In-class Test for 2nd year medical students at NCKU

College of Medicine, December 29th, 2015

Listed below are the results from Analysis of Variance.

Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total

Sum of
Squares

df

Mean Square

4145.333

B
11414.952

D
20

173.571

Sig.

1. Please calculate the numbers of A, B, C, D, and E (10%)

2. Please test whether there a significant difference in the ages
between the three communities (20%) (=0.05) [You should list
the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, range of p-value and
conclusion]
Q3-Q11: Multiple choice problems, 5% for each, totally 40%
Questions: 3-6
In a clinical trial of a novel antihypertensive agent, each of four
patients received the drug for 14 days and a placebo for 14 days;
the treatments were assigned in a random order. Changes in
diastolic blood pressure from baseline (BP) during the treatment
period were recorded for all subjects. The investigator wished to
determine if the mean change from baseline in diastolic blood
pressure was greater for the new drug than for the placebo.
3. What is HA for the statistical test?
A The mean change in diastolic blood pressure
produced by the drug does not differ from that produced
by the placebo
B The mean change in diastolic blood pressure
produced by the drug is different from that produced by
the placebo
C The mean change in diastolic blood pressure is
greater after the drug than after the placebo
D The drug is not efficacious
E None of the above
4. Which of the following statistical tests is most appropriate for
analyzing this data?
A Independent sample (pooled) t test
B Correlation analysis
C Paired t test

D Chi-square test
E Analysis of variance using the completely random
design
5. All of the following statements about this statistical test are true
EXCEPT
A it is a one-tailed test
B it must be carried out at the 5% level of significance
C it is more likely to reject H0 if =0.05 than if =0 .01
D it compares the calculated test statistic to a
tabulated critical value with 3 degrees of freedom
6. The investigator computes a test statistic of 3.0; the tabulated
critical value for =0.05 is 2.35. What is the most appropriate
conclusion that can be drawn from this result?
A Reject H0 at the 5% level of significance; there is not
a statistically significant difference between the mean
change in diastolic blood pressure elicited by the drug
and that elicited by the placebo
B Do not reject H0 at the 5% level of significance,
there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate a greater
mean change in diastolic blood pressure for the drug
compared to the placebo
C Reject H0 at the 5% level of significance; the mean
change in diastolic blood pressure elicited by the drug is
greater than that elicited by the placebo
D Do not reject H0 at the 5% level of significance ;
there is a statistically significant difference between the
mean change in diastolic blood pressure elicited by the
drug and that elicited by the placebo
Questions: 7-8
A group of stroke patients participated in a study to compare the
degree of functional recovery resulting from three different physical
therapy regimens. Because the investigator felt that the initial level
of disability would affect functional recovery, he grouped the
subjects into four disability categories (where category 1
represented the most severe initial disability level and category 4,
the least severe). He then randomly assigned three subjects in each
disability category to receive each of the three therapy regimens. At
the end of six months, functional recovery was measured on a
quantitative scale by an independent physical therapist. The
investigator wished to compare these functional recovery scores for
the three regimens.
7. What is the most appropriate statistical test for analyzing this
data?
A Two-independent t test with unequal variance

B
C
D
E

One-way analysis of variance

Chi-square test
Pooled t test
Correlation analysis

8. The investigator reports that the results of this study were

statistically significant at the 5% level of significance. The most
appropriate Conclusion that can be drawn from this result is
A there is no difference in the degree of functional
recovery produced by the three physical therapy
regimens
B patients who receive physical therapy have a
greater degree of functional recovery than those who do
not
C all three of the therapy regimens result in different
degrees of functional recovery
D at least two of the therapy regimens result in
differing degrees of functional recovery
Questions: 9-11
A double-blind clinical study was conducted to compare the
efficacy of ibuprofen (400 mg), codeine (60 mg) and a placebo in
providing pain relief after minor dental surgery. Fifteen participants
were randomly assigned in groups of five to the three treatment
groups. Two hours after receiving the drug or placebo, patients were
asked to rate their degree of pain relief on a scale from 0 to 100,
and the average score for each treatment was calculated. The
results were not statistically significant at the 5% level of
significance.
9. The chance of error associated with this conclusion is
A the type II error rate (), which is 0.95
B the type II error rate (), which is 0.05
C the type II error rate, which is unknown
D the power of the statistical test, which is unknown
E the level of significance , which is 0.05
10. Which of the following statements best defines the power of the
statistical test?
A Power is the probability that the test will detect a
difference between the three drugs when, in fact, no
such difference exists
B Power is the probability that the test will fail to
detect a difference in the level of pain relief provided by
the three treatments when they actually do differ
C Power is the probability that the three treatments
provide different levels of pain relief

D Power is the probability that there is no difference in

the level of pain relief provided by the three treatments
E Power is the probability that the test will correctly
detect a difference among the three treatments which
does, in fact, exist
11. What is the most appropriate conclusion that can be drawn from
the results of this study?
A There is no difference in the level of pain relief
provided by the three treatments
B There is a high probability (>0.95) that no difference
exists among the three treatments
C Fewer than 5% of patients can expect satisfactory
pain relief from ibuprofen (400 mg) or codeine 60 mg)
D The observed difference in perceived pain relief is
unlikely to be due to random chance
E A clinically important difference between the three
treatments may actually exist, but the power of the
statistical test may have been too low to detect it
Q12Q14: The resting heart rates (assuming normally distributed in
population) were measured in a sample of women smokers and nonsmokers at a university. There were 14 smokers and 18 nonsmokers
in the sample. The investigator wants to know if there a significant
difference in the resting heart rates of the two groups? Using
=0.05 and a two-tail test. The following procedure presents the
two-independent sample t-test. Please complete the procedure by
filling in the numbers

Smokers

Resting Heart Rates

Nonsmokers

78
100
88
62
94
88
76
90
85
82
77
91
90
68

72
82
62
84
61
68
72
64
76
62
66
68
96
58
87
80
78
69

Mean=83.5
SD=10.4

Mean=72.5
SD=10.3

Ho: 12; Ha: 12 where 1 and 2 indicates the population

mean resting heart rate for smokers and nonsmokers, respectively.
t

x1 x2
83.5 72.5

s.e.
1 1
Sp (
)
n1 n2
with a degree of freedom of

12. s.e.=? (10%)

13. =? (10%)
14. Construct a 95% confidence interval for 1-2 (10%)

1.
A/C=4145.333B/D=173.571A+B=11414.952C+D=20
-173.571=7943.532
C=2 D=18
A=4145.333 x 2=8290.666
B=173.571 x 18=3124.278
E=4145.333/173.571=23.883
2.
H0: Age communities (1=2=3)
Ha: Age communities
F(2,18)0.95=3.55<23.883
P-value<0.05
Reject H0
0.05 communities Age
3: C
4: C
5: B
6: C
7: B
8: D
9: C
10: E
11: E
12.
( df 1 ) ( s12 )+ ( df 2 ) ( s 22)
2
Sp =
df 1 +df 2
( 141 ) ( 10.42 ) + (181 ) ( 10.32 )
=
14+ 182
=106.98
Sp=10.34
1 1
Sp (
)
n1 n2
s.e.=
n n2
Sp( 1
)
n1n2
=
=3.685
13: 30
14.
95% confidence interval for 1-2
=11 t30,0.95 X 3.685
=11 7.525
3.475 to 18.525