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LINEAR ALGEBRA
MAT3701
Semester 1
Department of Mathematical Sciences
BAR CODE
Open Rubric
university
of south africa
ASSIGNMENT 01
Solution
UNIQUE ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 890658
Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date. For this assignment, questions 2, 3, 5, and 8 will be marked.
Question 1
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Let V be the vector space C 2 with scalar multiplication over the real numbers R, and let T : V V
be the mapping defined by
T (z1 , z2 ) = (z1 z 2 , z2 z 2 ) .
(a) Show that T is a linear operator.
(b) Find a basis for N (T ) .
(c) Find a basis for R (T ) .
(d) Determine whether V = N (T ) R (T ) .
Solution
(a) Let (z1 , z2 ), (z3 , z4 ) V and a R.
T ((z1 , z2 ) + (z3 , z4 )) =
=
=
=
=
T (z1 + z3 , z2 + z4 )
(z1 + z3 z2 + z4 , z2 + z4 z2 + z4 )
(z1 + z3 z 2 z 4 , z2 + z4 z 2 z 4 )
(z1 z 2 , z2 z 2 ) + (z3 z 4 , z4 z 4 )
T (z1 , z2 ) + T (z3 , z4 )
and
T (a(z1 , z2 )) =
=
=
=
=
T (az1 , az2 )
(az1 az 2 , az2 az 2 )
(az1 az 2 , az2 az 2 ), since a is real
a(z1 z 2 , z2 z 2 )
aT (z1 , z2 )
MAT3701/201
Question 2
Let fa , fb , fc be the Lagrange polinomials associated with the distinct real numbers a, b, c
respectively. Define T : P2 (R) P2 (R) by T (g) = g (a) fa .
(a) Show that T is a linear operator.
(b) Explain whether or not T is a projection.
(c) Find [T ] , where = {fa , fb , fc } .
Solution
(a) Let g, h P2 (R) and d R.
Then
T (g + h) =
=
=
=
(g + h) (a) fa
(g (a) + h (a)) fa
g (a) fa + h (a) fa
T (g) + T (h)
and
T (dg) =
=
=
=
(dg) (a) fa
dg (a) fa
d (g (a) fa )
dT (g)
(7)
(7)
1 0 0
[T ] = 0 0 0 .
0 0 0
(9)
[23]
MAT3701/201
Question 3
Classify each of the following statements as true or false. If true, construct a T with the given
properties. If false, explain why such a T does not exist.
(a) There exists a linear transformation T : C 3 C 3 such that rank (T ) = nullity (T ) .
(b) There exists a linear transformation T : C 3 C 3 such that T is onto and N (T ) = span{(1, 1, 1)} .
(c) There exists a linear transformation T : C 3 C 3 such that N (T ) =span{(1, 0, 0) , (0, 1, 0)} and
R(T ) = span{(1, 1, 1)} .
Solution
(6)
(b) False. The domain and codomain are both equal to C 3 , hence of the same dimension, therefore
if T is onto, it should also be one-to-one.
(6)
(c) True. Define T : C 3 C 3 by T (x, y, z) = (z, z, z) .
(10)
[22]
Question 4
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Let T : V V be a linear operator and suppose F is an eigenvalue of T. Prove that
(a) + 2 is an eigenvalue of T + 2IV ;
(b) 2 is an eigenvalue of T 2 ;
(c) T is singular if and only if = 0 is an eigenvalue of T.
Solution
Since F is an eigenvalue of T, there exists a vector v 6= 0 in V such that T (v) = v.
(a) (T + 2IV ) (v) = T (v) + 2IV (v)
= v + 2v
= ( + 2) v,
Hence + 2 is an eigenvalue of T + 2IV since v 6= 0.
Question 5
Let T : M22 (C) M22 (C) be the linear operator defined by T (A) = 21 (A At ) .
(a) Show that T is a projection.
(b) Find a basis for the space onto which T projects.
(c) Find a basis for the space along which T projects.
(d) Find a basis for M22 (C) such that [T ] is diagonal. Write down [T ] .
Solution
(a) T 2 (A)
= T 12 (A At )
= 21 T (A At )
t
= 21 (T
h (A) T (A ))
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
12
2
(A At )
1
2
1
2
At (At )
=
(A At ) (At A)
= (A At )
= T (A)
=
i
Therefore, T is a projection.
(b) The space onto which T projects is equal to R (T ) .
If we denote the standard basis for M22 (C) by
1 0
0 1
0 0
0 0
= E11 =
, E12 =
, E21 =
, E22 =
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
(7)
MAT3701/201
then
R(T ) = span {T (E11 ) , T (E12 ) , T (E21 ) , T (E22 )}
1
1 0 1
0 0
0 1
0 0
= span
,
,
,
0 0
0 0
2 1 0
2 1 0
0 1
= span
1 0
so that a basis for the space onto which T projects is given by
0 1
1 =
.
1 0
(7)
(c) The space along which T projects is equal to N (T ) . Now,
A N (T ) T (A) = 0
1
A At = 0
2
At = A
Let A =
a b
c d
, then
At = A
a c
a b
=
b d
c d
b=c
1 0
0 1
0 0
A=a
+b
+d
, a, b, d C
0 0
1 0
0 1
Thus,
N (T ) = span
1 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
,
,
,
1 0
0 1
1 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
,
,
.
1 0
0 1
(9)
hence
= 1 2 =
0 1
1 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
,
,
,
0 0
1 0
0 1
1 0 0
0 0 0
[T ] =
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
since the first matrix in is an eigenvector of T corresponding to = 1 and the last three
matrices in are eigenvectors of T corresponding to = 0.
(7)
[30]
Question 6
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Let T : M22 (C) M22 (C) be the linear operator defined by
a b
a+cd b+d
T
=
.
c d
a+b+c b+d
(a) Show that T satisfies the test for diagonalizability.
(b) Find a basis for M22 (C) consisting of eigenvectors of T , and write down [T ] .
(c) Show that T satisfies the equation T 2 = 2T .
Solution
(a) We determine the matrix of T with respect to the basis
1 0
0 1
0
= E11 =
; E12 =
; E21 =
0 0
0 0
1
0
0
; E22 =
0
0
of M22 (C) :
T (E11 ) =
T (E12 ) =
T (E21 ) =
T (E22 ) =
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
MAT3701/201
1
0
[T ] =
1
0
0
1
1
1
1 1
0
1
.
1
0
0
1
1
0 1
1
0 1
0 1
E0 : 0I4 [T ] =
1 1 1
0
0 1
0 1
1
0 1
1
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
0
0
0
0
1
0 1
1
0 1
0 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
R3 R3 R1
R4 R4 R2
. . . (ii)
R3 R3 R2
It follows that
dim (E0 ) = 2 = multiplicity of = 0.
1
0 1
1
0
1
0 1
E2 : 2I4 [T ] =
1 1
1
0
0 1
0
1
1
0 1
1
0
1
0 1
0 1
0
1
0 1
0
1
R3 R3 + R1
1 0 1
1
0 1
0 1
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
0
R3 R3 + R2
R4 R4 + R2
. . . (iii)
Thus
dim (E2 ) = 2 = multiplicity of = 2.
Since in both cases the dimension of the eigenspace equals the multiplicity of its associated
eigenvalue, it follows that T is diagonalisable.
(b) We use (ii) to obtain a basis for E0 [T ] : Let x3 = and x4 = , then x2 = and
x1 = + . Thus
(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )
= {( + , , , ) : , C}
= { (1, 0, 1, 0) + (1, 1, 0, 1) : , C}
=span{(1, 0, 1, 0) , (1, 1, 0, 1)}
So that {(1, 0, 1, 0) , (1, 1, 0, 1)} is a basis for E0 [T ] .
Since
E11 + E21 =
and
E11 E12 + E22 =
it follows that
1 =
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1 1
,
0 1
is a basis for E0 (T ) .
We use (iii) to obtain a basis for E2 [T ] : Let x3 = and x4 = , then x2 = and x1 = .
Thus
10
MAT3701/201
= {( , , , ) : , C}
= { (1, 0, 1, 0) + (1, 1, 0, 1) : , C}
=span{(1, 0, 1, 0) , (1, 1, 0, 1)}
so that {(1, 0, 1, 0) , (1, 1, 0, 1)} is a basis for E2 [T ] .
(x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 )
Since
E11 + E21 =
1
1
and
E11 + E12 + E22 =
it follows that
2 =
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
,
0
1
1
1
1
is a basis for E2 (T ) .
Therefore
= 1 2 =
1
1
0
0
1 1
1
,
,
0 1
1
0 0 0
0 0 0
[T ] =
0 0 2
0 0 0
0
0
1
,
0
1
1
and
0
0
.
0
2
(c)
T
a
c
b
d
a+cd b+d
=T
a+b+c b+d
2a + 2c 2d
2b + 2d
=
2a + 2b + 2c
2b + 2d
a+cd b+d
=2
a+b+c b+d
so that T 2 = 2T.
Question 7
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
11
2 1
1 2
1 2
,
2 1
is T invariant.
Solution
(a)
T (A)
T 2 (A)
2
=A
1
0
=
0 1
3
= A = A.
Note that {A, T (A)} is linearly independent since A is not a multiple of T (A) = I2 , but that
{A, T (A) , T 2 (A)} is linearly dependent since
T 2 (A) + A = 0.
(iv)
T (B)
and
T (C)
12
0 1
2
=
1
0
1
1
2
=
2 1
=CU
1
2
0 1
1
2
=
1 0 2 1
2 1
=
1 2
= B U
MAT3701/201
Therefore U is T -invariant.
Question 8
Let
A=
1
2
0 1
0 0
.
0 1 0
1
2
(a) A is a transition matrix since all three of its column sums are equal to 1. A is also regular since
all the entries of
1
9 1 5
1
1 12
1 12
4
4
16
4
8
5
1
1
A4 = 41 0 12 41 0 12 = 16
4
8
1
1
1
1
1
0 0
0 0
2
2
8
2
4
are positive.
(7)
x1
x1
0
0 1
x1
2
1
x2 2
1
0
x2 = 0
A x2
=
x3
x3
0
0 1
1
x3
1
x1
2
x2 = t 14 , t R (show)
1
x3
4
Thus,
lim Am =
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
4
1
4
.
(12)
13
(c) Let Ci denote the Gerschgorin disk associated with the ith row of A.Then
C1 = z C : z 12 1
C2
= z C : |z| 12
C3
= {z C : |z| 1}
(6)
[25]
Total [100]
14
MAT3701/202/1/2014
LINEAR ALGEBRA
MAT3701
Semester 1
Department of Mathematical Sciences
BAR CODE
Open Rubric
university
of south africa
ASSIGNMENT 02
Solution
UNIQUE ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 776521
Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date. For this assignment, questions 1, 4, 6, and 7 will be marked.
Question 1
2
1 i
i 2
and x and y are column vectors
[30]
Solution
x1
y1
z1
Let x =
, y=
and z =
be column vectors in C 2 and let c C.
x2
y2
z2
IP1
hx + z, yi = y A (x + z)
= y Ax + y Az
= hx, yi + hz, yi.
Thus IP1 is satisfied.
(5)
IP2
hcx, yi = y A (cx)
= c(y Ax)
= chx, yi.
(5)
MAT3701/202
IP3
hx, yi =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
y Ax
yt Ax
x
y t A
x)t
(y t A
xt At (y t )t
x A y
x Ay, since A = A
hy, xi.
(8)
IP4
hx, xi =
=
=
=
=
1 i
x1
(x1 , x2 )
i 2
x2
x1 x1 + ix1 x2 ix2 x1 + 2x2 x2
(x1 ix2 )(x1 + ix2 ) + x2 x2
(x1 + ix2 )(x1 + ix2 ) + x2 x2
|x1 + ix2 |2 + |x2 |2 0.
Further,
hx, xi = 0 |x1 + ix2 |2 + |x2 |2 = 0
|x1 + ix2 |2 = |x2 |2 = 0
|x1 + ix2 | = |x2 | = 0
x1 + ix2 = x2 = 0
x
x= 1 =0
x2
Solution
(a) Let f, g and h denote polynomials in P2 (R) and let r R.
IP1
hf + g, hi =
=
=
=
Over R this axiom becomes hg, hi = hh, gi since g, h = hg, hi .
Now
hg, hi = g (a) h (a) + g (b) h (b) + g (c) h (c)
= h (a) g (a) + h (b) g (b) + h (c) g (c)
= hh, gi
Thus IP3 is satisfied.
IP4
hg, gi = g (a)2 + g (b)2 + g (c)2 0
MAT3701/202
and
hg, gi = 0 g (a) = g (b) = g (c) = 0
g=0
since a nonzero polynomial of degree at most 2 can have at most 2 zeros.
Thus IP4 is satisfied and it follows that h , i is an inner product on P2 (R).
(b)
hfa , fa i = fa (a) fa (a) + fa (b) fa (b) + fa (c) fa (c)
= 1.1 + 0.0 + 0.0
= 1
Similarly hfb , fb i = hfc , fc i = 1.
Further,
hfa , fb i = fa (a) fb (a) + fa (b) fb (b) + fa (c) fb (c)
= 1.0 + 0.1 + 0.0
= 0
Similarly hfa , fc i = hfb , fc i = 0.
Thus, it follows that {fa , fb , fc } is an orthonormal basis for P2 (R).
(c) By definition,
P (g) =
=
=
=
hg, fa i fa
(g (a) fa (a) + g (b) fa (b) + g (c) fa (c)) fa
(g (a) .1 + g (b) .0 + g (c) .0) fa
g (a) fa
Question 3
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
(a) If {v, w} is a basis for R2 over R, show that {v, w, iv, iw} is a basis for C 2 over R.
(b) Without any further computations, use (a) to explain why = {(1, 0) , (i, 0) , (0, 1) , (0, i)} is a
basis for C 2 over R.
Solution
(a)
av + bw + civ + diw =
0, a, b, c, d R
av + bw + i(cv + dw) = 0
av + bw = 0 and cv + dw = 0, since av + bw and cv + dw lie in R2
a = b = 0 and c = d = 0 since {v, w} is a basis over R
Therefore, {v, w, iv, iw} is linearly independent, and hence also a basis for C 2 over R, since it contains
four vectors and dim(C 2 ) = 4 over R.
(b) Let v = (1, 0) and w = (0, 1) and apply the result in (a).
Question 4
Prove that if V = W W and T is the projection on W along W , then T = T . Hint: Recall that
N (T ) = W .
[10]
Solution
Let v1 = w1 + w1 and v2 = w2 + w2 be arbitrary vectors in V , where w1 , w2 W and w1 , w2 W .
Then
hT (v1 ) , v2 i = w1 , w2 + w2
= hw1 , w2 i since
w1 , w2 = 0
= hv1 , w2 i since
w1 , w2 = 0
= hv1 , T (v2 )i
Thus T = T .
[10]
Question 5
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Let V be an inner product space, and let y, z V be nonzero vectors. Define T : V V by
T (x) = hx, yi z for all x V .
(a) Prove that T is linear.
(b) Find a formula for T .
(c) Find a formula for T 2 .
MAT3701/202
(d) Prove that T is a projection if and only if hz, yi = 1.
Solution
(a) Let v1 and v2 denote vectors in V and let a F.
Then
T (v1 + v2 ) =
=
=
=
hv1 + v2 , yi z
(hv1 , yi + hv2 , yi) z
hv1 , yi z + hv2 , yi z
T (v1 ) + T (v2 )
and
T (av1 ) = hav1 , yi z
= a hv1 , yi z
= aT (v1 ) .
Thus T is a linear operator on V .
(b) For all v1 , v2 V,
hT (v1 ) , v2 i =
=
=
=
=
hhv1 , yi z, v2 i
hv1 , yi hz, v2 i since hv1 , yi F
hv1 , hz, v2 i yi since hz, v2 i F
hv1 , hv2 , zi yi
hv1 , T (v2 )i ,
for all v2 V,
equivalently,
T (x) = hx, zi y
for all x V.
(c)
T 2 (x) = T (hx, yi z)
= hx, yi T (z)
= hx, yi hz, yi z for all x V
(d)
T 2 = T T 2 (x) = T (x) for all x V
hx, yi hz, yi z = hx, yi z for all x V
hx, yi hz, yi = hx, yi for all x V, since z 6= 0
hz, yi = 1
The last step follows by choosing x = y, since then hx, yi = hy, yi =
6 0.
Question 6
It is given that A M33 (C) is a normal matrix with eigenvalues 1 and i and corresponding
eigenspaces
1
1
E1 = span (1, 1, 0) ,
1, 1, 2
2
2
and
1
1, 1, 2
Ei = span
.
2
(a) Find the spectral decomposition of A.
(25)
(b) Find A.
(5)
[30]
Solution
(a)
1
1
2
P1 = 12
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
=
4
1
2
Pi =
1
2
h
1
1
2
2 2
3
4
2 2
1
2
2 2
and
1
4
3
4
2 2
1
2
1
4
1
4
2 2
1
4
1
4
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2
= 1 1
4
2 2
2 2
3
4
+
i
2 2
2 2
1
2
1
4
2 2
1
4
1
4
2 2
2 2
1
2 2
1
4
1
2
(25)
(b)
A=
3
4
1
4
1
2 2
+
+
i
4
i
4
i
2 2
1
4
i
4
3
4
i
4
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2 2
1
2
2 2
2i 2
.
i
+2
MAT3701/202
(5)
[30]
Question 7
Eliminate the xyterm (cross term) in
3x2 + 2xy + 3y 2 = 1
... (i)
by a rotation of the axes, that is, find a rotation matrix P M22 (R) such that (i), expressed in
terms of x0 , y 0 defined by
0
x
x
=P
,
y
y0
contains no cross term.
Express x, y in terms of x0 , y 0 , and state the (counterclockwise) angle of rotation.
[30]
Solution
The quadratic form (i) can be expressed as
X t AX = 1,
where
A=
3 1
1 3
and
X=
x
y
= (3 t)2 1
= (3 t 1) (3 t + 1)
= (t 2) (t 4) ,
yielding the eigenvalues t = 2 and t = 4.
To find E2 , we solve the homogeneous system with coefficient matrix
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 0
R2 R1
Thus,
E2 = span {(1, 1)} ,
with orthonormal basis
1
(1, 1)
2
To find E4 , we solve
1
1
1 1
1 1
0
0
R1
R2 + R1
Thus,
E4 = span {(1, 1)} ,
with orthonormal basis
1
(1, 1)
2
Thus,
P t AP = D,
where
1
P =
2
1 1
1 1
1
P =
2
t
that is,
1 1
1
1
x
y
=P
x0
y0
2 0
0 4
1
=
2
1 1
1 1
x0
y0
,
that is,
1
x = (x0 + y 0 )
2
1
y = (x0 + y 0 ) ,
2
then (i) becomes
2
2 (x0 ) + 4 (y 0 ) = 1
Since
"
P =
1
2
12
1
2
1
2
=
cos 4 sin 4
,
sin 4
cos 4
Question 8
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Let
0 1 1
A = 1 1 1 .
1 1 0
10
MAT3701/202
Solution
(a) Use the algorithm after
.
0 1 1 ..
.
1
1 1 ..
.
1 1
0 ..
Example 6 in Friedberg
1
1 0 0
0 1 0 1
1
0 0 1
Therefore
..
1 1 . 0 1 0
[R1 R2 ]
..
and
0 1 . 1 0 0
..
[C1 C2 ]
1
0 . 0 0 1
.
0 1 .. 0 1 0
[R2 R2 + R1 ]
..
and
1 2 . 1 1 0
..
[C2 C2 + C1 ]
1 2
0 . 0 0 1
..
1
0
0 . 0 1 0
[R3 R3 + R1 ]
..
and
0 1 2 . 1 1 0
.
[C3 C3 + C1 ]
0 2 1 .. 0 1 1
.
1
0 0 ..
0
1 0
[R3 R3 2R2 ]
..
and
0 1 0 .
1
1 0
..
[C3 C3 2C2 ]
0
0 3 . 2 1 1
t
0 1 2
1
0 0
0
1 0
1 0 = 1 1 1 and D = 0 1 0
Q= 1
0 0
1
0
0 3
2 1 1
11
MAT3701/201/2/2014
LINEAR ALGEBRA
MAT3701
Semester 2
Department of Mathematical Sciences
BAR CODE
Open Rubric
university
of south africa
Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date. For this assignment Questions 2, 4, 5, and 8 will be marked.
QUESTION 1
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Let V, W and U denote the subspaces of M22 (C) defined by
a b
V =
: abc+d=0 ;
c d
a b
W =
: abc=0 ;
c 0
and
U = span
1 0
0 1
.
Solution
(a) It follows that W V by letting d = 0 in the definition of V , and since
1 0
1 0
z 0
U = span
= z
:zC =
:zC ,
0 1
0 1
0 z
it also follows that U V by letting a = z, b = c = 0 and d = z in the definition of V .
Hence,
W + U V.
From the definition of V we have d = a + b + c, so the general form of a matrix in V is
a
b
v=
with a, b, c C.
c a + b + c
(i)
MAT3701/201
For V = W U to be true it suffices to show that V = W + U and W U = {0}.
Now,
a
b
z1 z2
z4 0
v=
=
+
c a + b + c
z3 0
0 z4
with z1 z2 z3 = 0 and z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 C implies that
z1
z1 z4
z2
z3
z4
=
=
=
=
=
z2 + z3
a
b
c
a + b + c,
hence
z1
z2
z3
z4
so that
=
=
=
=
b+c
b
c
a + b + c
a
b
b+c b
abc
0
v=
=
+
,
c a + b + c
c
0
0
a + b + c
(10)
(b) If
dim (V ) = dim (W1 ) + dim (W2 ) ,
prove that V = W1 W2 if and only if W1 W2 = {0} .
(10)
[20]
Solution
Solution
(a) A + cB = (AB 1 + cIn )B, so that det (A + cB) = det(AB 1 + cIn ) det(B). Choose c equal to
an eigenvalue of AB 1 , then det (A + cB) = 0 and therefore A + cB is not invertible.
(b) Choose A = I2 and B = [ 00 10 ], for example.
QUESTION 4
Let T : C 3 C 3 be the linear operator defined by
T (z1 , z2 , z3 ) = (2z1 + iz3 , z2 , 2iz1 z3 ) .
(9)
(8)
MAT3701/201
(8)
[25]
Solution
(a)
T 2 (z1 , z2 , z3 ) =
=
=
=
{T (z1 , z2 , z3 ) : (z1 , z2 , z3 ) C 3 }
{(2z1 + iz3 , z2 , 2iz1 z3 ) : (z1 , z2 , z3 ) C 3 }
{2z1 (1, 0, i) + z2 (0, 1, 0) + z3 (i, 0, 1) : (z1 , z2 , z3 ) C 3 }
span{(1, 0, i), (0, 1, 0)}, since the third vector is i times the first.
Let
(a) Find f0 , f1 , f2 , and express each one in standard polynomial form, i.e. a + bx + cx2 , where a, b,
and c are real numbers.
(10)
(b) Use the Lagrange interpolation formula to express 1, x, and x2 as linear combinations of
f0 , f1 , and f2 .
(5)
(c) Without any further computations, explain why is a basis for P2 (R) .
(5)
(d) Write down the change of coordinate matrix P which changes coordinates to coordinates.
(5)
(e) Without any further computations, write down P 1 .
(5)
[30]
Solution
(a)
(x 1) (x 2)
3
1
= 1 x + x2
(0 1) (0 2)
2
2
(x) (x 2)
f1 (x) =
= 0 + 2x x2
(1 0) (1 2)
(x 0) (x 1)
1
1
f2 (x) =
= 0 x + x2 .
(2 0) (2 1)
2
2
f0 (x) =
(b)
1 = f0 (x) + f1 (x) + f2 (x)
x = 0 f0 (x) + 1 f1 (x) + 2 f2 (x)
x2 = 0 f0 (x) + 1 f1 (x) + 4 f2 (x) .
(c) From (b), it follows that spans P2 (R) and since we further have that || = dim (P2 (R)) = 3, it
follows that is a basis for P2 (R) .
(d) From (b)
1 0 0
P = 1 1 1 .
1 2 4
(e) Since P 1 is the change of coordinate matrix which changes coordinates to coordinates we
have
1
0
0
2 12 .
P 1 = 32
1
1
1
2
2
QUESTION 6
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Let T : P2 (C) P2 (C) be the linear operator defined by
T a + bx + cx2 = 3a + (a + 2b) x + (a + 2c) x2 .
MAT3701/201
3 0 0
[T ] = 1 2 0 .
1 0 2
It follows that the characteristic polynomial of T is
p (x) = (x 3) (x 2)2 ,
which splits. Hence, its eigenvalues are 3, 2 and 2.
Thus, T has a repeated eigenvalue = 2, and
1 0 0
[T ] 2I = 1 0 0
1 0 0
(ii)
3 rank [T ] 2I = 2
Thus,
2 0 0
[T ] = 0 2 0
0 0 3
where
= x, x2 , 1 + x + x2 .
(c)
(3IP2 (C) T )2 = 3IP2 (C) T
(3IP2 (C) T )2 = 3IP2 (C) T
2
3IP2 (C) T = 3IP2 (C) T
(iii)
(iv)
Since
3IP2 (C) T = 3IP2 (C) [T ]
= 3I3 [T ]
1 0 0
= 0 1 0 ,
0 0 0
it follows by direct multiplication that (iv) holds and therefore also (iii).
QUESTION 7
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Let T : M22 (R) M22 (R) denote the projection on W =
1 0
U = span
.
0 1
(a) Find the matrix representation of T with respect to =
Solution
1
0
a
c
b
d
0
0
: a b c + d = 0 along
0
,
0
1
0
0
,
1
0
0
0
,
0
0
1
MAT3701/201
a
b
c a + b + c
k 0
0 k
a+k
b
c
ka+b+c
=
1 0
0 0
1
2
0 21
W
and
1
2
0
1
2
U.
Continuing this process, we express the other elements of as sums of elements in W and U as
follows:
1
1
1
2 0
0 1
2
+
=
0 12
0
21
0 0
1
1
0 0
0
0
2
2
+
=
1 0
1 12
0 21
1
1
0 0
2 0
0
=
+ 2 1
0 1
0 12
0 2
We have now expressed each of the elements of in the form w + u, where w W and u U.
Since T is the projection on W along U, we have
1
0
1 0
2
T
=
0 12
0 0
1
0 1
1
2
T
=
0 0
0 21
1
0 0
0
2
T
=
1 0
1 21
1
0 0
2 0
T
=
0 1
0 12
9
Since is the standard basis for M22 (R) , the matrix of T with respect to is given by
1 1 1
21
2
2
2
0 1 0
0
[T ] =
0 0 1
0
1
12 12 12
2
(b) Since
a b
c d
=a
1 0
0 0
+b
0 1
0 0
+c
0 0
1 0
+d
0 0
0 1
,
we have
T
a b
c d
1 0
0 1
= aT
+ bT
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
+cT
+ dT
1 0
0 1
1
1
1
1
2 0
0
1
0
2
2
2
= a
+b
+c
+d
0 21
0 21
1 21
0 12
a+b+cd
b
2
=
a+b+c+d
c
2
QUESTION 8
(v)
Let
W = span v, T (v) , T 2 (v) .
(a) Show that W is T invariant.
(10)
(5)
(5)
(5)
[25]
Solution
10
MAT3701/201
(a) It suffices to show that the image under T of each generator of W is again in W . This is clearly
the case for the first two generators of W . For the third generator we have
T (T 2 (v)) = T 3 (v) = T (v) + T 2 (v) , from (v)
and since the right-hand side lies again in W , it follows that W is T invariant.
(b) It follows from (v) that the characteristic polynomial of TW is
cTW (t) = (1)3 (t3 t2 t).
(c) TW is not one-to-one, since it follows from (b) that 0 is an eigenvalue of TW .
(d) Since TW is not one-to-one according to (c) and since W is finite dimensional, it follows that TW
is not onto.
[TOTAL 100]
11
MAT3701/202/2/2014
LINEAR ALGEBRA
MAT3701
Semester 2
Department of Mathematical Sciences
BAR CODE
Open Rubric
university
of south africa
ASSIGNMENT 02
Solution
UNIQUE ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: 20140912
Please note that we will only mark a selection of the questions. It is therefore in your own interest to
do all the questions. The fact that a question is not marked does not mean that it is less important
than one that is marked. Worked solutions to all the questions will be sent to all students shortly
after the due date. For this assignment, questions 1, 4, 6, and 8 will be marked.
Question 1
Let T : C 4 C 4 be the linear operator such that
0
1
[T ] =
1
0
1
0
1
i
0
1
1
0
,
0
i
i 1+i
(10)
(5)
(10)
[25]
Solution
(a)
[T (1, 0, 0, 0)] = [T ] [(1, 0, 0, 0)]
0 1 0
1
1 0 1
0
=
1 1 0
i
0 i i 1+i
0
1
=
1 ,
0
1
0
0
0
MAT3701/202
hence
T (1, 0, 0, 0) = (0, 1, 1, 0) W.
Similarly
T (0, 1, 1, 0) = (1, 1, 1, 0) = (1, 0, 0, 0) (0, 1, 1, 0) W.
Since the image under T of each spanning vector of W lies in W again, it follows that W is
T invariant.
(b)
(a, b, c, d) W h(a, b, c, d) , (1, 0, 0, 0)i = 0 and h(a, b, c, d) , (0, 1, 1, 0)i = 0
a=0
b c = 0.
Thus
W =
=
=
=
Since these two spanning vectors
{(0, b, b, d) : b, d C}
{(0, b, b, 0) + (0, 0, 0, d) : d, b C}
{b (0, 1, 1, 0) + d (0, 0, 0, 1) : b, d C}
span ({0, 1, 1, 0} , (0, 0, 0, 1)) .
are linearly independent, a basis of W is
... (i)
0 1 0
1
1 0 1
0
=
1 1 0
i
0 i i 1+i
0 1 1
0
1 0
1
i
.
=
0 1
0
i
1 0 i 1 i
To show that W is T invariant, we show that the image under T of each spanning vector in
(i) again lies in W .
[T (0, 1, 1, 0)] = [T ] [(0, 1, 1, 0)]
0 1 1
0
1 0
1
i
=
0 1
0
i
1 0 i 1 i
0
1
=
1 ,
i
0
1
1
0
hence
T (0, 1, 1, 0) = (0, 1, 1, i)
= (0, 1, 1, 0) i (0, 0, 0, 1) W .
Similarly,
T (0, 0, 0, 1) = (0, i, i, 1 i)
= i (0, 1, 1, 0) + (1 i) (0, 0, 0, 1) W .
Thus, W is T invariant.
Question 2
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Find the minimal solution in R3 to the system
xy+z = 0
x + y = 0.
Solution
Let
1 1 1
0
A=
and b =
.
1 1 0
0
1 1
1 1 1
3
0
1 1 =
AA =
1 1 0
0 2
1 0
so that
0
3x1 +0x2 = 0
3 0 x1
AA x = b
=
0 2 x2
0
0x1 2x2 = 0
0
The solution to the system is
, therefore the minimal solution is
0
1 1
0
0
s = A x = 1 1
= 0 .
0
1 0
0
MAT3701/202
Question 3
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Consider M22 (R) with respect to the Frobenius inner product defined by hA, Bi = tr (B A) . Find
the formula for the orthogonal projection P : M22 (R) M22 (R) on W, where
1 1 1
1
1
1
,
.
W = span
2 1 1
2 1 1
Solution
It is easy to check that
1
1 1 1
1
1
S=
,
2 1 1
2 1 1
is an orthonormal basis for W. Let
A=
a b
c d
.
P
a b
c d
1
=
2
a+b a+b
c+d c+d
Question 4
It is given that A M33 (C) is a normal matrix with eigenvalues 0,
eigenspaces
1
E0 = span (1, 1, 0)
2
1
E 2 = span
1, 1, 2
2
1
E 2 = span
1, 1, 2
2
(a) Find the spectral decomposition of A.
(b) Find A.
(22)
(3)
[25]
Solution
(a) Since the eigenspaces are all one-dimensional with basis vectors of unit length, the matrix
1
1
1
2
2 2
1
1
1
P =
2
2
1
1
0
2
2
0 0
0
2
0 .
with these basis vectors as columns will be unitary, and A = P DP with D = 0
0 0 2
Hence
1 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
A = 0 P 0 0 0 P + 2 P 0 1 0 P 2 P 0 0 0 P = 0 P1 + 2 P2 2 P3
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 1
is the spectral decomposition of A, where
1
1
1
2 2 0
1 0 0
2
1
1
0 =
= P 0 0 0 P = 1
1 1 0
2
2
0 0 0
2 2
2
0
0
0 0
1
1
1
1
4
4
2
2
2
0 0 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= P 0 1 0 P =
=
2 2
2
4
4
2
2 2
1
0 0 0
1
1
1
2
2
2 2 2 2
1
1
1
4
4
2 2
2
0 0 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= P 0 0 0 P =
=
2 2 2
4
4
2
2
2
0 0 1
1
1
1
2
2
2 2
2 2
P1
P2
P3
MAT3701/202
0 0 1
A = 0 0 1 .
1 1 0
Question 5
(Friedberg: Section 6.4, Exercise 6)
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Let V be a complex inner product space, and let T be a linear operator on V. Define
T1 =
1
1
(T + T ) and T2 = (T T ) .
2
2i
Solution
(a)
T1 =
1
1
1
(T + T ) = (T + (T ) ) = (T + T ) = T1 ,
2
2
2
and
1
1
1
(T T ) =
(T (T ) ) =
(T T ) = T2 ,
2i
2i
2i
thus T1 and T2 are self-adjoint.
T2 =
Further,
T1 + iT2 =
1
1
(T + T ) + i (T T ) = T,
2
2i
as required.
(b)
(
T + T = 2U1 T1 = U1
T = U1 + iU2 T = U1 iU2 = U1 iU2
T T = 2iU2 T2 = U2
as required.
(c)
T T = (T1 + iT2 )(T1 iT2 ) = T12 iT1 T2 + iT2 T1 + T22
and
T T = (T1 iT2 )(T1 + iT2 ) = T12 + iT1 T2 iT2 T1 + T22 .
Therefore,
T T = T T T1 T2 + T2 T1 = T1 T2 T2 T1 T1 T2 = T2 T1 ,
and the result follows.
Question 6
Let f : R2 R2 be defined by
f (a, b) = (1 b, 2 + a)
(a) Prove that f is a rigid motion.
(10)
MAT3701/202
[T ] =
0 1
1
0
=
cos 2 sin 2
sin 2
cos 2
,
Question 7
(Friedberg: Section 6.5, Exercise 31)
This question was not marked.
It is still important to work through the solutions and compare them with your own attempts.
Let Hu , u a unit vector, be a Householder operator on a finitedimensional inner product space
V, i.e., Hu (x) = x 2 hx, ui u for all x V. Prove the following results.
(a) Hu is linear.
(b) Hu (x) = x if and only if x is orthogonal to u.
(c) Hu (u) = u.
(d) Hu = Hu
(Note: If V is a real inner product space, then in the language of Section 6.11, Hu is a reflection.)
Solution
(a) Hu is a linear operator, since for x, y V and a F ,
Hu (x + y) = x + y 2hx + y, uiu
= x + y 2(hx, ui + hy, ui)u, property of the inner product
= (x 2hx, uiu) + (y 2hy, uiu)
= Hu (x) + Hu (y),
and
Hu (ax) = ax 2hax, uiu = ax 2ahx, uiu = a(x 2hx, uiu) = aHu (x).
(b)
Hu (x) = x
x 2 hx, ui u = x
hx, ui u = 0
hx, ui = 0, since u 6= 0
x is orthogonal to u
(c)
Hu (u) = u 2 hu, ui u = u, since hu, ui = 1.
(d) For all x, y V ,
hHu (x), yi = hx, Hu (y)i
= hx, y 2 hy, ui ui
= hx, yi + hx, 2 hy, ui ui
= hx, yi 2hy, uihx, ui
= hx, yi 2hu, yihx, ui
= hx, yi + h2hx, uiu, yi
= hx 2 hx, ui u, yi,
thus
Hu (x) = x 2 hx, ui u = Hu (x), i.e., Hu = Hu .
Finally,
Hu2 (x) = Hu (x 2 hx, ui u)
= x 2 hx, ui u 2hx 2 hx, ui u, uiu
= x 2 hx, ui u 2(hx, ui 2 hx, ui)u, since hu, ui = 1
=x
= I(x),
that is,
Hu2 = I.
Question 8
2 2
and suppose kk denotes the Euclidean norm.
Let A =
1
1
10
MAT3701/202
(a) Find kAk , kA1 k and cond (A) .
(15)
Solution
(a)
2
1
3
1
2
A A=
=
,
1 3
1
1
2 1
thus
3
1
det(I A A) =
1
3
= ( 3)2 1
= ( 4)( 2),
so that
kAk =
1
2
4 = 2,
A1
= , and cond (A) = kAk
A1
= = 2.
2
2
(b)
1
x
e A1 b
=
A1 (Ae
x b)
A1
kAe
x bk (0.001),
2
and
ke
x xk
kAe
x bk
ke
x A1 bk
=
cond
(A)
0.001
2.
kA1 bk
kxk
kbk
Total [100]
11