Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
System: Part II
Lecture6: Power Quality
10/12/2010
Announcement
Week
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
10/12/2010
Date
14/09/10
15/09/10
28/09/10
29/09/10
05/10/10
06/10/10
12/10/10
13/10/10
19/10/10
20/10/10
26/10/10
27/10/10
02/11/10
03/11/10
09/11/10
10/11/10
Tentative Syllabus
Road Map to Part II, Intro to Wind and Mid-term Exam
Types of turbine, power in the wind
Wind turbine generator, speed control
Average power in the wind and energy estimates
Wind turbine performance calculation
Fundamentals, complex power, power factor, balanced 3phase
Wind tutorial and Project announcement
Power quality
Invited Seminar
Screening and load duration curves, power quality tutorial
Presentation of Assignment
Presentation of Assignment
Utility rate structure, energy economics, energy conservation
Combined heat and power, Integrated resources planning and DSM
Tutorial
Outline
10/12/2010
10/12/2010
When all three phase current are balanced, we do not need neutral line.
In practice, neutral lines in the load side need to be sizing correctly. Today, well
see that electronic equipments induces harmonics that makes the neutral line
carrying much more current than expected.
10/12/2010
Motivation
Different appliances with different voltage
requirement, electronics use DC current.
Some alternative energy sources such as solar
PV cell, fuel cell produce DC current.
Most of energy storage such as battery store
DC current.
How to convert AC to DC and what is the
consequences of that?
10/12/2010
Diode
Rectifier
Linear power supplies
Switching power supplies
10/12/2010
10/12/2010
10/12/2010
10
11
Ideal Diode
10/12/2010
12
Actual Diode
10/12/2010
13
Rectifier
Half-wave rectifier
Full-wave rectifier
Ripple
Ripple
14
Half-Wave Rectifier
15
Full-Wave Rectifier
Bridge rectifier: 4 diodes
16
Three-Phase Rectifier
Three-phase half-wave rectifier
10/12/2010
17
10/12/2010
18
Duty cycle, D, is a
fraction of time in a
cycle that a switch is
ON.
10/12/2010
19
10/12/2010
20
Voltage Conversion
Average power in the circuit,
21
Buck-Boost Converter
Recall for Lecture 4.
Maximum power tracker for PV module.
10/12/2010
22
Full-wave Rectifier
Buck converter
23
POWER QUALITY
10/12/2010
24
Power interruption or
outages caused by
Lighting
Lost of transmission or
distribution line
Motivates distributed generation technology, customer
produce their own energy to increase power quality
10/12/2010
25
Harmonics
Typical RLC load draws current/voltage with
smooth sinusoidal waveform.
Frequency distortion caused by signals with
other frequency from electronic loads.
26
Fourier Series
Periodic function is, by definition,
10/12/2010
27
Symmetry Relations
Even Function
Odd Function
10/12/2010
28
Half-Wave Symmetry
10/12/2010
29
DC = 0
Odd function only sine
Half-wave symmetry No
even harmonics
DC 0
Neither Odd nor Even both
sine and cosine
DC = 0
Odd function only sine
Half-wave symmetry No
Not half-wave symmetry Odd even harmonics
and Even harmonics
DC = 0
Odd function only sine
Half-wave symmetry No
even harmonics
30
10/12/2010
31
10/12/2010
32
33
No harmonics THD = 0
10/12/2010
34
Example 2.12
A harmonic analysis of the
current drawn by a compact
fluorescent Lamp yields the
following data. Find the rms
value of current and the
total harmonic distortion
(THD).
10/12/2010
35
36
3-Phase balance
10/12/2010
37
Overloaded Neutrals
With harmonics, the neutral lines may not add
up to zero.
(rms value)
Possible that the current in the neutral line may exceed the current in each phase
10/12/2010
38
coskt
coskt 120
10/12/2010
39
Example 2.13
A four-wire, wye-connected
balanced load has phase
currents described by the
following harmonics. Find rms
current in neutral line and
compare to rms phase current.
rms current in
each phase
Magnitude of neutral current is,
33% higher!!
40
Summary
Power supplies
Diode: AC to DC
Rectifier: AC to DC
Pulse-width-modulation: DC to DC
Power quality
Harmonic analysis
Total-harmonic-distortion
Neutral line current
10/12/2010
41
Next Lecture
Review todays lecture.
Read chapter 2.
Next lecture will be on basic operation of
power systems, chapter 3.
Start reading chapter 3.
10/12/2010
42