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By:
Name
Matrix Number
: DJ16170020
Name
Matrix Number
: DJ16170014
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DIPLOMA OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH (UMS)
2016
INTRODUCTION
Impacts from oil and gas production can result from activities that occur during each
project phase: exploration, drilling/development, production, and decommissioning/reclamation.
The major activities that occur during the exploration phase include: (1) seismic surveys and (2)
exploratory well drilling. Field activities that occur during exploration include: Surveying and
mapping surface and subsurface geologic features to identify areas where oil and gas may have
accumulated; Collecting seismic data to evaluate a geologic formation's potential for containing
economically producible quantities of oil and gas and identifying the best location to drill an
exploratory well to test the formation;
Drilling exploration and delineation wells to determine where oil and gas are present and to
measure the area and thickness of the oil- and/or gas-bearing reservoir; Logging and coring wells
to measure permeability, porosity, and other properties of the geologic formation(s) encountered;
and Completing wells deemed capable of producing commercial quantities of hydrocarbons
(well completion is sometimes considered the first stage of the drilling/development phase). In
the case of shale gas wells, perform hydraulic fracturing which involves pumping quantities of
water and proprietary chemicals into horizontal wells in order to increase the permeability of the
rock hosting the gas resources.
To identify potential production areas used geophysical exploration (e.g., seismic tests). Seismic
exploration (the most important tool for discovering oil and gas reserves) involves exploding
dynamite in a hole drilled several hundred feet in the ground, dropping a heavy object from a
truck onto a hard surface such as a paved road, or shaking the ground with a mechanism known
as a vibrasizer. Seismic waves from these procedures travel downward and outward and then
bounce back from subsurface features (e.g., faults, formation boundaries) at different rates and
strengths depending on what underground substances the waves pass through. These waves are
analyzed to determine the location of oil and gas deposits. Coal seems must be at least 20 feet
thick to produce economically viable coal bed methane.
Exploratory drilling is required to verify that there are accumulations of hydrocarbons and that
the site can produce enough oil or gas to make it economically viable to develop. This stage
includes building roads for access to the drilling area; clearing vegetation and leveling the
drilling area; constructing a drill pad and pits to hold water and drilling wastes; and installing the
drill rig and associated engines, pumps and equipment.
To know deeply about issue/problem/challenges in oil and gas production, lets see the following
articles;
produced solution gas or gas-cap gas, gas produced from a deeper gas-filled reservoir, or gas
from a relatively close gas field. Such projects take a variety of forms, including the following:
Reinjection of produced gas into existing gas caps overlying producing oil columns. Injection
into oil reservoirs of separated produced gas for pressure maintenance, for gas storage, or as
required by government regulations. Gas injection to prevent migration of oil into a gas cap
because of a natural water drive, down dip water injection, or both. Gas injection to increase
recoveries from reservoirs containing volatile, high-shrinkage oils and into gas-cap reservoirs
containing retrograde gas condensate. Gas injection into very under saturated oil reservoirs for
the purpose of swelling the oil and hence increasing oil recovery. In this case there are limited
pilot field projects conducted on EOR process by gas injection in shale oil reservoirs. Although a
lot of studies have been made on gas injection in tight gas or oil reservoirs, it is not clear to the
public what the main recovery mechanism is in shale oil reservoirs. Diffusion is considered as an
important factor in the oil recovery process in fractured shale reservoirs. Most of the current
studies on diffusion are performed in a way that fixes the producing pressure equal to the initial
reservoir or core pressure. In order to study the diffusion effect, the convective displacement is
eliminated or minimized. In this paper, the role of diffusion on improving oil recovery in
fractured Eagle Ford shale oil reservoirs is discussed. Hoteit and Firoozabadi (2009) investigated
the diffusion effect on recovery performance in a fractured gas/condensate reservoir. Their
simulation results showed that molecular diffusion has a significant effect on gas recovery if the
reservoir pressure is below the minimum miscible pressure. Modelling of the diffusion effect on
ultimate oil recovery in extensively fractured shale reservoir is crucial to the development of
these marginal shale oil/gas projects. Evaluation of the recovery contribution from diffusion will
provide important insights into the recovery mechanisms in intensely fractured shale gas/oil
reservoirs. Currently, a majority of the diffusion models were developed on the basis of the
single-porosity model that demands tremendous grid refinement in intensely fractured shale oil
reservoirs. The grid refinement is necessary surrounding the fracture intersections that makes the
system become computationally expensive. In this paper, the matrix-matrix and matrix-fracture
diffusion is coupled into a dual permeability model to overcome the drawback of single-porosity
model. The simulation results indicate that the stimulated natural fractures are critical to
enhancing oil recovery and well productivity in shale oil reservoirs. Including diffusion effect in
gas injection in fractured shale oil reservoirs achieves higher oil production. The simulation
results demonstrate that the enhanced oil recovery by gas injection scheme in the Eagle Ford
shale oil reservoir will benefit from matrix-matrix and matrix-fracture molecular diffusion,
varying with the injection rate, intensity of natural fractures and other factors.
has been used to stimulate shale gas reservoirs for economical gas production. The numerical
simulation is a useful tool to optimize fracture half-length and spacing in a multistage fracturing
design. In this work, performed a sensitivity study of gas production for a shale gas well with
different geometries of multiple transverse hydraulic fractures, in which fractures half-lengths
vary. Hydraulic fractures are divided into two outer and inner fracture groups. The simulation
results revealed that the outer fractures contribute more to gas production when fracture spacing
is small due to the effect of fracture interference.
effects are taken into account by introducing the Palmer and Mansoori (PM) absolute
permeability model. The endpoint relative permeability is calibrated through experimentation
instead of through the conventional Corey relative permeability model, which is traditionally
employed for the simulation of petroleum reservoirs. The absolute permeability model and the
relative permeability model are comprehensively coupled under the same reservoir pressure and
water saturation conditions through the material balance equation. The differences between the
actual curve that is measured with the steady-state method and the simulation curve are
compared. The model indicates that the effective permeability is expressed as a function of
reservoir pressure and that the curve shape is controlled by the production data. The results
illustrate that the PMCorey dynamic prediction model can accurately reflect the positive and
negative effects of coal reservoirs. In particular, the model predicts the matrix shrinkage
effect,which is important because it can improve the effective permeability of gas production and
render the process more economically feasible.
in the work space 3) Remote terminal unit (remote sensor) detects damage and traces its location
if construction workers damage the tape. This uses a technology created by the multi-smart
pipeline system Location information concerning the damage of the warning tape is sent to a
monitoring server, shown by the current GIS mapping system linked with control service
program, and then transmitted to SmartPhone App Software for user to carry out prevention.
Meeting The Challenges Of Todays Oil And Gas Exploration And Production
Industry
Summary
The deep waters of the Gulf of Mexico, the frigid regions of Russia, and the hot, dusty,
undeveloped deserts of the Middle East are merely the geographic challenges facing todays oil
and gas exploration and production industry. But other challenges just as serious and as
threatening face the industry as well. Global geopolitical forces are creating a highly volatile,
rapidly fluctuating crude oil and gas market. Global competition for depleting resources
continues to drive the need to lower operating costs and increase finding and recovery rates. The
number of skilled resources continues to decline. Shareholders are pressuring companies for a
return on their investments that is commensurate with other long-term investment strategies. And
while advanced technology, such as 3D and 4D seismic down hole sensors, and bandwidth can
provide vast amounts of near real-time information that can help companies be more successful
in exploration and production, there is often too much complex information to assimilate and
understand in the time needed to make quick, accurate decisions. Key challenges facing the oil
and gas industry There may be no other industry today that demands a more diverse set of
human, political, mechanical and technological capabilities than the oil and gas exploration and
production industry. Competition for natural resources has driven companies to explore and
produce in harsh, remote and even hostile locations, where even the simplest of logistical tasks
can be difficult and costly. And, as the environment grows more diverse and unforgiving and the
challenges more complex, skilled human resources are aging and growing scarce.
Figure 3
Fig. 4. Predicted and experimentally measured corrosion rates showing the eect of CO
.
A White Paper Product Water From Production Of Crude Oil ,Natural Gas
And Coal Bed Methane
Summary
Produced water is water trapped in underground formations that is brought to the surface along
with oil or gas. It is by far the largest volume by product or waste stream associated with oil and
gas production. Management of produced water presents challenges and costs to operators. This
white paper is intended to provide basic information on many aspects of produced water,
including its constituents, how much of it is generated, how it is managed and regulated in
different settings, and the cost of its management. Chapter 2 discusses the chemical and physical
characteristics of produced water, where it is produced, and its potential impacts on the
environment and on oil and gas operations. Produced water characteristics and physical
properties vary considerably depending on the geographic location of the field, the geological
formation with which the produced water has been in contact for thousands of years, and the type
of hydrocarbon product being produced. Produced water properties and volume can even vary
throughout the lifetime of the reservoir. Oil and grease are the constituents of produced water
that receive the most attention in both onshore and offshore operations, while salt content
(expressed as salinity, conductivity, or total dissolved solids [TDS]) is also a primary constituent
of concern in onshore operations.
CONCLUSION
To producing oil and gas we need to know and learn the ins and outs of how to produce a wealth
of mineral resources properly and appropriately so as not to cause a negative impact on oil and
gas processing. An engineer oil and gas as well as companies that process to produce oil and gas
should be careful in taking the decision to pass up an exploration of oil and gas because once
occurred blow out on a field oil and gas will destroy the wealth of mineral resources such as oil
and the gas that has been there.
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