as multiple reactive yet repeating elements to be created. Parametric design has
been pioneered by architects such as Frank O. Gehry, Zaha Hadid who begun to exploit digital
technology originally developed for the automotive and airplane industry for architecture. Walt
Disney Concert Hall by Frank O.Gehry Gunagzhou Opera House by Zaha Hadid Birds Nest by
Herzog De Meuron Water Cube by PTW Architects.
Rates vary, proportions change, and the whole configuration alters accordingly. Such tools
transform complex issues into rational, simple decisions. But this trend toward complexity leads
to new design problems requires a deeper understanding of geometry, mathematics and computer
software; the architect must not forget that he must be a master of and control the tool, rather
than the other way around.
42
TERM PAPER-14
Innovation in CAD
14.1 DEFINITION:
a. Computer Aided Design (CAD) is assistance of computer in engineering processes such
as creation, optimization, analysis and modifications.
b. CAD involves creating computer models defined by geometrical parameters which can
be readily altered by changing relevant parameters. CAD systems enable designers to
view objects under a wide variety of representations and to test these objects by
simulating real-world conditions.
c. It is an integration of Mechanical and Computer technology to aid in the design process
like Modeling, Assembly, Drafting, Die Design, Tool Design, Sheet metal, analysis of
products.
CAD software made it possible to deal with more complex geometrical problems than classical
geometry in Euclidean space. This was informally called Advanced Geometry which was
capable of dealing with: Drawing, Modifying and editing various types of objects (lines,
polygons, polylines ) Controlling the quality, shape, size and properties of curves, surfaces,
volumes Free-form curves and surfaces (NURBS, Bezier, Meshes )
Boolean operations- Complex Transformations Intersection, Trim and various editing features
on objects , Free-form editing, Conversion, Morphing and other complex operations - Light,
Material, Rendering and presentation of objects
14.2 THE DESIGN PROCESS:- The main tasks of computer application in manufacturing
systems are:
How computers are used in the generation and management of design information describing
products?
How computers are used in the management of information about the manufacturing system,
which makes the products?
43
The process of designing something is characterized as an interactive procedure, which consists

of six identifiable steps or phases: Recognition of need, Definition of problem, Synthesis,
Analysis and optimization, Evaluation, Presentation.
14.3 MAIN APPLICATION OF CAD
a. Solid Modelling This process is used to create solid components of desired shape by
joining and cutting different solid volumes. The final solid volume created is called solid
model. it is replica of actual product and we can see, rotate, the model like a real product.
This process is used in automobile, plastic, aluminium, home appliances and engine
design field.
b. Surface Modelling This process is used to create surfaces of desired shape by using
special operations. We can trim, stitch; join different surfaces to create a final shape
model. The final shape is called surface model. This process is used for body design,
shape design in automobile, aerospace, ship design fields.
c. Assembly This process is used to assemble the models created in solid/ surface modeling
to create the final assembly. This is used to see the actual fitment of all models and see
the actual working of assembly. This process is used to assemble the models in
automobile, plastic, aluminium, home appliances and engine design field.
d. Drafting Detailing This process is used to create the 2D drawings of components. This
can be used for 3D to 2D conversion and 2D to 2D conversion. it is used to create
drawings of the models in automobile, plastic, aluminium, home appliances, engine
design field.
e. Core Cavity Generation This process is used to create the Core/Cavity/Sliders for the
product designed in solid/ surface modeling. It is used to create dies for plastic,
aluminium, sheetmetal, forging etc. components. Software helps the engineer to give
allowances, selecting parting lines and mould boxes according to the standards.
44
f. Tool Design This process is used to create different parts and components used in a tool
for production of Plastic, Aluminium etc. components. Along with Core and Cavity this
tool consist of injection mechanism, ejection mechanism, cooling system, guiding system
etc.
g. DATA MIGRATION:- This technique is used

to transfer CAD data (3D Model) from one
Software to other Software by direct interface or
by intermediate files like IGES, STEP, VDA,
Parasloid Files. On the same model we can do
different operations from different softwares
like CATIA, Pro/E, NX, Solid Edge, Solid
Works etc. It gives the designer freedom to think beyond the capabilities of softwares.
14.4 ZEBRA IMAGING:a. 3-D perspectives are visible horizontally and vertically; one can look over and under the
image and from side to side without glasses or goggles
b. Wide angle of view horizontal viewing is over 95 degrees, allowing many people to
walk around and view an image simultaneously.
c. Images are projected several feet in front of or behind the hologram and appear to be
floating in air.
d. Compact and portable images are flat or flexible plastic
panels that can be stored and shipped easily, taking up very little
space
e. Any 3-D volumetric data set from any source may be used.
f. ZEBRA Imaging provides fairly large 600mm X 800mm
flat media holograms.
g. They are portable and can be created using a number of data sources; most importantly,
they dont require special tools (e.g. glasses or scopes) for viewing.
45
h. ZEBRA Imaging provides fairly large 600mm X

800mm flat media holograms. They are portable and
can be created using a number of data sources; most
importantly, they dont require special tools (e.g. glasses or scopes) for viewing.
14.5 3D BUILDING PRINTER:i. Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is a process of

making a three-dimensional solid object of virtually any
shape from a digital model.
j. 3D printing is achieved using an additive process, where
successive layers of material are laid down in different
shapes.
k. Building printing refers to various technology that use 3d
printing as a way to construct buildings. The advantages of
this would be quicker construction, lower labor costs, and less waste produced.
l. It is also a potential way of building extraterrestrial structures on the Moon or other
planets where environmental conditions are less conducive to human labor-intensive
building practices.
14.6 3D PRINTING:a. D-Shape is a building printing device that builds three

dimensional objects by placing layers of sand (or some
other material) on top of each other, and using glue or
binder to hold the structure together. It was invented by
Enrico Dini in the 2000s.
b. The layers of sand are held by a binding agent said to
be a magnesium-based solution. Resolution of the layers is claimed to be 510
millimeters (0.200.39 in).
46
c. D-Shape enable architects to directly make the buildings they design, using a robotic
building machine that uses CAD-CAE-CAM Design Technology.
d. Construction Industry more environmentally friendly as well as providing low-cost
access to building for people in need around the world. The system uses environmentally
friendly materials and very low levels of energy.
14.7 Advantages of D-Shape technology Vs traditional methods

Quality. The actual building will correspond to the CAD design to within planned tolerances of
5-10 millimeters. Quantity/Time: The system is estimated to be four times faster than traditional
building methods. The annual production capacity of the first (smaller) model of D-Shape will be
of 2500 m, which is equivalent to twelve two floor buildings. Costs: despite the higher cost of
the binder compared to Portland cement, the realization costs of D-Shape structures are 30%50% lower than manual methods. Safety: no human intervention means substantially reduced
risk of accidents. & D-Shape would lower the costs in terms of both human lives and
financially.
47
TERM PAPER-15
DIGITAL CONSTRUCTION
15.1 Introduction -Digital modelling facilitates parametric variations for creating customized
prefabricated products from design conceptualization through to final product delivery. Digital
tools are implemented towards mass customization in house design using virtual modelling in the
context of a prefabricated manufacturing approach. Industrialized modular subassembly design,
where the information on parts, assemblies and modules can be transferred to digital and robotic
digital construction technology.
Currently available digital construction techniques, CNC milling was chosen for setting the
framework for the constraint-based simulation design procedure.
15.2 The most common machines for digital construction are:
a) CNC Machining: where, typically, shapes

are cut out of wooden sheets.
b) 3D Printing: where objects are built up out
of layers of metal or plastic
48
c) Laser Cutting: where materials like metal are burnt or melted by a laser beam
d) Non-pre deterministic Process are also available
15.3 Parametric Design of Automation (PDoA): Control system and geometric subdivision
according to construction knowledge; Coordinate system and construction sequence for robotic
assembly;
Automation process of generating fabrication layout, feeding layout, construction result, and
robotic output.
15.4 Material Fabrication of Automation (MFoA):- Robotic machining methods for on-site
fabrication;
Additive Process (AP) and Subtractive Process (SP
15.5 Robotic Construction of Automation (RCoA):- Visual simulation of rapid code; Physical
debugging; Studies on robotic behaviors, joint configuration, and assembly sequence.
15.6 Principal for digital construction
49
15.7 CNC Machining

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL (CNC),
15.8 CNC WATER JET CUTTER

A water jet cutter, also known as a water jet, is a tool capable of slicing into metal or
other materials (such as granite) by using a jet of water at high velocity and pressure,
or a mixture of water and an abrasive substance, such as sand.
15.9 CNC WOOD ROUTER
A CNC wood router is a CNC router tool that creates objects from wood. CNC stands for
computer numerical control. The CNC works on the Cartesian coordinate system (X, Y, Z) for
3D motion control. Parts of a project can be designed in the computer with a CAD/CAM
program, and then cut automatically using a router or other cutters to produce a finished part.
15.10 Laser Cutting Machine - Light

Amplification by Stimulated Emission of
Radiation
The machine utilizes an intense beam of
focused laser light to cut the part. Material
under the beam experiences a rapid rise in
temp. and is vaporized. Laser cuts with a
minimum of distortion, no mechanical cutting forces.
50
15.11 CNC PLASMA CUTTER

CNC Plasma Cutting Machine, 1980
Plasma cutting involves cutting a material using a plasma
torch. It is commonly used to cut steel and other metals, but
can be used on a variety of materials. In this process, gas
(such as compressed air) is blown at high speed out of a nozzle; at the same time an electrical arc
is formed through that gas from the nozzle to the surface being cut, turning some of that gas to
plasma. The plasma is sufficiently hot to melt the material being cut and moves sufficiently fast
to blow molten metal away from the cut.
15.12 3D Printers
Usually by constructing a thin layer of an object at a time and then building another layer of the
same object immediately on top of the prior one.
Fused deposition modeling,
Stereo lithography
Powder printers work
15.13 CONTOUR CRAFTING

Contour Crafting (CC) is an additive fabrication technology that uses computer control to exploit
the superior surface-forming capability of troweling to create smooth and accurate planar and
free-form surfaces .Some of the important advantages of CC compared with other layered
fabrication processes are better surface quality, higher fabrication speed, and a wider choice of
materials.
15.16 Design Flexibility: The process allows architects to design structures with functional
and exotic architectural geometries that are difficult to realize using the current manual
construction practice.
15.17 Multiple Materials: Various materials for outside surfaces and as fillers between
surfaces may be used in CC. Also, multiple materials that chemically react with one another may
be fed through the CC nozzle system and mixed in the nozzle barrel immediately before
deposition. The quantity of each material may be controlled by computer and correlated to
various regions of the geometry of the structure being built.
a) Paint-Ready Surfaces
51
b) Automated Reinforcement: Robotic modular imbedding

c) Automated tiling of floors and walls: Automated
d) Automated plumbing: Because of its layer by layer
e) Alternative Robotics Approach
15.18 Advantages of digital construction

Radically reducing construction costs
a) Increasing construction speed
b) Little to no building-site construction waste
c) Reducing financing costs for builders because the product is ready for market much
quicker
d) Easier and safer work for construction workers
e) Lower insurance costs for builders
f) Increased sustainability over a buildings lifetime
52
TERM PAPER-16
ENERGY STIMULATION
16.1 Introduction -Energy simulation programs are designed to work for individual building
components such as wall, roof, building form and fenestration. Some tools are specifically used
for modelling one or more parameters such as lighting, heat transfer across building envelope,
natural ventilation and shading elements.
16.2How does a simulation program work?
A buildings energy requirements change continuously, under different conditions of weather,
occupancy etc. the sequence of calculations is repeated many times to simulate an annual
operation cycle. The results of all the repeated calculations are then compiled to produce the total
yearly energy consumption and costs. Major programmes offer the following
a) The input data: which has to be manually feeded and get saved in the input data libraries.
b) Building loads: heating, cooling, lighting loads.
c) Equipment sizing data:
d) Energy consumption:
e) Energy costs: making corrections for variations in price at different times.
f) Life-cycle cost: for longer period of time.
16.3 Whole building simulation programs:
a) EnergyPlus is a building energy simulation program for modelling building heating,
cooling, lighting, ventilating and other energy flows. It includes innovative simulation
capabilities such as time steps of less than an hour.
b) Design builder provides a user friendly interface to model the geometric spaces.
c) eQUEST
d) BLAST
e) DOE-2
f) The energy design plugin is a free plugin for the google sketchup 3d drawing program.
The plugin makes it easy to create and edit the building geometry in EnergyPlus input
files.
53
g) ECOTECT can calculate heating and cooling loads for models with any number of zones
or any type of geometry. One can assign detailed material properties to all objects as well
as annual hourly operational schedules to occupancy, internal gains, infiltration and
individual items of equipments.
h) It is a great concept design tool to determine solar exposure and penetration studies,
faade optimization and visualization.
16.4 BUILDING CREATION VIZARD

The opening Design Development Wizard has several options:
a) Project/Site/Utility
b) Edit Building Shell
c) Edit Air-Side System
d) HW Plant Equipment
16.5BUILDING ENVELOPE CONSTRUCTION

1. Walls and roofs can be modified by selected form a list of components:
a) Frame type and O.C. specifications
b) Exterior finish
c) Exterior and Interior insulation
d) Additional insulation, commonly bat insulation
2. The ground floor can be constructed similarly from lists of components:
a) Exposure, such as Earth Contact or Adiabatic Space
b) Interior finish
c) Construction, such as slab thickness
d) Exterior insulation
3. Infiltration is also specified on this input screen
INTERIOR Construction: Walls, Ceiling, Doors & Windows

4. Walls & Ceilings:
a) Insulation and finishes can be specified for interior surfaces
54
5. Doors:
a. Up to three different types of doors can be specified
b. Doors can be glass, opaque or numerous other types
c. Once a type of door is selected, material components can then be selected
d. Frame type and width
e. Number of doors per exterior wall.
6. Windows:
a) Up to three different types of windows can be selected
b) Once a type of window, materials can be chosen, ranging from single pane to
triple pane windows
c) Each window can have a specific size, frame type and width
d) Windows can be placed on exterior walls by giving a percentage of the wall that
is window
7. Windows and doors in our analysis will be placed in a custom arrangement.
a) This gives the design a wider range of window sizes than with the preset sizes.
b) It also allows us to place the doors on the appropriate exterior surface.
16.6 OTHER OPTIONS
a) Blinds can be applied to a set of windows or to one side of the building, as in the case of
the Willet Center.
b) Blinds can be set to partial visibility or full transparency
c) Shades and overhangs can be applied to any window
d) Roof skylights may be applied to different zones to help customize a building.
e) A typical operation schedule can be given with opening and closing times.
16.7 SIMULATED BUILDING PERFORMANCE
a) The program is equipped to handle multiple EEMs and a baseline.
b) It is able to calculate daily values for energy consumption based on the building
and the HVAC system inputs.
c) It downloads weather data history from the internet.
d) Once the simulation is performed, several reports are available.
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Digital Architecture

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Digital Architecture Term paper, 2014-15