5.5 Concentrated Phtovoltaic Thermal Multigeneration B Michel

IBM Research Zurich | Science & Technology
Concentrated Photovoltaic Thermal Multigeneration:

Ecological and Economical Benefits
Brian R. Burg, Angelos Selviaridis, Stephan Paredes, and Bruno Michel*,
Advanced Micro Integration Project, *bmi@zurich.ibm.com
Advanced Micro Integration
2014 IBM Corporation
IBM Research Zurich
Agenda
Problem: Large energy, water and cooling demands Inefficient current systems
Need for sustainable and efficient energy and water in sunny regions
Energy
Efficient provider of both electricity and heat
Water
Efficient heat driven desalination/purification
Cooling
Efficient heat driven cooler
Best Solution: Match energy provider with thermal user

Thermal storage to enable energy on demand
HCPVT technology: Best solar to electrical, water, and cooling efficiencies
Basic questions: Energy payback time and life cycle analysis
Countermeasures against global warming: Climate engineering
Overall payback time including albedo changes and white roofs
Urban heat islands Energy demand of cities as function of temperature
Economic mechanisms in solar industry - reasons and countermeasures
Summary and Conclusions
Bruno Michel, Advanced Micro Integration, bmi@zurich.ibm.com
IBM Research Zurich
The Fresh Water Solar Dilemma

Freshwater stress in 2025
Freshwater stress and solar abundance coincide

Half of world population with fresh water scarcity
Water scarcity threatens food security
50% water consumption increase by 2025
Solution: leverage dilemma! - use the SUN
Membrane distillation with CPVT waste heat
UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 'Freshwater Stress 1995 and 2025',

UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library, 2002
IBM Research Zurich
Large Energy Demand in Sunny Regions
Peak with
sorption cooling
Off Peak
Base Load
Peak with
compr. cooling
Off Peak
Tripled global cooling demand (2010 -2040)

predicted by International Energy Agency (IEA)
Driven by growth markets in hot regions
Vapor-compression cooling strains power grid
Solution: Solar thermal cooling with afternoon
peak output when demand is highest
HCPVT with heat driven sorption chillers
provides cooling without loss of electrical output
Smallest solar fields maximized yield
Data
Center
or
HCPVT
No water consumption: Dry cooling, no cleaning

4
IBM Research Zurich
Concentrated Photovoltaic
Thermal Systems
PV chip with intermediate substrate
PV chip direct
attach Multi Cell
Module (MCM)
PV chip direct
attach Single Cell
Module (SCM)
Large Multi
Cell Receiver
(MCR)
2000suns ~
10 KW test
vehicle
6 5x5 cm
receivers
Si cooler chip
assembly
TIM 1
PV Cell
heat sink
TIM 1
PV Cell
Manifold
1st level
manifold
TIM 2
IBM Research Zurich
Value Proposition Concentrated Photovoltaic Thermal

Radiation input
850 W/m2
Loss in optics 20%
Core technology:
Multi cell package with 10x lower
thermal resistance for 5000 suns
and >25 years lifetime
Doubled
system output
Electrical system yield 25%

210 W/m2 using triple junction chip
Long-term improvement to 35%
6
Overall System Yield 80%
Thermal system yield: 55% 460 W/m2 converted to:

Cooling yield of 2.8 kWh/(m2 day) with a COP of 0.6
Desalination yield of 30-40 l/(m2 day) with GOR of 7
IBM Research Zurich
Advantages of HCPVT System

Higher concentration factor
Heating / Hot water

4.6 kWh/(m2 day)
COP = 1
Yield 55%
Air cooling looses 50C in package and wastes heat

10x reduced package thermal resistance allows
90C fluid removes heat from 100C cells for >2000 suns
Higher electrical efficiency

PV, CPV, and CSP have overall system yield <25%
350C solar thermal systems dissipate 75% waste heat
High concentration allows triple junction PV with >30% yield
OR
HCPVT
Electrical Power
2.2 kWh/(m2 day)
yield 25%
Irradiance 850 W/m2 or

8.8 kWh/(m2 day)
AND
OR Desalination
Cooling
2
30-40l/(m2 day)
2.8 kWh/(m day)
GOR 7
COP 0.6
Desalinated water, heating, and cooling from waste heat

HCPVT makes heat re-usable without
degrading PV efficiency
System output 80%
Electrical power, desalinated water and
cooling at lower cost
Superior HCPVT system performance

>50% heat available on top of
the electrical yield
NASA SSE Release 6.0 Data set 22-year Monthly &
Annual Average (1983 - 2005). Map by DRL (2008)
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IBM Research Zurich
HCPVT Technology
Low Cost Photovoltaic Thermal Concentrator from
innovative materials (KTI Project)
Size:
10kW electrical and 25 kW thermal @ 90C
Yields:
25% electrical, 55% thermal, and 80% total
Cost:
LCOE 0.07 $/KWh, <250 $/m2 aperture area
Timing:
Commercial system in 2016
Microchannel cooled multichip receiver with 10x lower
thermal resistance
Key Aspects:
Concrete tracking and supporting structure, inflatable
mirrors with 10x lower cost than steel/glass technologies
Combination with adsorption cooling and membrane
distillation desalination
W. Escher, S. Paredes, S. Zimmermann, C. L. Ong,
P. Ruch, and B. Michel, Thermal management
and overall performance of a high concentration
PV, Proc. CPV-8 (2012).
B. R. Burg, S. Paredes, T. Tick, W. Escher, and B.
Michel, Receiver integrated cooling of highconcentrating photovoltaic thermal systems for
efficient heat recovery, under review (2014).
8
IBM Research Zurich
Basic Questions
Why are we promoting solar technologies? As a sustainable energy source
Is sunlight a free resource? YES
Is solar energy free? NO there are costs and emissions
1. There is CAPEX and OPEX of the solar power station
2. Solar installations contain gray energy
3. Black surfaces trigger radiative forces
4. Urban heat islands triggered by solar installations increase cooling demand
Which is the best solar technology? The one with the highest overall efficiency
and lowest radiative forcing.
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Technologies Compared
A) Multi-crystalline Silicon panels

Efficiency 13.2%
A) Coal/peat power plant 958 g CO2/kWh

Efficiency 45%
Lowest fuel cost, largest emission
Emissions associated with technologies B) Mono-crystalline Silicon panels
TABLE 2. Fossil fuel world average CO2 emissions.11
Efficiency 14%
CO2 emissions
Fossil Fuel
Oil
Coal/Peat
Gas
796 g CO2 / kWh

958 g CO2 / kWh
451 g CO2 / kWh
B) Oil fired power plant 796 g CO2/kWh

Efficiency 42%
Medium fuel cost, medium emissions
C) CdTe Thin film solar technology

Efficiency 8%
C) Gas fired CHP plant 451 g CO2/kWh

D) Concentrated photovoltaic technology
Efficiency > 65%
Efficiency 27%
Highest fuel cost, lowest emission
Fuel associated cost and emissions enforce
efficiencies > 40%
Economy favors multi crystalline Si and
thin film solar with efficiencies of 8-14%
Do solar systems have no CO2 emissions?
Do solar systems have no fuel associated cost?
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Energy Payback due to Embodied Energy

Sum of all the energy required to produce any
goods for an entire product life-cycle
(Life cycle Assessment, LCA).
Includes raw material extraction, transport,
manufacture, assembly, installation, disassembly,
deconstruction and/or decomposition as well as
human and secondary resources.
Energy payback time increases for higher latitude
locations due to lower energy production
(3x longer in Germany than in the Mediterranean)
Hours of solar energy per day 1600 kWh/m2/day =
4h (pale red)
NREL, DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy, January 2004, PV FAQs
Conclusion: Deploy solar panels in the desert to
maximize benefit?
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IBM Research Zurich
Albedo
Reflection coefficient, from Latin albedo "whiteness" or albus
"white," is the diffuse surface reflectivity or the ratio of
reflected to incident radiation from zero for no reflection of a
black to 1 or 100% for reflection of a white surface.
The Earth planetary albedo, is 30-35% because of cloud
cover, but varies because of different geological features.
The term was introduced by J.H. Lambert in 1760.
http://plantsneedco2.org/default.aspx?act=documentdetails.
aspx&documentid=315&menugroup=ClimateChange
http://www.ecocem.ie/environmental,albedo.htm
Solar collectors are black surfaces with an

albedo ~0.05 irrespective of their efficiency
High Albedo
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Low Albedo
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Energetic Balance and Radiative Forcing per m2

~5%
81%
Crystalline Silicon
14%
~5% 81.8%
Multi cryst. Silicon
~5%
87%
Thin film Solar
13.2%
~5% 68%
Concentrated PV
8%
Lower efficiency
27%
larger area
Radiative forcing: Each m2 of surface with 0.01 lower albedo causes 3x10-15 K to
climate warming or corresponds to emission of 7kg of carbon dioxide (Akbari 2012).
More efficient technologies need smaller surface for a given electrical output
~5% 18%
HCPVT provides less radiative forcing 18% instead of 68-87%
Yellow: incident and reflected solar radiation. Red radiative forcing
Concentrated PVT
27%
13
50%
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Overall Payback Time of PV Including Albedo Changes

0.01 albedo change 7 kg CO2 emissions / m2
Desert Case (=0.4)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
Oil
Grey energy
Coal/Peat
HCPVT
CdTe (Thin film)
Mono-Si
Multi-Si
HCPVT
CdTe (Thin film)
Mono-Si
Multi-Si
HCPVT
CdTe (Thin film)
Mono-Si
Multi-Si
Years
Sensitive to placement
(background albedo)
Sensitive to insolation
Payback time depends
on comparative fossil
energy source
Inclusion of albedo
change favors efficient
solar technologies over
less efficient ones
Changed sequence of
technologies
Payback time is relatively
short with respect to life
expectancy of 30 years
Gas
Desert albedo change from 0.4 to 0.05
IBM Research Zurich
Countermeasures to Global Warming and Radiative Forcing

Climate engineering / geoengineering, is the intervention
in the Earths climatic system to reduce global warming.
1) Carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere.
2) Solar radiation management offsets greenhouse
gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.
Geoengineering is a third risky option for tackling
global warming, alongside mitigation and adaptation.
Tree planting and cool roofs underway.
Ocean fertilization and sulfur aerosols tested.
Radiative forcing for 2005, relative to
the pre-industrial era (1750).
Solar irradiance is 5% of contribution of
greenhouse gasses (carbon dioxide,
methane and nitrous oxide).
IPCC, Summary for Policymakers,
Human and Natural Drivers of Climate
Change, 2007.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming
15
Active Solar
Passive Solar / White Roofs
IBM Research Zurich
Are Active or Passive Solar Technologies

better Countermeasures to Global Warming?
White roof reduce urban temperatures

White roofs even beat green roofs in this effect
http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2014/01/21/white-roofs-are-better-for-climate.html
An inconvenient truth in large low latitude cities

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IBM Research Zurich
Overall Payback Time of PV Including Albedo

Changes and White Roof Effect
White Roof Case (=0.8)
12
10
8
Years
6
4
2
Oil
Grey energy
17
Coal/Peat
HCPVT
CdTe (Thin film)
Mono-Si
Multi-Si
HCPVT
CdTe (Thin film)
Mono-Si
Multi-Si
HCPVT
CdTe (Thin film)
Mono-Si
Multi-Si
Inclusion of albedo
change favors
efficient solar
technologies over
less efficient ones
Changed sequence
of technologies
Payback time is
relatively long with
respect to life
expectancy of 30
years in particular
for thin film
technologies
Gas
White roof albedo chg. from 0.8 to 0.05
IBM Research Zurich
Urban Heat Islands

Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of
Strategies, Heat Island Reduction Strategies
The annual mean air temperature of a 1 million+ city is
1-3C warmer than its surroundings max. differences are
12C. Surface temperature difference are >25C.
Surface energy budgets of urban areas and rural
surroundings differ because of differences in land cover,
surface characteristics, and level of human activity.
Such differences affect the generation and transfer of
heat, which lead to different surface and air temperatures.
www.epa.gov/heatisland/resources/pdf/BasicsCompendium.pdf
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IBM Research Zurich
Energy Demand of Cities in Sunny Regions

Increases with Temperature
Slope shows ~8% / K
Heat island is 2C (due to albedo -0.1)
Text uses 3% / K
White roof countermeasure (albedo +0.5)
Cooling effect up to 10C
Solar: Installation (albedo -0.25)
Warming effect 2.5 * 2 = 5C
Net difference up to 15C
Peak demand increase exceeding >100%
In New Orleans, electrical load increases
once temperatures exceed 25C 2x at 38C.
Increased energy demand for cooling on hot,
summer weekday afternoons, when offices and homes are running cooling systems.
Adding a solar collector on white roofs triggers an 8x larger heat island effect
but provides electrical energy.
Cooling per multi (2-3) storey house 25 kW / 100m2 = 0.25 kW/m2 is fully needed 100% duty
cycle for T> 15C. Cooling demand persists over night but solar input is only available for
25% of the time.
With COP of 4 for compression cooling this needs a 25% efficient PV system.
Only HCPVT systems can be deployed because radiative forcing is 4x lower.
(Graph from www.epa.gov/heatisland/resources/pdf/BasicsCompendium.pdf)
19
IBM Research Zurich
CPVT Driven District Cooling: Economic Value of Heat

1.
2.
3.
4.
Cooling loop for CPVT receiver on tracker level

Fluid loop for collection of thermal energy on power plant level connected to storage
Fluid loop for transfer of thermal energy between storage and thermal user
Fluid loop to transfer chilled water or fresh water to consumer
No heat island effect
results in better health of
DNI > 2000 kWh/(myear)
inhabitants and much lower
Moderate heat island effect
cooling energy demand
over CPVT power station
White roofs no active solar!
1
25km
50km
consumer
2
3
Thermal user
Cooling
Thermal user
Desalination
Heat exchanger
Thermal storage
10MW CPVT power plant
Other needs
Heat and electricity demand is correlated with

temperature
Delivery of cooling reduces power line congestion
Place HCPVT station were heating requirements
are high and heat losses are low
Thermal user at/off

CPVT plant
V. Garcia, S. Paredes, C. L. Ong, P. Ruch, and B. Michel, Exergoeconomic analysis of high concentration photovoltaic
thermal co-generation system for space cooling, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 34, 8-19 (2014).
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IBM Research Zurich
Conclusion and Summary
Support for efficiency in solar industry was not strong enough

Because solar energy was considered a free resource
For free resources there is no pressure to use them efficiently
Oil, coal, gas are no free resources therefore power stations are very efficient
With radiative forcing by solar panels solar energy looses its status as a free resource
Triggers a new roadmap to efficient systems
Geoengineering proposes white roofs to prevent or even revert heat islands
Solar deployments collide with this approach
Solar installations increase demand for cooling in sunny cities which eliminates their benefit
Building integrated solar installations in urban areas in the sun belt are the wrong approach
The best technology choice are highly efficient solar power stations outside of cities that
provide district cooling so that no heat is pumped into the air anymore in cities
Dark surfaces minimized to reach a maximum of electrical and cooling output
HCPVT with district cooling minimizes the amount of heat dissipated
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IBM Research Zurich
Thank You!
Contacts: Dr. Bruno Michel | bmi@zurich.ibm.com | +41-44 724 86 48

IBM Zurich Research Laboratory
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the Commission for Technology and Innovation (CTI), Switzerland (KTI
14048.2 PFIW-IW). The authors thank Gianluca Ambrosetti, Airlight Energy, for helpful discussions.
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IBM Research Zurich
Introduction to Concentrated Photovoltaics

Electricity from photovoltaics (PV)
Rapid PV industry growing fast price reductions
Low yield because of focus on collector material cost
Concentrated photovoltaics (CPV)

Higher-efficiency (30%) reduces $/W for
concentration higher than 400X
Less than half the module area and
better match to load profiles
CPV discards 70% of the collected
energy as heat
Concentrating solar power (CSP)

Troughs with 70% recovery and 42% efficient steam engine (<30% efficient)
Thermal storage possible (hot water/molten salt)
Efficiencies of current CSP and PV systems are smaller than 30%, consume water
HCPVT is the solution for cogeneration
23
Eliminate disadvantages of CSP, PV, and CPV to allow system efficiencies >35%
High electrical efficiency AND medium grade heat recovery
Key: IBM Research Zurich world leading low thermal resistance package
Low cost thermal storage
IBM Research Zurich
Concentrator Photovoltaic (CPV) Concept

Principle: Concentrator optics to focus
sunlight on small, efficient solar cell.
Advantage: Expensive cell area reduced by
concentration ratio lower LCOE
LCOE = levelized cost of energy
Reaches grid parity first.
Disadvantage: Active cooling to leverage
potential at high concentrations.
Incoming Sun Light
(1 Sun ~1000W/m)
Concentrating
optics
(e.g. Fresnel lens)
focal length
Source: Fraunhofer ISE
Peak production
maintained during
>8h
24
Concentrated
beam
(>300 suns)
High efficiency
multi-junction
solar cell
Heat spreader
IBM Research Zurich
Economic Mechanisms in Solar Deployments

1
Complex high-performance vs. less

complex low-performance technology.
Lower LCOE of the simpler technology
(green) favors scale-up which reduces
cost and LCOE faster than the complex
technology (blue)
0.9
0.8
0.7
Eff. LT
0.6
Eff. HT
0.5
CAPEX HT
0.4
LCOE LT
CAPEX LT
LCOE HT
0.3
0.2
0.1
The situation reverts when the simple

0
technology stagnates (blue line, diamonds). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Years
The continued improvement of the higher
performance technology (cyan) reduces LCOE below the level of the simple technology
after 14 years (cross over, blue and green).
Peak deployment of the low efficiency
technology in year 11 and a dip in the
overall deployment in year 14 due to
the lagging development of the highperformance technology (yellow, grey).
Faster deployment when the high performance technology is subsidized to
compensate for this economical flaw
(LCOE acc).
25
1
0.9
0.8
LT Deploy
0.7
HT Deploy
0.6
Eff. LT
Eff. HT
0.5
LCOE LT
0.4
LCOE HT
LCOE HT
0.3
Sum
0.2
0.1
0
1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Years
IBM Research Zurich
High Concentration Photovoltaic Thermal System

using Low-Cost Innovative Materials
Efficient, cost-competitive HCPVT system converts 80%
radiation and provides electricity at 0.05 - 0.07 $/KWh Levelized
Cost of Energy (LCOE)
3J PV cell
large area high
performance receiver
Solar-electrical conversion efficiency >25%, with <250 $/m2 cost

per aperture area (<1$/Wp), and >50% heat recovery
Novel materials exploited for mass-production of low-cost
concentrator and high performance receiver
2000x concentration onto microchannel-cooled dense receiver
array of ~40% efficient 3J PV chips at safe temperatures
3x lower cost by concrete
trackers and pneumatic optics
Business model with tracker and
mirror fabrication in deployment
regions (~98% mass and ~50% value) and delivery of high-tech
receiver and concrete molding tools
Stand-alone units to supply electricity, water, and cooling
Protective PTFE foil for desert operation with minimal cleaning
26
low cost large dish-like concentrator

(joint development with partner)

5.5 Concentrated Phtovoltaic Thermal Multigeneration B Michel

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IBM Research Zurich | Science & Technology

Concentrated Photovoltaic Thermal Multigeneration:

Advanced Micro Integration

2014 IBM Corporation

IBM Research Zurich

Efficient provider of both electricity and heat

Efficient heat driven desalination/purification

Efficient heat driven cooler

Best Solution: Match energy provider with thermal user

HCPVT technology: Best solar to electrical, water, and cooling efficiencies

Basic questions: Energy payback time and life cycle analysis

Countermeasures against global warming: Climate engineering

Overall payback time including albedo changes and white roofs

Urban heat islands Energy demand of cities as function of temperature

Economic mechanisms in solar industry - reasons and countermeasures

Summary and Conclusions

Bruno Michel, Advanced Micro Integration, bmi@zurich.ibm.com

2014 IBM Corporation

IBM Research Zurich

The Fresh Water Solar Dilemma

Freshwater stress and solar abundance coincide

UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 'Freshwater Stress 1995 and 2025',

Bruno Michel, Advanced Micro Integration, bmi@zurich.ibm.com

2014 IBM Corporation

IBM Research Zurich

Large Energy Demand in Sunny Regions

Tripled global cooling demand (2010 -2040)

No water consumption: Dry cooling, no cleaning

Bruno Michel, Advanced Micro Integration, bmi@zurich.ibm.com

2014 IBM Corporation

IBM Research Zurich

PV chip with intermediate substrate

Bruno Michel, Advanced Micro Integration, bmi@zurich.ibm.com

2014 IBM Corporation

IBM Research Zurich

Value Proposition Concentrated Photovoltaic Thermal

Loss in optics 20%

Electrical system yield 25%

Overall System Yield 80%

Thermal system yield: 55% 460 W/m2 converted to:

Bruno Michel, Advanced Micro Integration, bmi@zurich.ibm.com

2014 IBM Corporation

IBM Research Zurich

Advantages of HCPVT System

Heating / Hot water

Air cooling looses 50C in package and wastes heat

Higher electrical efficiency

Irradiance 850 W/m2 or

Desalinated water, heating, and cooling from waste heat

Superior HCPVT system performance

Bruno Michel, Advanced Micro Integration, bmi@zurich.ibm.com

2014 IBM Corporation

IBM Research Zurich

Bruno Michel, Advanced Micro Integration, bmi@zurich.ibm.com

2014 IBM Corporation

IBM Research Zurich

Bruno Michel, Advanced Micro Integration, bmi@zurich.ibm.com

2014 IBM Corporation

IBM Research Zurich

A) Multi-crystalline Silicon panels

A) Coal/peat power plant 958 g CO2/kWh

796 g CO2 / kWh

B) Oil fired power plant 796 g CO2/kWh

C) CdTe Thin film solar technology