Chapter 1 : Introduction

EMERGENCY is a sudden abnormal and unplanned situation which requires

immediate attention, as it has capacity to endanger human life, environment or
have an adverse effect on company and public.
May escalate into CRISIS if emergency is not handled adequately.
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT is systematic analysis, planning, decision making and
deployment of available resources to mitigate, recover and prepare for the
response to effect of hazards.
CATEGORY EMERGENCY

Naturally occurring
-Geological hazards
-Meteorological hazards
-Biological hazards
Human-caused events
-accidental
-intentional
-technological-caused

TYPES OF DISASTER

Natural
-flood, earthquake
Environmental
-aircraft crash, explosion
Incited
-sabotage, vandalism

CHAPTER 2 : HISTORY OF ACCIDENT

1) BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY (1984)

-2000 died immediately
-13000 died next 15 years
-10-15 dying every month
-40 tonnes methylisocyanate release from Union Carbide plant
-leakage of water into MIC storage tank
-none of safety system worked
-public alarm system operated after gas has leaked for nearly 4 hours
2) Tokyo subway sarin attack

Disaster impact
-survivor effects
-electrical system
-economic stability
-transportation system
-communication system
Disaster life cycle
Mitigation
-step to reduce/ eliminate disaster effects
Preparedness
-plan, procedure, training, education
Response
-save lives, protect property
Recovery
-restoration to pre-disaster conditions

CHAPTER 3 : EMERGENCY RESPONSE PREPAREDNESS

Emergency level
1) Level 1 : minor emergency
-incident not have any effect outside the site
-no possibility of danger to life
-incident can be managed through site

-control of company
2) Level 2 : serious emergency
-incident is on-site, may have some effect off-site
-possibility danger to life, risk of damage property and environment
-control of company with limited external assistance
-evacuation
3) Level 3 : major emergency
-multiple fatalities, severe damage property and environment
-beyond capacity of company
Types

of emergencies
Fire
Floods
Hurricanes
Earthquakes
Samoa tsunami
Technological emergencies

Vulnerability analysis
Historical factor
Technological factor
Human error
Physical factor
Regulatory factor
Estimate probability
Estimate potential human impacts
Estimate potential property impacts
Estimate potential business impacts
Assess internal and external resources
Items for emergencies
Water
Food
First aid kit
Clothing & bedding
Tools & supplies
CHAPTER 4 : CIMAH REGULATION

CHAPTER 5 : EMERGENCY EVACUATION PLAN

Emergency action plan
Identify hazard & risk assessment, Methods to overcome, Incident
command system
Declaration and emergency notification
Cooperation outsiders
Public relations
Evacuation drill
Target 3 minutes, Dont panic, Shout fire 3x, Move to assembly area
Wait for further instructions
Classification of fire extinguisher

Type A- wood, paper

Type B- flammable liquids
Type C-electrical

Fire and evacuation drill & training

Take note if hearing emergency alarm
Start leaving workplace should hear announcement and second
emergency bell
Travel in groups and not to run or not push
Assemble at a designated place
Gathered by group/department that has been determined
Report yourself to supervisor and the loss of a friend
Do not leave assembly area until further notice
Fire and evacuation drill step
1. Emergency contact number
2. Emergency routes & assembly point
3. Learn plan emergency action & procedures
4. Find location first aid boxes
5. Release victim from areas of danger immediately
6. Give immediately emergency help
7. Learn how to use fireguard tools (PASS)
Preparation drill
Task, flowchart training, paperwork, procedures , taker time, observer,
ERT, OSH Unit
Representative of security, development stage representatives, training,
division of labor
Communications-employees, management employees, neighbours,
media, authorities
Notice of employees, visitors, contractors
Emergency plan-actual events, rain, equipment-machinery, role-injury,
death, fire, smoke
Post mortem exam and report, improvements and follow-up

CHAPTER 6 : EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM (ERT)

Selection ERT members
Have basic/standard guideline
-age
-gender
-Health condition & medical record
-BMI
-attitude
-interest
Example emergency team training
Basic & understanding emergency

Fire behaviour
Evacuation
Installed system
Fire extinguisher
Working with fire & rescue department

Example fire fighting team

Fire extinguisher
Hose operations
Protective clothing
SCBA
Search & rescue
Emergency equipment fire fighting
Fire extinguisher
stand pipe, portable light, SCBA, first aid kit, stretcher
Fire fighting protective clothing (helmet, coat, glove, boots).
SCBA

program
Provision of SCBA
Use of SCBA
SCBA TRAINING
SCBA inspection & maintenance
Breathing air quality

CHAPTER 7 : RECOVERING FROM EMERGENCY

What is disaster recovery? (DR)
Not a minor inconvenience, IT related
IT processes to Recovery Time Objective (RTO) to Maximum Time Down
(MTD)
Data recovered to predefined recovery point objective (RPO)
IT recovery vs Business recovery
What is business continuity? (BC)
Business processes related, Dependence on IT, Subset of DR
10 Domains of BC
1. BC project initiation
2. Risk assessment and controls
3. Business impact analysis
-RTO

-RPO
Developing BC strategies
Emergency response and operations
Develop and implement BC plans
Employee awareness and training program
Exercising and maintaining BC plans
Crisis communications
-internal and external
10.Coordination with external agencies
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Common IT DR strategies
Regular backups and of-site storage
Remote electronic vaulting
Remote journaling and transaction logging
Real-time synchronous data replication
Real time asynchronous data replication
Important IT DR elements
Physical infrastructure, Network, Systems and applications, Data,
personnel
Types of DR sites
Hot sites, warm sites, cold sites, mobile sites
Important elements of DR/BC
Prepare for worst happening at worst possible time, align with change
management,
Exercise and update the plans, think out of the box-be innovative,
security-related incidents
CHAPTER 8 : FIRE PREVENTION AND SAFETY
Evaluation of use of fire and risk
tree on fire by lighting
Beijing, china (Peking Man) 200000-4000000 years ago
-there is waste pits and charred animal bones in the cave
Fire as source of heat, light and weapon
Industrial revolution
-steam, transportation, power, keep warm, cook, make glass
Risk
-soul, property, environment
Fire hazard

oxygen content, release toxic smoke, produce high heat, explosion,

rubble

Objective Fire safety program

Life safety of building occupants, Security properties, Safety

environmental pollution
Control fire safety
-engineering controls (security exit)
-control enforcement (law enforcement)
-management control (fire fighting equipment and fire detection)

Management control
Fire safety policy, Maintenance program, Building evacuation procedures
Good housekeeping, Safe system work, Emergency planning, Training
Evolution of fire safety
Augustus Caesar (Rome) 23 BC
-consist 600 slaves,
- familia publica (union employees),
- often blame for delay to the scene
-saving lives and property of their masters, namely Romans
Commander Augustus (6 years after that)
-corps of vigils
-divided into seven battalions
-1000 people each battalion lead by praefectus vigilum responsible
directly to the emperor
-equipped with an a and a bucket
-make patrolling city streets and fight fire
-make 5 prevention (warn about use of fire, storage of water, fire
investigation)
Malaysia ?

CHAPTER 9 : HAZMAT RESPONSE

CHAPTER 10 : BOLOGICAL AGENTS

CHAPTER 11 : RADIATION

FIRST AID (GUIDELINE)

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

STEPS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), jantung terhenti secara tiba-tiba

SCA- Tiada respon, berhenti bernafas/pernafasan tidak normal
Call 999, ambulans
Automated electrical defibrillator (AED)- jump start jantung yg terhenti
Sekiranya terlatih, rasa denyut nadi carotid di leher pesakit, max
10seconds
6) Tiada nadi/tidak pasti
7) High quality chest compressions (tekanan pada dada berkualiti)
8) Tekan di tengah2 dada (separuh bawah sternum) dengan kuat sehingga
5cm ketebalan dada
9) Tekan dengan pantas (100 per minutes) dan biarkan dada kembali ke
bentuk asal
10)
Kurangkan gangguan dan tukar giliran setiap 2 minit
11)
30 tekanan dada diikuti dengan 2 bantuan pernafasan berturut
turut selama 2 minit/5 pusingan
12)
Bantuan pernafasan- Head Tilt and Chin Lift kemudian tutup lubang
hidung dengan dua jari
13)
Pernafasan mulut ke mulut selama 1 saat
14)
Cukup sekadar dada naik, elakkan menghembus terlampau kuat
serta tidak perlu menarik nafas dalam-dalam
15)
D- assess for danger
R- assess response
C- check circulation
A- Open the airway
B- Give rescue Breathing
16)
Chain of survival

 Kenalpasti SCA dan aktifkan perubatan

CPR seawall ungkin
Defibrilasi seawal mungkin
Bantuan hayat lanjutan yang efektif
Post cardiac arrest yang efektif
17)
Jika loya hands only CPR
D- Danger
R- response
C- chest compression