Enerdata Energy Report JP

COUNTRY
ENERGY
REPORT
JAPAN
August 2015
Table of contents
Table of contents ______________________________ 1

List of graphs & tables __________________________ 2
Overview ____________________________________ 4
Institutions and energy policy ____________________ 6
Energy companies ____________________________ 13
Energy supply________________________________ 17
Energy prices ________________________________ 22
Energy consumption __________________________ 24
Issues and prospects __________________________ 30
Graphs & data files ___________________________ 37
Abbreviations________________________________ 41
Glossary ____________________________________ 42
Enerdata Energy Report Japan Copyright Enerdata All rights reserved
List of graphs & tables

List of graphs
GRAPH 1:
CO2-energy emissions (MtCO2) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
GRAPH 2:
Installed electric capacity by source (2014, %) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18
GRAPH 3:
Gross power production by source (TWh) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
GRAPH 4:
Power generation by source (2014, %) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
GRAPH 5:
Map of natural gas infrastructure ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
GRAPH 6:
Gasoline & diesel prices (US$/l) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
GRAPH 7:
Electricity prices for industry and households (US$c/kWh) ----------------------------------------------------------- 23
GRAPH 8:
Gas prices for industry and households (US$c/kWh GCV) ------------------------------------------------------------- 23
GRAPH 9:
Consumption trends by energy source (Mtoe) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
GRAPH 10:
Total consumption market share by energy (2014, %) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 25
GRAPH 11:
Final consumption market share by sector (2014, %) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 25
GRAPH 12:
Oil consumption (Mt) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
GRAPH 13:
Oil consumption breakdown by sector (2014, %) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
GRAPH 14:
Electricity consumption (TWh) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
GRAPH 15:
Electricity consumption breakdown by sector (2014, %) -------------------------------------------------------------- 27
GRAPH 16:
Natural gas consumption (bcm)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
GRAPH 17:
Gas consumption breakdown by sector (2014, %) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
GRAPH 18:
Coal consumption (Mt)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
GRAPH 19:
Coal consumption breakdown by sector (2014, %)---------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
List of tables
Table 1: Economic indicators
Population, GDP growth
Imports & exports
Inflation rate, exchange rate
Energy security and efficiency indicators
CO2 emissions
Table 2: Supply indicators

Oil & Gas proven reserves
Electric & refining capacity detailed by source
Production by energy source
Power production by source
External trade by energy source
Table 3: Demand indicators
Consumption / inhabitant and consumption trends
Total consumption by energy source
Final consumption by energy source and by sector
Electricity consumption by sector
Table 4: Energy Balance
Total energy balance
Detailed energy balance by energy source
Table 5: Power Infrastructures
Main power plant projects by energy, technology, status and operator
Table 6: Gas infrastructures and contracts
Main gas plant projects
Main LNG contracts
Overview
Map source: OCHA/ReliefWeb
Highlights
The 2011 Fukushima disaster has spurred many debates on the future of nuclear energy. Faced with volatile
energy prices, the latest energy policy has made supply security, cost reduction, the environment and safety
the top priorities.
The Government is making progress in the liberalisation of the energy sector.

The electricity sector is still dominated by a few vertically-integrated private companies.
The oil sector deregulation led to the restructuring of the companies via expansions and mergers to reduce the
costs. The gas sector has many regional private players.
Due to a lack of domestic resources and a highly developed economy, Japan is among the worlds biggest
importers of oil, gas and coal.
The renewables capacity has also grown substantially in recent years.
National oil prices follow international oil prices. Electricity prices are controlled by METI through an automatic
adjustment mechanism. Gas prices are regulated for small consumers only.
Energy intensity has been decreasing since 2000.

Industry is the largest energy consumer. Oil has the largest share in energy consumption.
The country is facing pressure to reach its 2030 CO2 emissions and power mix targets, leading to tighter
regulations for coal projects, whereas renewable projects are expected to at least double by 2030.
The gas import capacity is expected to increase since the Government favours fuel switching to gas in the enduse sectors.
Largest +9 GW
-2%/yr
LNG importer in the

world
decrease in energy
intensity since 2000
increase in
installed PV
capacity in 2014
Table 1 : Economic Indicators

Population
million
GDP growth rate
%/year
GDP/capita
US $
Inflation Rate
%/year
Exchange rate
lc/$
1990
2000
2012
2013
2014
124
5.6
25124
3.0
145
126.9
2.3
37 292
-0.7
108
127.6
1.4
46 548
0.0
80
127.3
1.5
38 492
0.4
98
127.3
0.9
37 495
2.7
104
Sources : World Bank , IMF
Energy security
1990
2000
2012
2013
2014
%
%
17
100
20
100
6
100
6
100
6
100
1990
2000
2012
2013
2014
Total consumption/GDP *
koe/$05
Total consumption/GDP *
2005=100
Rate of T&D power losses
Efficiency of thermal power plants
0.134
100
5.1
42.0
0.142
106
4.7
43.9
0.113
84.7
4.6
44.1
0.111
83.0
4.7
44.1
0.107
79.9
4.8
44.2
Energy independence rate

Share of oil imported(+) exported(-)
Energy efficiency
CO2 emissions
CO2 emissions/GDP *
kCO2/$05p
CO2 emissions/capita
tCO2/cap.
1990
2000
2012
2013
2014
0.316
8.4
0.312
9.0
0.294
9.2
0.288
9.2
0.279
9.0
* at purchasing power parity
Institutions and energy policy

The 2011 Fukushima disaster has spurred many
debates on the future of nuclear energy. Faced with
volatile energy prices, the latest energy policy has
made supply security, cost reduction, the
environment and safety the top priorities.
The METI, or the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, is in charge of
the energy sector through its Agency for Natural Resources and Energy
(ANRE). ANRE has three departments: the Energy Conservation and
Renewable Energy Department, the Natural Resources and Fuel
Department, and the Electricity and Gas Industry Department.
The Basic Energy Plan

(2014)
designates nuclear power as

an important electricity
source
The R&D programmes are under the responsibility of a public research

institution, the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology, or AIST, which is dependent on the METI. In addition, NEDO,
the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organisation,
provides support for the private sector to pursue its own R&D efforts.
The Strategic Energy Plan of Japan stipulates the main goals of the
countrys energy policy, based on the Basic Act on Energy Policy. The first
Plan since the 2011 Fukushima disaster was approved in April 2014; it
designates nuclear power as an important long-term electricity source,
overturning the nuclear phase-out goal upheld by the previous
government. However, the future share of nuclear power in Japan's power
mix is not specified, and the country will also seek to boost renewable
power. Energy security remains a significant issue for Japan. The previous
plan was drawn up in 2003 and reviewed in 2007 and 2010.
Electricity
In 2004 the Electric Power System Council of Japan (ESCJ) was set up to
regulate the electricity sector.
In 2013 the Cabinet approved the Policy on Electricity System Reform,
which is aimed at restructuring the power sector by splitting utilities'
generation and transmission businesses and opening the residential
electricity market to competition. The reform will consist of three phases:
(i) establishing a new regulator by 2015 (Amended Electricity Business Act
The Policy on the

Electricity System
Reform
was approved in 2013 with

the aim of the full
unbundling of T&D activities
by 2018-2020
of November 2013), (ii) fully liberalizing the retail market by 2016

(Amended Electricity Business Act of June 2014), and (iii) unbundling
power transmission and distribution activities by 2018-2020 (bills to be
submitted in 2015). Utilities have long been opposed to such a move, but
the Fukushima accident has weakened their lobbying power. As part of
the first phase, the Organization for Cross-regional Coordination of
Transmission Operators (OCCTO) was set up in April 2015 to maintain the
supply demand balance of the electricity system in both normal and
emergency situations. In June 2015, the Upper House of Parliament
adopted the final part of the electricity market liberalisation process,
opening the energy market (worth Yen 10 500bn/year or US$85bn/year)
to investors.
In 1995 the Electricity Law (Denki Jigyo-Ho) was revised by Parliament in
order to open the electricity sector to independent producers. A new
amendment approved by Parliament in 1999 opened up the electricity
distribution sector to large industrial consumers in 2000 (> 2 MW and
supply > 20 000 Volts, or approximately 8 000 customers and 30% of the
consumption). Following a new review of the Electricity Law adopted in
2003, the electricity market was opened up to all medium industrial and
commercial customers in 2004 (threshold of eligibility: 500 kW, or 40% of
the market). In 2005 the opening was further extended to include SMEs
(threshold: 50 kW, or approximately 60% of the market).
The Japan Electric Power Exchange (JPEX) was set up in 2003. In 2013,
around 63% of the electricity was sold on the liberalised market (>50 kW).
Of that amount, 1.3% was transacted on JPEX.
Nuclear
The Nuclear Regulatory
Authority
issued new nuclear safety
guidelines in 2013
The new Government, elected in 2012, has reversed the phasing out
policy. The 2014 Energy Plan opens the way for the construction of new
reactors. In line with this plan, the Energy White Paper (Annual Report on
Energy), which was approved by the Cabinet in June 2014, calls for a
nuclear revival. In April 2015, the Government released plans to achieve a
20-22% share of nuclear in the power mix by 2030.
Following the Fukushima nuclear accident, a new nuclear regulatory
agency, the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA), was created in 2012 to
ensure nuclear safety. The NRA has issued new nuclear safety rules that
took effect in July 2013. In May 2015, the NRA approved the restart of the
third reactor of the Ikata nuclear power plant on Shikoku Island, which
was shut down in the wake of the Fukushima disaster. Ikata would be the
third nuclear power plant to restart, as in April 2015 Kyushu Electric was
allowed to restart two reactors at its Sendai nuclear power plant, and
Kansai Electric also received approval from the NRA for two units at its
Takahama power plant. Sendai 1 was restarted in August 2015.
In 2013 Japan created an authority dedicated to the dismantling of four
Fukushima nuclear units. The International Research and Development
Organisation for Dismantling (IRID) will be in charge of conceiving new
technologies and processes to clean up the nuclear site, including
withdrawing spent fuel.
The Government has approved additional public funding for compensation
payments after the Fukushima disaster, raising compensation payments
from Yen 6 125bn (US$49.5bn) to Yen 7 070bn (US$57.18bn). TEPCO will
receive an additional Yen 950bn (US$7.68bn) in public funds.
Oil
The restrictions on the import of oil products and on the installation of
service stations were removed in 1996. Due to the lack of domestic
resources, the energy policy incentivises companies to pursue overseas
exploration projects in order to secure the supply.
Gas
The 4th Strategic Energy

Plan
aims to introduce full
competition in the gas retail
business by 2017
The opening of the gas market took place in several phases: first for
customers consuming more than 217 m3/year, i.e. 36% of the market, in
1994; then in 1999 the threshold was lowered to 1 mcm/year (40% of
consumers), in 2003 to 0.5 mcm/year (44% of customers) and in 2007 to
0.1 mcm/year (50% of consumers). In 1999 the law also introduced third
party access to the networks of the countrys 4 large gas companies
(Tokyo Gas, Osaka Gas, Toho Gas and Saibu Gas). Private consumers now
have access to the networks of all the countrys gas companies. In June
2015, the Government adopted measures for the further liberalization of
the gas market. The new reform will fully liberalise the city gas market for
retail customers as of 2017. The market is estimated at Yen2.4tr
(US$19bn). As for electricity grids, gas transmission and distribution
networks operated by the three largest city gas suppliers, namely Tokyo
Gas, Osaka Gas and Toho Gas, will be transferred to companies that will
become legally separated on 1 April 2022, in order to open access to new
entrants.
The shift in the Japanese power mix following the Fukushima nuclear
accident contributed to a strong increase in LNG imports at relatively high
prices, triggering a hike in electricity charges. In September 2014, Japan
launched its LNG Futures market on the Japan OTC Exchange. This should
improve utilities' negotiation power when purchasing LNG. The METI

believes LNG would be traded at lower prices than at present.
Energy efficiency
The Energy Efficiency Policy is governed by the Energy Conservation Law
(Rational Use of Energy Act), voted in 1979, which was last amended in
2008. In 2006 the Government drafted the New National Energy Strategy
to promote energy conservation measures; the strategy also included the
Energy Conservation Frontrunner Plan. The target set in the plan is to
further improve energy efficiency by at least 30% by 2030 compared to
2003.
The energy demand management policy saw the creation of energy
efficiency standards for many electrical appliances and vehicles (e.g. cars),
known as the top-runner programme, launched in 1998. It currently
concerns about 25 products and types of equipment, including household
and commercial electrical appliances, lamps, road vehicles, heating and
cooking appliances and industrial electric equipment (e.g. motors,
transformers), with up to 3 updates for some of them.
Target for renewables:
10% of the primary energy

consumption by 2020
In industry, large companies are obliged to name an energy manager

who is responsible for the implementation of an energy plan in the
company and who has to provide the METI with statistics. The 2008
review of the Energy Conservation Law extended that obligation to the
commercial sector.
Following the Fukushima nuclear accident and the consequent drop in
electricity capacity, the Government implemented an emergency plan
(Electricity supply-demand measures in summer time) to cover the
power demand peak period seen during the summer months because of
high air conditioning usage. Another plan has been published to overcome
peak demand caused by space heating in winter.
In 2015, the METI announced plans to invest Yen 93bn (US$779m) to
finance the implementation of energy efficiency devices, such as LED
lamps or high-efficiency boilers by SMEs and industries.
Renewables
Under the Strategic Energy Plan of Japan the country intends to supply
10% of its primary energy from renewables by 2020.
Since 2009 feed-in tariffs (FITs) have been available for solar photovoltaic
electricity (for surplus electricity production only). A new law passed in
2011 extended the FITs to other renewables. In addition, the new scheme,
which began in July 2012, now applies to all generated electricity (except
in the residential sector, where it still concerns excess electricity only). The
scheme will be reviewed at least every three years and should be
drastically reviewed in 2020.
A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) was introduced in 2003 and
removed in 2012 with the new FIT scheme.
Feed-in tariffs
Purchase rates for the July 2012-March 2013 period were among the
highest in the world. The FIT for solar power was twice the FIT in Germany
and over three times that paid in China. METI decided to cut the tariff for
solar power to reflect declining prices of solar facilities. The FIT for PV
systems with a capacity above 10 kW was reduced by 8% in April 2013 and
by 15% in April 2014. PV systems with a capacity below 10 KW saw a 9%
decrease in FiTs in April 2013 and a 3% decrease in April 2014. The METI
has approved a cut in solar feed-in tariffs as of 1 July 2015. Tariffs will
decrease for applications approved from 1 April to 30 June 2015, from Yen
32/kWh to Yen 29/kWh (from US$26c/kWh to US$24c/kWh), i.e. a 9.4%
cut. They were cut again by 16% as of July 2015, to Yen 27/kWh
(US$22c/kWh). This will end Japan's three-year incentive programme,
launched in 2012.
In order to boost offshore wind development, the METI introduced a
specific FIT for offshore energy in April 2014. The new tariff is set at
US$37.2c/kWh for 20 years for power plants with a capacity above 20 kW.
The tariff for onshore wind energy has remained stable at US$22.7c/kWh.
The subsidy for wind energy below 20 kW is US$59.7c/kWh for 20 years
(April 2015).
FITs for geothermal facilities are set for 15 years at US$28.2c/kWh when
over 15 MW and at US$43.4c/kWh when under 15 MW. Small and
medium hydropower stations are divided into three classes: less than
200 kW, between 200 kW and 1 000 kW, and over 1 000 kW. FITs are set
at US$35c/kWh, US$30c/kWh and US$25c/kWh, respectively, for 20 years
(April 2015).
In 2015, Japan also set a new tariff for small-sized biomass projects (from
wood): the current Yen 32/kWh (US$26c/kWh) tariff will only apply to
installations above 2 MW as of 1 April 2015, while smaller installations will
benefit from a tariff of Yen 40/kWh (US$33c/kWh).
10
CO2
In 2002 Japan ratified the Kyoto Protocol, thereby making a commitment
to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 6% by 2008-2012 compared to
the 1990 level. GHG emissions decreased sharply in 2008 and 2009, but
have been increasing again since then. In 2013 they were 9% above the
1990 GHG emission level.
GHG reduction target:

26% below 2013 levels by
2030
In July 2015, Japan submitted its Intended Nationally Determined

Contribution (INDCs) with the objective of reducing GHG emissions to 26%
below 2013 levels by 2030. This is equal to 18% below 1990 levels by
2030.
In 2009, the Japanese Government set a greenhouse gas reduction target
of 25% by 2020 compared with 1990 levels. Since the shutdown of most of
the nuclear reactors since Fukushima led to an increase in thermal
generation, Japan decided to remove its 25% reduction target. The cut in
CO2 emissions was scaled back to a 3.8% decrease by 2020 compared to
the 2005 level, which translates into a 3% increase compared to the 1990
level. The long-term goal, announced in 2008, is to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by 80% by 2050 compared to 1990.
Within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol, Japan plans to subsidise CO2
saving projects in developing countries in order to obtain the equivalent of
1.2 MtCO2/year in emissions credits and to buy carbon permits. The
country has bought 40 Mt of carbon permits, known as Assigned Amount
Units (AAUs), from the Czech Republic and 30 Mt of emission rights from
Ukraine. In 2009 the NEDO also signed an agreement with Latvia to
purchase rights to emit 1.5 Mt of greenhouse gas under Kyoto's CDM
scheme.
CO2 emissions from energy combustion reached 1 141 Mt in 2014. They
were strongly affected by the global economic crisis (-5.8%/year in 2008
and 2009) but rebounded in 2011 and 2012 following the closure of
nuclear reactors.
11
GRAPH 1: CO2-ENERGY EMISSIONS (MtCO2)

1 400
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
Emission trading scheme
1998
2006
2014
In 2005 the Ministry of Environment launched a Voluntary Emissions

Trading Scheme (JVETS). The quotation started in 2006 for the 32
companies that chose to participate. Companies or facilities participated
voluntarily by pledging concrete emissions reduction targets and received
the EAs from the Government. The JVETS ended in 2012. The Government
intends to introduce a national compulsory emissions trading scheme for
large CO2 emitting companies but faces opposition from industries. No
new announcements have been made on the subject since 2012.
In 2010 the Tokyo Metropolitan Government launched a mandatory capand-trade scheme to reduce its GHG emissions by 25% by 2020, compared
with 2000 levels. During the first compliance period (2010-2014), it
required installations under the cap to reduce CO2 emissions by 6%, on
average, compared to the base year emissions. Reports submitted at the
end of 2012 indicated that 93% of the required installations met the first
compliance factor. Similar schemes exist in Saitama (Target-Setting
Emissions Trading Programme) and in Kyoto (voluntary ETS).
12
Energy companies
The Government is making progress
liberalisation of the energy sector.
in
the
The electricity sector is still dominated by a few

vertically-integrated private companies.
The oil sector deregulation led to the restructuring of
the companies via expansions and mergers to reduce
the costs. The gas sector has many regional private
players.
Electricity
TEPCO
is the largest power

generation company with
an installed capacity of
66 GW
The electricity sector is dominated by 10 regional, private companies (the

Ten EPCOS), vertically integrated and grouped together in the
Federation of Electric Power Companies (FEPC); and by a hydro and
thermal electricity production company, J-Power (also called EPDC), which
until 2004 was a public company. Before 1 January 1996, every EPCO held
a monopoly on production, transport and distribution in its respective
region. Those monopolies have now ended. The three most important
companies, i.e. TEPCO, Kansai and Chubu, represent about 60% of the
installed capacity and sales of the Ten EPCOS.
TEPCO (Tokyo EPCO) had a capacity of 66 GW in 2014 (nuclear 12.6 GW,
LNG/LPG 29.5 GW, coal 3.2 GW, oil 10.8 GW and hydro 9.8 GW). Prior to
the Fukushima accident in 2011, its nuclear capacity was 17.3 GW. The 6
Fukushima Daichi nuclear reactors have now been permanently closed.
TEPCO power generation has decreased significantly, from 264 TWh in
2010 to 222 TWh in 2014, and its sales dropped to 277 TWh in 2014 from
317 TWh in 2010. In 2012, TEPCO's shareholders approved the
nationalisation of the company. The Nuclear Damage Liability Facilitation
Fund is now the companys main shareholder with a 54.69% stake.
Following the Fukushima nuclear accident and the massive claims TEPCO
has been facing, the company would have been forced into bankruptcy.
Kansai EPCO has a capacity of 43 GW and sales of 134 TWh (at 31 March
2015), which is 4% lower than in FY 2014. It represented 16.5% of the
sales of the 10 EPCOS in FY2014. Kansai has 11 nuclear reactors (with a

total capacity of 10 GW).
Chubu EPCO has a capacity of 34 GW and sales of 124 TWh (at 31 March
2015). It represented 15% of the sales of the 10 EPCOS in FY2014.
TEPCO and Chubu are considering merging their thermal power plants
under a new joint venture that was set up in April 2015. The companies
will create a 50-50 joint venture that will be in charge of the construction
of new thermal power plants and of thermal plant replacement, overseas
power generation and energy infrastructure operations. The joint venture
is primarily aimed at joining forces in fuel procurement (LNG, oil and coal),
upstream development and gas investments. However, the joint venture
may also include the operation of their thermal power plants,
representing nearly 68 GW of installed capacity.
The other companies are, in order of importance: Kyushu (20 GW, 84 TWh
of sales), Tohoku (18 GW, 77 TWh of sales), Chugoku (12 GW, 59 TWh of
sales), Hokuriku (8 GW, 28 TWh of sales), Hokkaido (7.5 GW, 31 TWh of
sales), Shikoku (7 GW, 27 TWh of sales), and Okinawa (2.4 GW, 7.6 TWh of
sales) (at 31 March 2014). The Ten EPCOS account for of the electricity
produced in Japan.
In August 2015, Tohoku Electric and Tokyo Gas agreed to set up a new
power retail sales company to carry out power retailing activities in the
Kanto area. The two companies will each own 50% of the company,
scheduled to be established in October 2015 and to start supplying power
in April 2016. The companies are preparing for the full liberalisation of the
power retail market in 2016.
J-Power has a capacity of 16.3 GW, made up of 7.8 GW coal, 8.6 GW hydro
and 15 MW geothermal (on 31 March 2015). Total Sales in FY 2014 were
64 TWh. It was privatised in 2004 through the sale by the State of 83% of
its capital.
Japan Nuclear Fuel Ltd (JNFL) is a private venture led by the nation's ten
electric utilities to develop a "closed" nuclear fuel cycle. About 1/3 of the
capital will be contributed by TEPCO.
Nuclear Fuel Industries Ltd. has been Japans sole producer of nuclear fuel
since 1972. In 2009, Westinghouse Electric acquired a 52% stake in the
company from Furukawa Electric Co and Sumitomo Electric Industries,
which now hold the remaining 48% (24% each).
14
Oil
Around thirty Japanese companies produce oil abroad and import it into
Japan. A new company, Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation
(JOGMEC), was created to take over the assets and functions of JNOC
(Japan National Oil Company), which was dissolved in 2004. JOGMEC
supports the oil and gas companies in conducting oil and gas exploration
and development efforts overseas and offshore Japan. As of March 2014,
JOGMEC was providing financial assistance to 45 companies for
exploration activities. JOGMEC is also responsible for maintaining the oil
and gas stockpiles. It manages the national level petroleum stockpiling and
supports the private sector for stockpiling. As of March 2014, the
Governments strategic reserves came to 110 days worth of crude oil and
petroleum.
JOGMEC
was created in 2004 to help

oil and gas companies to
expand overseas, mainly in
E&P activities
The deregulation of the oil sector has led to the restructuring of

companies that aim to expand and reduce costs.
JX Nippon Oil & Energy is Japans largest oil group. It was set up in 2010
through the merger of Nippon Oil Corporation and Nippon Mining; Nippon
Oil was created in 1999 through the merger of Nippon Oil Mitsubishi Oil
and Kon Oil. JX Nippon Oil & Energy has 5 refineries with a total capacity
of 1.1 mb/d as of 2014.
The other main companies involved in refining are Tonen/General (3
refineries with a total capacity of 0.5 mb/d (2014)), Cosmo Oil (3 refineries
with a total capacity of 0.5 mb/d), Idemitsu Kosan (3 refineries, 0.5 mb/d)
and Showa Shell Sekiyu (3 refineries, 0.45 mb/d).
Idemitsu Kosan has agreed to buy the 33.24% stake held by Shell in oil
refining company Showa Shell Sekiyu for Yen 169bn (US$1.4bn); the
transaction is expected to be completed in 2016, subject to regulatory
approval, and Shell would retain a 1.8% interest in Showa Shell Sekiyu, in
which Saudi Aramco also owns 15%. For Idemitsu Kosan, this acquisition
could be a first step toward controlling Showa Shell Sekiyu, as the group is
continuing negotiations with Showa Shell on a potential merger, worth
Yen 500bn, i.e. US$4bn. The combined companies would control around
28% of the refining market in Japan, behind JX Holdings (35%).
Gas
Three companies account for more than 80% of the gas supply: Tokyo Gas
(15.5 bcm of sales volume in FY 2014), Osaka Gas (8.2 bcm of gas sales in
FY 2014) and Toho Gas (3.9 bcm of gas sales in FY 2014). There are around
15
200 gas companies, 85% of which are private; they are grouped together
in the Japan Gas Association (JGA).
Inpex is a company that was set up to develop gas projects, in particular
LNG imports to Japan (about of total LNG imports). Initially, Inpex was
public through the 54% stake owned by JNOC, but the company was
privatised in 2004. Inpex holds shares in the LNG plant of Bontang and is
also making progress with the Masela Abadi LNG project in Indonesia.
16
Energy supply
Due to a lack of domestic resources and a highly
developed economy, Japan is among the worlds
biggest importers of oil, gas and coal.
The renewables capacity has also grown substantially
in recent years.
Resources
Japan has limited resources (around 6 Mt of oil and 33 bcm of gas in 2014)
and fossil fuel production is very low compared to the demand. ANRE
estimates that the economically exploitable potential of renewable
energies amounts to 38-64 Mtoe/year (including 10-21 Mtoe of solar and
7-10 Mtoe of waste); the technical potential is estimated at
127 Mtoe/year.
Electricity
Installed capacity
Since 2013
all the nuclear reactors are

offline
Sendai-1 was restarted in
August 2015
The installed electricity capacity is 310 GW, including 41.9 GW of nuclear

energy and 49.4 GW of hydroelectricity. Thermal power plants account for
62% of the total capacity (2014).
All of Japans nuclear reactors, except 890 MW Sendai-1, are currently
offline. In early 2011, before the Fukushima accident, there were
54 reactors spread over 17 plants. After the accident, 11 reactors at four
nuclear power plants that were operating in the region all shut down
automatically. The operating units which shut down were TEPCO's
Fukushima Daiichi 1, 2, 3; Fukushima Daini 1, 2, 3, 4; Tohoku's Onagawa 1,
2, 3; and Japco's Tokai (total 9 377 MWe net). Fukushima Daiichi units 4-6
were not operating at the time, but were affected (total of 2 587 MWe
net). Eight other reactors were closed in April/May 2011. As a result of
closures for routine maintenance the number of operating nuclear units
has been dropping rapidly: 6 units were in operation at the end of 2011, 3
in February 2012 and no reactors were operating between May 2012
(when Hokkaido Electric's Tomari 3 was taken offline) and July 2012, when
Kansai Electric restarted reactors 3 and 4 at its Ohi nuclear power plant in
the Fukui Prefecture. These two reactors were shut down for maintenance
and inspection in September 2013, once again leaving the country without
any reactors in operation. Kyushu Electric restarted Sendai-1 in August

2015.
In 2013 TEPCO commissioned two coal-fired power units: the second unit
at the Hitachinaka power station, with a capacity of 1 000 MW; and the
sixth unit at the Hirono power station, with a capacity of 600 MW.
Nearly 6 GW of gas power capacity have been added to the network since
2011, including four 595 MW units at the Joetsu CCGT LNG-fired power
station in the Niigata Prefecture (commissioned in 2012-2014 by Chubu
Electric), a new 500 MW CCGT in Kawasaki (commissioned by TEPCO in
2013) and two 420 MW CCGT units at the Group 7 of the Kashima power
plant (commissioned in 2014 by TEPCO).
Japans gas cogeneration capacity amounted to around 4 800 MW in 2014
(compared to 1 700 MW in 2000 and 400 MW in 1990).
3rd in the world
after Germany and China in

terms of installed PV
capacity in 2014
In 2014 TEPCO commissioned the 400 MW Kazunogawa4 hydropower

unit.
In 2014 Japan had a photovoltaic capacity of 23.3 GW and ranked third in
the world, after Germany and China. According to METI, the bulk of the
18.8 GW of renewable capacities installed since the start of its feed-in
tariff programme in July 2012 and until March 2015, consisted of solar
parks (18.1 GW). Renewable capacity additions have accelerated, from
1 758 MW between July 2012-March 2013 to 7 139 MW in 2013-2014 and
9 860 MW in 2014-2015.
GRAPH 2: INSTALLED ELECTRIC CAPACITY BY SOURCE (2014, %)
9%
19%
Oil
13%
Gas
Coal
Biomass
Hydro
Nuclear
16%
19%
Wind, solar, geoth.
2%
22%
Power generation
18
Since 2007, power production has been decreasing, reaching 996 TWh in
2014 (12% below its 2007 level). The share of nuclear dropped from 26%
in 2010 to 10% in 2011, 2% in 2012 and 0% in 2014. The decrease in

nuclear benefited gas and, to a lesser extent, coal and oil (+12.7, +7 and
+3.5 percentage points, respectively, between 2010 and 2014). The shares
of coal and gas have been increasing since 2000 and reached 34% and
40%, respectively, in 2014 (compared to 22% and 24%, respectively, in
2000).
GRAPH 3: GROSS POWER PRODUCTION BY SOURCE (TWh)
TWh
1200
The nuclear phase-out
has increased the

generation from fossil fuels
by 23% since 2010
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
1998
Nuclear
Hydro
Oil
2006
Gas
Coal
2014
Biomass
Others
GRAPH 4: POWER GENERATION BY SOURCE (2014, %)
8%
1%
12%
Oil
5%
Gas
Coal
Biomass
Hydro
Nuclear
Wind, solar, geoth.
34%
40%
Oil
After the United States, China and India, Japan is the worlds fourth largest
oil importer, with 171 Mt of crude oil imports (2014). Supplies are
diversified but mainly come from the Middle East (more than 80%).
Japan's main suppliers are Saudi Arabia (34%), the United Arab Emirates
(24%), Qatar (11%) and Kuwait (7.6%) (2014).
19
4th largest
oil importer, with more than

80% of the imports coming
from Middle East
The country has an oil refining capacity of 3.9 mb/d (2014), spread over 23
refineries. Seven refineries have a capacity of more than 200 000 bbl/d,
representing nearly half of the countrys capacity. Between 1999 and
2004, the country closed or mothballed 21 small refineries, shutting down
800 000 bbl/d worth of capacity. In recent years, the countrys capacity
has been decreasing again because of the declining demand for refined
products. Nihonkai Oils Toyama refinery, 66% of which was controlled by
Japanese Oil (capacity of 60 000 bbl/d), was closed in 2009, and Toa Oils
Ohgimachi Factory refinery (capacity of 110 000 bbl/d) in 2011. Cosmo
Oils Sakaide Kagawa refinery permanently shut down in July 2013. In
March 2014 JX Nippon Oil & Energy closed its Muroran Refinery
(180 000 bbl/d) to transform it into a petrochemical plant and Idemitsu
Kosan closed its Tokuyama refinery (120 000 bbl/d).
JX Nippon Oil & Energy controls approximately 36% of the retail market
through 12 000 service stations.
Gas
Largest LNG importer: a
total of 123 bcm of LNG was

imported in 2013
Japan is the worlds largest LNG importer. In 2013 LNG imports reached
123 bcm, representing about one third of the worlds total LNG trade.
Imports have increased rapidly since 2010 in order to compensate the
drop in nuclear production and supply gas power plants. Indonesia, which
initially was Japan's main supplier, has seen its market share decrease on a
regular basis (down to 7%). It has been overtaken by Australia, Qatar and
Malaysia (21%, 18% and 17%, respectively). In 2013 significant imports
also came from Russia (10%), Indonesia (7%) and UAE (6%).
Japan has secured a multitude of long-term LNG contracts, including 55
bcm/year from Australia (with a contracted volume of 48 bcm/year still
active beyond 2020), 24 bcm/year from Malaysia (9 bcm/year of which
still active beyond 2020), 14 bcm/year from Qatar (13 bcm/year of which
still active beyond 2020), around 20 bcm/year from the US, 13 bcm/year
from Indonesia, and 10 bcm/year from Russia. The total contracted
volume reaches 161 bcm/year, with 65 bcm/year of that amount to be
delivered as of 2015.
Japan has 36 LNG regasification terminals. In 2013 Inpex commissioned its
Naoetsu LNG terminal located in Joetsu (1.5 Mt/year). In 2014, Hibiki LNG
was commissioned with a capacity of 2.3 Mt/year. Hachinoe LNG was
commissioned in 2015 (1.5 Mt/year).
20
GRAPH 5: MAP OF NATURAL GAS INFRASTRUCTURE

RUSSIA
(9 bcm/yr)
Japan Gas Map

Ishikari
2.4 bcm/yr
(2012)
Sapporo
Kushiro 0.7 bcm/yr

(2015)
Yufutsu 0.5 bcm/yr (2012)
Hachinoe (Satellite)
0.1 bcm/yr (2007),
Hachinoe 2 bcm/yr
(2015)
LEGEND
LNG import terminal
LNG import terminal planned or under
construction
Gas pipeline
Gas pipeline planned or under construction
Higashi-Niigata
12 bcm/yr (1984)
Joetsu 4 bcm/yr (2012),
Naoetsu 2 bcm/yr (2013) +
1.6 bcm/yr
Niigata
Toyama (2018)
Kawagoe 7.2 bcm/yr (1997)
Senboku I 3.2 bcm/yr (1972)
Senboku II 17 bcm/yr (1977)
Himeji I 11 bcm/yr (1979)
Nagoya
Himeji II 7.1 bcm/yr (1984)
Tobata 8.9 bcm/yr (1977)
Hibiki 3.1 bcm/yr (2014)
Fukuoka
1.1 bcm/yr
(1993)
Nagasaki
0.3 bcm/yrNagasaki
(2003)
Kagoshima
0.3 bcm/yr
(1996)
Sakaide
1.6 bcm/yr
(2010)
Shin-Minato 0.4 bcm/yr (1997)

Shin-Sendai (2015)
Shinchi 1.6 bcm/yr (2018)
Hitachi 3 bcm/yr (2016)
Negishi 16 bcm/yr (1969),
Higashi-Ohgishima 19 bcm/yr (1984),
Ohgishima 14 bcm/yr (1998)
TOKYO
Sodegaura, 38 bcm/yr (1973)
Futtsu 27 bcm/yr (1985)
Sodeshi/Shimizu 1.3 bcm/yr (1996)
Chita (Kyodo) 10 bcm/yr (1978)

Chita 16 bcm/yr (1983)
Chita-Midorihama, 7 bcm/yr (2001)
Yokkaichii (Works) 0.9 bcm/yr (1991)
Sakai 8.8 bcm/yr (2006)
Yokkaichi (LNG Centre) 6.6 bcm/yr (1988)
Wakayama (2023-25)
Mizushima 1.4 bcm/yr (2006)

Hatsukaichi 0.7 bcm/yr (1996)
Yanai 3.1 bcm/yr (1990)
Oita 6.3 bcm/yr (1990)
Enerdata Energy report - Japan

Sources: Petroleum Economist, BP, Enerdata Estimates
Coal
All the coal used in Japan is imported. Coal imports increased by 70%
between 1990 and 2004 to reach 181 Mt; they have fluctuated around
180-190 Mt since then. Japan imported 190 Mt of coal in 2014, with about
63% of coal imports coming from Australia and 19% from Indonesia.
21
Energy prices
National oil prices follow international oil prices.
Electricity prices are controlled by METI through an
automatic adjustment mechanism. Gas prices are
regulated for small consumers only.
Oil
In 2014, the average price was US$1.6/l for gasoline and US$1.4/l for
diesel.
GRAPH 6: GASOLINE & DIESEL PRICES (US$/l)
1.83
1.52
1.51
1.36
1.28
1.84
1.59 1.60
1.58
1.58
1.38
1.39
1.28
1.11
2008
2009
Gasoline
2010
2011
2012
Diesel
2013
2014
Brent
Electricity
The price of electricity is controlled by the METI, although an automatic
adjustment mechanism linked to the price of oil has been in place since
1996. Despite reductions imposed by the METI, the price of electricity is
still high in comparison to other OECD countries. In Japan the price of
electricity for industry is about 28% times higher than in the EU and the
price for households is about 14% higher (US$17.8c/kWh and
US$24.1c/kWh in 2014). Between 2007 and 2012 nominal prices soared by
68% for industry and 57% for households.
GRAPH 7: ELECTRICITY PRICES FOR INDUSTRY AND HOUSEHOLDS (US$c/kWh)

27.68
26.10
Electricity prices
are 28% higher than the EU

average for the industrial
sector and 14% higher for
households
24.22
23.21
22.76
24.14
20.61
19.43
17.91
13.93
15.78
2008
17.42
17.82
15.44
2009
2010
2011
Industry
2012
2013
2014
Households
Gas
On the regulated market, prices are set by METI, and are US$14.5c/kWh
for households and US$7.4c/kWh for industry (2014). The average gas
price has increased sharply since 2007, especially in the industrial sector
(an 80% increase between 2007 and 2011).
GRAPH 8: GAS PRICES FOR INDUSTRY AND HOUSEHOLDS (US$c/kWh GCV)
16.54
12.91
13.54
14.61
14.21
7.70
7.03
4.86
2008
2009
16.97
7.21
14.50
7.40
5.46
2010
2011
Industry
2012
2013
2014
Households
23
Energy consumption
Energy intensity has been decreasing since 2000.
Industry is the largest energy consumer. Oil has the
largest share in energy consumption.
Energy consumption per capita decreased from 4.1 toe in 2006 to 3.4 toe
in 2014. Electricity consumption per capita also decreased in 2014, to
7 100 kWh, compared to 8 000 kWh in 2007.
Total energy consumption has been declining since 2004 (-1.5%/year, on
average). It decreased at the sharp rate of 4.7% in 2009 due to the
economic crisis and by 7.5% in 2011 because of Fukushima.
GRAPH 9: CONSUMPTION TRENDS BY ENERGY SOURCE (Mtoe)
Mtoe
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
Coal
1998
Oil
Gas
2006
Primary Electricity*
2014
Biomass
*Nuclear (1TWh = 0.26 Mtoe), Hydroelectricity and wind (1 TWh = 0.086 Mtoe),
Geothermal (1 TWh = 0.86 Mtoe)
The share of nuclear
dropped to zero in 2014,

from 16% in 2010
The share of nuclear, which fluctuated between 12% and 16% until 2010,
dropped to 0% in 2014. The share of oil in total consumption showed a
steady downward trend until 2010 (49% in 2000 and 41% in 2010) before
rebounding to 45% in 2013 and then decreasing slightly to 44% in 2014.
The decline of nuclear also benefited gas and coal, accelerating their
market penetration. The share of gas increased significantly, from 10% in
1990 to 17% in 2010 and 24% in 2014, whereas the share of coal increased
from 17% in 1990 to 23% in 2010 and 27% in 2014. The share of hydro is
around 1.5%.
GRAPH 10: TOTAL CONSUMPTION MARKET SHARE BY ENERGY (2014, %)
2% 3%
Coal
27%
24%
Oil
Gas
Primary Electricity*
Biomass
44%
*Including heat ; Nuclear (1TWh = 0.26 Mtoe), Hydroelectricity and wind (1 TWh =
0.086 Mtoe), Geothermal (1 TWh = 0.86 Mtoe)
The GDP energy intensity has been decreasing since 2000, at an average
pace of 2%/year.
The share of oil products in final consumption is 50%. The share of
electricity is 24%. The use of gas by final consumers is not well developed
(11% in 2014).
GRAPH 11: FINAL CONSUMPTION MARKET SHARE BY SECTOR (2014, %)
13%
29%
Industry
Transport
Households & services

Non energy uses
35%
23%
Industry, including non-energy uses, represented 42% of final

consumption in 2014. Since 2000 the shares of the different sectors have
been very similar: the transport sector represents 23% and the residentialtertiary sector 35% (2014).
25
Oil
Oil product consumption declined between 1996 and 2010. It then started
to increase, with the oil demand from power plants increasing by 80%
between 2010 and 2012 to compensate for the closure of nuclear plants.
However, it decreased by 36% between 2012 and 2014 as utilities
switched to coal.
GRAPH 12: OIL CONSUMPTION (Mt)
Mt
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1990
1996
2002
2008
2014
Compared to other OECD countries, the oil consumption is more balanced

among the different sectors: 38% is consumed in the transport sector,
31% in industry, 16% in the residential, services and agriculture sector,
and 9% in power plants.
GRAPH 13: OIL CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN BY SECTOR (2014, %)
6%
9%
Power plants
16%
Industry*
Transport
Residential Services &
Agriculture
31%
38%
* Including non energy uses
26
Other
Electricity
Electricity consumption has been decreasing since 2008 because of the
global economic crisis over 2008- 2009 and electricity demand restrictions
since 2011. In 2014, it decreased by 2.2%. Between 2000 and 2007, it
increased by 1%/year.
GRAPH 14: ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION (TWh)
TWh
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
1996
2002
2008
2014
Services, industry and the household sector each account for about one
third of consumption.
GRAPH 15: ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN BY SECTOR (2014, %)
2%
Industry
Transport
30%
36%
Residential
Services
Other
2%
30%
27
Natural gas
Nearly two thirds of the natural gas is used for the production of
electricity. Because of the closure of nuclear reactors from 2005 to 2007
and since 2011, the consumption of natural gas has increased very rapidly
(+6.8%/year, on average, between 2005 and 2012, and +13%/year in 2011
and 2012, but only 1.3% in 2014). Even before 2005 natural gas
consumption grew at a relatively fast pace (3%/year, on average, since
1990).
GRAPH 16: NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION (bcm)
bcm
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1990
1996
2002
2008
2014
GRAPH 17: GAS CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN BY SECTOR (2014, %)
3%
Power plants
23%
Industry*
Transport
Residential, Services &
Agriculture
8%
Other
66%
28
Coal
Coal consumption increased rapidly between 2000 and 2007 (3%/year)
but decreased by 6%/year in 2008 and 2009, and by 4% in 2011. Electricity
production uses 62% of the coal, and the remainder is consumed by
industry, mainly by the iron and steel industry.
GRAPH 18: COAL CONSUMPTION (Mt)
Mt
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1990
1996
2002
2008
2014
GRAPH 19: COAL CONSUMPTION BREAKDOWN BY SECTOR (2014, %)
1% 2%
Power plants
35%
Industry*
Residential, Services &

Agriculture
Other
62%
29
Issues and prospects

The country is facing pressure to reach its 2030 CO2
emissions and power mix targets, leading to tighter
regulations for coal projects, whereas renewable
projects are expected to at least double by 2030.
The gas import capacity is expected to increase since
the Government favours fuel switching to gas in the
end-use sectors.
Using its Global Energy Forecasting Model POLES, Enerdata foresees the
share of oil to account for 33% of the primary energy consumption by
2035, while the share of natural gas would be around 28% and the share
of coal around 21%. The remainder would be covered by nuclear and
renewables. The fourth Strategic Energy Plan does not provide a forecast
of the energy mix.
Electricity
Reduce GHG emissions
by 26%
from 2013 level by 2030
Enerdata expects the electricity mix to change significantly. Using the

POLES model forecasts, thermal generation would be reduced to 67% of
the power mix by 2035 while renewables would grow to 24%. The
remainder would come from nuclear generation.
A Japanese consultative committee has backed governmental plans to
reach a 20-22% share of nuclear power in the power mix by 2030.
Renewable generation would account for 22% to 24% of the power mix
(from nearly 11% in March 2014), while coal would cover 26% of power
generation, from the current 30%. Gas is expected to supply 27% by 2030.
The target was formally approved by the Ministry of Trade in July 2015. It
would be revised every three years and energy mix targets could be
changed if necessary.
The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan, which groups
together the ten regional power companies and a group of 19 power
generators and suppliers, are considering reducing GHG emissions by
around 35% by 2030, compared to 2013 levels. According to the draft
proposal, the power sector would seek to cut its average emission factor
by 35%, from about 570 g CO/kWh in 2013 to around 370 g/kWh in 2030.
Nuclear projects
Two projects are under construction. Construction work has resumed at

Chugoku Electrics Shimane 3 (1 325 MW), but the start year is still
undecided (2016 at the earliest). Commissioning of J-Powers Ohma
(1 325 MW) has now been shifted to 2022.
Seven nuclear reactors are planned on 4 sites: Tsuruga 3&4 by Japco (2 x
1 500 MW), Kaminoseki 1&2 by Chugoku Electric (2 x 1 320 MW), HigashiDori 1&2 by TEPCO (2 x 1 320 MW) and Hamaoka 6 by Chubu (1 380 MW).
Two nuclear reactors
will be restarted in 2015,

three will be
decommissioned and two
will be scrapped
The nuclear fuel recycling facility built by JNFL according to technology

transferred from Areva (France) has been delayed for the 21 st time. After
several postponements the facility, which is located in Rokkasho-Mura,
was expected to be operational in October 2014, but it has again been
delayed, this time until March 2016, because of new safety regulations.
The facility will recycle Japan's spent fuel and then burn recovered
uranium and plutonium as mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel. The facility was
originally scheduled to be finished in 1997.
In December 2014, 11 utilities applied to the NRA for the confirmation of
compliance of 21 nuclear reactors with the new standards published in
July 2013. Only four nuclear reactors were granted preliminary approval
by the NRA and of those four, two (Sendai 1 and Sendai 2) have received
official as well as local approval to restart operations. Kyushu Electric
restarted its 890 MW Sendai-1 reactor on 11 August 2015. Sendai-2 (also
890 MW) could be restarted by mid-October 2015. Resuming nuclear
power generation is expected to help Kyushu Electric save about Yen 15bn
(US$122m) in fuel costs every month.
Chubu Electric Power has applied to the NRA for a safety review of the
third unit of its Hamaoka nuclear power plant in Shizuoka prefecture. The
1 056 MW boiling water reactor has become the 25th reactor to apply for
regulatory approval to restart. Chubu Electric Power already requested a
safety review for the fourth unit of Hamaoka in February 2014.
Several power utilities have decided to decommission their nuclear
reactors, due to high investments required to upgrade them to safety
standards enacted after the Fukushima disaster. KEPCO has decided to
decommission the Mihama-1 and 2 reactors, rated 320 MW and 470 MW,
respectively, while Japan Atomic Power has decided to decommission its
340 MW Tsuruga-1 reactor. Kyushu Electric will scrap the Genkai-1 nuclear
reactor in the Saga prefecture commissioned in 1975, while Chugoku
Electric will scrap the Shimane-1 reactor in Matsue (Shimane prefecture),
commissioned in 1974.
31
Coal power projects
Due to fierce criticism from environmental groups, the Japanese

Government is considering tightening regulations on the approval of coalfired power projects, so that only the most efficient technologies
(including ultra-supercritical plants) would be approved. Japan plans to
adopt advanced technologies such as integrated gasification combined
cycle (IGCC) and to have them operational by 2020.
In 2013, in accordance with its Comprehensive Special Business Plan,
TEPCO invited bids for new power generation. The company is planning to
purchase a total of 2 600 MW of thermal power from other operators.
Power delivery should start between June 2019 and June 2021.
Possible tightening of
coal power plant
approvals
due to pressure from
environmental groups
A 170 MW Integrated Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)

demonstration plant is being developed by Osaki CoolGen Corporation, a
50-50 joint venture between Chugoku Electric and Electric Power
Development (J-POWER). Construction started in 2013 and the plant is
expected to be commissioned in March 2017. J-POWER is constructing the
600 MW Takehara New 1 Ultra-supercritical plant which is expected to
start in 2020. Kyushu Electric is constructing the 1 000 MW Matsuura 2
Ultra-supercritical plant which is expected to be commissioned in 2021.
TEPCO aims to build two 540 MW coal-based IGCC power plants. The first
one would be built in the Hirono area, on the site of the existing power
plant and would be developed independently by TEPCO. The second one
would be built within the premises of the Nakoso power plant, in
partnership with Joban Joint Power. Chugoku Electric aims to build a
400 MW supercritical power plant, Misumi 2, which is expected to be
commissioned over 2027-2030.
Chubu Electric plans to replace its existing 1 125 MW Taketoyo coal-fired
power plant in the Aichi prefecture with a new 1 070 MW coal-fired power
plant. The company will start decommissioning the three operational units
(375 MW each, commissioned in 1972) in 2015 and will demolish them.
Chubu Electric aims to begin the construction of the new power plant on
the site during the fiscal year 2018. The new plant would have a thermal
efficiency of more than 45%. Construction would last three years and the
plant could be commissioned in 2021-2022.
In July 2015, the Ministry of Environment was considering rejecting two
new coal-fired power projects with a combined capacity of 3.1 GW (Chubu
Electrics 1 070 MW Taketoyo and Chiba-Sodegauras 2 GW plant in
Chiba), amidst concerns over Japan's ability to meet its CO emission
reduction target. J-Power's 1.2 GW coal-fired project near Ube Industries'
coal importing facility is also under review.
32
Gas power plants
Tohoku has started the construction of a new 950 MW gas-fired unit at its
Shin-Sendai plant. The company aims to start operating at half of the
capacity in mid-2016 and raise the output to full capacity in 2017.
Tokyo Gas is constructing the 400 MW Ohgishima 3 power plant which will
be commissioned in 2015.
TEPCO is constructing the 420 MW Kashima Group 7-3 which is expected
to start in 2015. TEPCO has received the finalised "Environmental impact
assessment results" for its Kawasaki II expansion project, involving the
construction of two 500 MW gas-fired CCGT units at the Kawasaki power
plant. The group plans to commission the units, currently under
construction, in July 2016 and July 2017, respectively.
Chubu Electric aims to build the 2 300 MW Nishi-Nagoya-7-1 & 7-2 CCGT
plant which is expected to be commissioned in 2017-2018. In 2013 Kyushu
Electric started building its 480 MW Shin Oita 3-4 CCGT power plant,
which is expected to start in 2016.
Hokkaido Electric is planning the 1 600 MW Ishikariwan Shinko 1-2-3 CCGT
to be commissioned in stages over 2019-2029. Kobe Steel is planning the
1 200 MW Kobe Steel CCGT which is expected to start in 2019. Hokuriku
Electric-operated 400 MW Toyama Shinko CCGT is in the planning stage
and will be commissioned by 2018-2019.
Japan Petroleum Exploration Co (Japex) and Mitsui have created a joint
venture, Fukushima Gas Power (50.7% Japex, 49.3% Mitsui), to develop a
1 200 MW gas-fired CCGT power project in the port of Soma in the
Fukushima prefecture. The project will consist of two 600 MW units, that
would be built on the site of the future Soma LNG terminal, currently
being built by Japex and expected in 2018. The first unit is expected to be
commissioned in January 2020 and the second one in April 2020.
Kawasaki Natural Gas Power Generation (KNGPG, a joint venture of
Nippon Oil with 51% and Tokyo Gas with 49%) has submitted the
Environmental Impact Statement for the expansion of its 847 MW
Kawasaki CCGT power plant in the Kanagawa prefecture to the METI and
to local authorities. The company plans to add two 550 MW CCGT units at
its 847 MW CCGT power plant commissioned in 2008. The project would
be built on the site of the existing plant, which would remain operational.
Commissioning is scheduled from 2021.
33
Renewable plans
According to a new study by the Ministry of Environment in April 2015,

renewable power generation in Japan could double or triple by 2030, from
about 116 TWh in 2014 to 241-257 TWh by 2030, depending on energy
policies. Solar power generation could increase to 78-128 TWh by 2030,
while wind power generation could soar from about 5 TWh in 2014 to 4164 TWh.
Over the period from July 2012 to March 2015, the METI approved a total
of 87.7 GW of renewable projects, mainly commercial solar projects (78.8
GW). In addition, 2.3 GW of wind projects, 2 GW of biomass and 660 MW
of small hydropower projects have been approved.
Hydropower projects
Several projects for pumped-storage capacities are under construction

and should be commissioned by TEPCO (for a total capacity of 1 880 MW
at Kannagawa) and by Hokkaido Electric (400 MW at Kyogoku 1 and 2 to
be commissioned by 2016).Chubu Electric is constructing the 153 MW
Tokuyama hydro plant which will be commissioned in 2015.
Solar power projects
Eurus Energy is constructing the 115 MW Rokkasho solar project which is

expected to be commissioned at end 2015.
In 2013, Japan approved the construction of a 480 MW solar PV
project on the island of Ukujima (Sasebo City, Nagasaki Prefecture).
The project will be developed by TeraSol. So far the start date has
not been published.
The solar FiT has been

reduced
due to the high in-flow of
solar project applications
Mitsui group is building the 111 MW Tomatou Abira project to be

commissioned in 2015-2016. TOYO group is planning the 231 MW
Setouchi Solar project to be started in 2019.
Softbank is planning to build a 200 MW solar park in an area of 480 ha in
south-western Hokkaido. The project has a potential maximum capacity of
340 MW.
Photovolt Development Partners plans to build the 155 MW Onikobe PV
project and the 121 MW Cluster Tochigi PVDP project. So far, no start
dates have been published for these projects.
Wind power projects
34
A private consortium led by Hitachi Zosen Corporation (Hitz) and including

Toshiba, JFE Steel, the Japan Weather Association, Sumitomo Electric
Industries, Toa, and Toyo Construction, plans to invest $1.53bn in the
construction of 300 MW worth of offshore wind capacities by 2022.
Eurus Energy is constructing a 51 MW onshore wind farm, Yurikogen,
which will be commissioned by 2016.
Marubeni will build two offshore wind parks off the coast of the Akita
prefecture (Japan). A 65 MW wind park will be built off the Akita port,
while an 80 MW park will be built off the Noshiro port.
Gas
LNG projects
5 bcm/year
worth of LNG terminal

capacity under construction
To increase the LNG supply, several LNG regasification terminals are under
development, adding up to a total capacity of about 7 bcm/year. Five
terminals that will add 5 bcm/year by 2018 are already under
construction.
Tokyo Gas is building Hitachi LNG in the Ibaraki port (3 bcm/year); it is
scheduled for commissioning in 2016.
Japex is constructing a regasification and storage terminal at Soma Port in
Shinchi (Fukushima prefecture). It would import 1.2 Mt/year
(1.6 bcm/year) of LNG (from shale gas) from Canada. The terminal would
be commissioned in 2018.
Hokuriku Electric Power plans to build an LNG receiving terminal in Izumi,
in the Toyama Prefecture (north-east of the country). The imported LNG
would fuel a 400 MW gas-fired power generation unit. Construction of the
LNG terminal is expected to start in 2015 and to be completed by 2018.
Inpex is considering a 1.6 bcm/year LNG terminal, Naoetsu-2, in Joetsu,
while Tohoku Electric plants to build a regasification terminal in Sendai by
2016. Kansai Electric aims to build a regas terminal at Wakayama by 2023.
Gas pipelines
Japan and Russia have signed an MoU to promote Japanese firms'

participation in a project to build a terminal in Vladivostok (Russian far
east) for LNG piped from eastern Siberia and Sakhalin Island for export to
Japan. In 2014 the company decided to reconsider the project feasibility.
Tokyo Gas, Japex and Nippon Steel & Sumikin Engineering have completed
a preliminary feasibility study for a 1 400 km gas pipeline project, which
would import natural gas from Russias Sakhalin Island to Hokkaido and
then on to the Tokyo metropolitan area. The pipeline, which will be 50 cm
to 76 cm in diameter, would be brought onshore near Kashima Port in
Ibaraki Prefecture and connected to Tokyo Gass pipeline network. It
would cost between US$3.7bn and US$5bn.
Oil
The 4th Strategic Energy Plan recognises oil as an important energy
resource for the transportation, civilian and power sectors. The oil
35
demand is expected to fall by 1.7% over 2014-2018. The unconventional

oil revolution in the U.S. has prompted the Japanese Government to
promote policies that will increase the competitiveness of the Japanese
petrochemical industry. The energy efficiency and production flexibility of
the Japanese refineries need to be improved to enable competition with
the new refineries in Asia.
CO2 capture and storage

JGC Corporation has also received a contract from Japan CCS to construct
the core facilities at a carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS)
technology demonstration project. The site for the demonstration project
is located adjacent to an oil refinery in Tomakomai, Hokkaido, owned by
Idemitsu Kosan. The lump-sum turnkey contract calls for the engineering,
procurement, construction and commissioning work associated with
carbon dioxide capture facilities with a yearly capacity of 200 000 t/year of
CO2, as well as compression, transportation and injection facilities. The
value of the contract was not disclosed. Performance testing is scheduled
to be completed at the end of January 2016.
Uranium
36
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corp. and Navoi Mining and
Metallurgical Combinat (Uzbekistan) will conduct joint exploration for
uranium in Uzbekistan, with the aim of supplying Japan with nuclear fuel
in the case of the restart of nuclear plants. The two companies will
conduct joint exploration for around 5 years and verify the amount and
quality of Uzbekistans uranium deposits. If Japan sees potential in mining
high-quality uranium, it will try to secure concession rights to both import
it and export it to other countries.
Energy Statistics
Table 2 : Supply Indicators
Reserves*
Oil
Gas
Mt
bcm
1990
2000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
8.6
35.0
8.6
40.0
6.1
37.0
6.4
36.0
6.1
34.0
6.1
33.0
6.1
33.0
1990
2000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
4.4
195
128
37.8
28.7
0.27
0.001
5.3
258
169
46.3
42.3
0.53
0.14
4.5
283
182
48.1
46.3
0.54
2.3
4.5
288
185
48.4
46.3
0.54
2.5
4.5
291
189
48.9
43.5
0.51
2.6
4.3
298
191
49.0
41.9
0.51
2.7
3.9
310
192
49.4
41.9
0.51
2.8
1990
2000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
0.7
2.1
8.0
842
64.4
14
21
11
24
0
0
0.7
2.5
3.0
1059
60.1
22
24
9
30
0
0
0.7
3.3
0
1117
65.1
27
27
8
26
0
0
0.6
3.3
0
1051
80.4
27
36
9
10
0
0
0.6
3.2
0
1034
89.0
29
38
8
2
0
0
0.5
2.9
0
1016
88.6
32
39
8
1
0
1
0.5
3.0
0
996
89.8
34
40
9
0
0
1
1990
2000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
203
218
181
177
179
180
171
54.0
46.6
26.2
34.3
37.2
28.5
27.8
50.5
75.8
98.8
116
122
123
124
106
151
187
175
183
190
190
* On December 31 st
Capacity*
Refining capacity
Electricity capacity
of which Thermal
Hydroelectricity
Nuclear
Geothermal
Wind
mb/d
GW
GW
GW
GW
GW
GW
* On December 31 st
Production
Oil
Gas
Coal
Electricity
of which Thermal
of which Coal
Gas
Hydroelectricity
Nuclear
Geothermal
Wind
Mt
bcm
Mt
TWh
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
External trade*
Crude oil
Oil products
Gas
Coal
Electricity
Mt
Mt
bcm
Mt
TWh
* Imports(+) exports(-) balance
Energy Statistics
Table 3 : Demand Indicators
Consumption per capita
Total
Electricity
1990
2000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
toe
kWh
3.6
6145
4.1
7548
3.9
7968
3.6
7469
3.5
7354
3.5
7241
3.4
7091
%/year
%/year
%/year
%/year
%/year
1990
6.5
n.a.
8.7
n.a.
6.3
2000
2.0
1.8
3.5
3.4
2.2
2010
5.6
4.8
6.5
6.2
6.7
2011
-7.4
-7.5
16.3
15.9
-6.0
2012
-2.1
-2.3
5.2
5.0
-1.7
2013
-0.44
-0.09
-0.07
0.4
-1.7
2014
-2.9
-2.5
1.4
1.4
-2.1
Consumption trends
Total
Total with climatic corrections
Gas
Gas with climatic corrections
Electricity
Total consumption
Total
of which
Oil
Gas
Coal, lignite
Primary electricity*
Biomass
1990
2000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Mtoe
439
519
499
462
452
450
437
%
%
%
%
%
57
10
17
14
1
49
13
19
18
1
41
17
23
17
2
45
22
23
8
2
46
23
25
3
2
45
23
26
3
2
44
24
27
2
3
* Nuclear (1TWh = 0.26 Mtoe), Hydroelectricity and wind (1 TWh = 0.086 Mtoe), Geothermal (1 TWh = 0.86 Mtoe)
Final consumption
Total
By energy
Oil
Gas
Coal, lignite
Electricity
Heat
Biomass
By sector
Industry
Transport
Non energy uses
1990
2000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Mtoe
316
362
342
332
329
326
317
%
%
%
%
%
%
58
5
16
20
0
1
57
6
13
22
0
1
50
10
14
25
0
1
50
11
14
24
0
1
50
11
14
24
0
1
50
11
14
24
0
1
50
11
14
24
0
1
%
%
%
%
36
23
29
13
31
24
32
13
30
23
34
13
29
23
35
13
29
23
35
13
29
23
35
13
29
23
35
13
TWh
%
%
%
1990
759
44
24
28
2000
958
38
27
32
2010
1016
32
30
34
2011
955
30
30
36
2012
938
29
31
36
2013
922
30
31
36
2014
903
30
30
36
Electricity consumption
Total
of which Industry
Households
Services
Energy Statistics
Table 4 : Energy Balances
Total energy balance (Mtoe)
1990
2000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Production
Imports
Exports
Aviation and marine bunkers
Stock Changes
Primary Supply
Final Consumption
of which Industry
Transport
Residential & Services
Non-Energy Uses
75.0
383
5.00
10.0
-3.56
439
316
114
72.4
90.2
39.5
106
435
6.23
11.9
-3.94
519
362
112
88.2
116
45.9
99.3
428
18.0
10.2
0.12
499
342
102
78.2
117
44.7
51.4
437
14.6
10.3
-1.07
462
332
98.0
76.2
116
42.3
28.3
450
14.1
10.5
-0.80
452
329
96.5
74.9
114
42.8
27.6
451
17.8
11.4
1.16
450
326
94.8
74.4
114
43.0
25.5
441
17.2
10.6
-1.10
437
317
92.7
72.9
110
41.3
Coal
Crude
Oil
Oil
Products
Natural
Gas
Primary
Elec.**
Elec.
Biomass
2014
Total*
0
117
-0.36
0.53
174
2.86
104
10.1
0.32
117
-1.69
173
-169
-6.52
2.51
Detailed energy balance (Mtoe)

(Mtoe)
Production
Imports
Exports
Stock changes
Primary supply
Petroleum refineries
Power plants
Others
Final Consumption
of which Industry
Transport
Non energy uses
-67.7
-5.17
43.7
42.9
0
0.45
0.38
45.7
-16.9
-10.6
0.71
19.0
171
-17.0
-15.0
158
15.1
71.4
30.8
40.6
-0.45
107
-73.9
2.54
35.3
8.81
11.6
10.1
11.6
-10.1
85.6
-9.27
76.4
23.4
1.54
51.4
-9.04
-0.03
2.50
2.47
26.1
0.38
25.5
441
-17.2
-10.6
-1.10
437
1.86
-98.7
-23.9
317
92.7
72.9
110
41.3
0.03
* Including heat
**Nuclear (1TWh = 0.26 Mtoe), Hydroelectricity and wind (1 TWh = 0.086 Mtoe), Geothermal (1 TWh = 0.86 Mtoe)
Mtoe
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Production
2002
2003
2004
2005
Primary consumption
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Table 5: Main power plant projects

Name
Energy
Technology
Status
Shimane - 3
Ohma
Tsuruga - 3 & 4
Kaminoseki - 1 & 2
Higashi - Dori - 1 & 2 - TEPCO
Hamaoka - 6
Matsuura - 2
Yokosuka IGCC
Ube-1 & 2
Shin Sendai - 3
Kawasaki II-2 & 3
Nishi-Nagoya-7-1 & 7-2
Kobe Steel
Ishikariwan Shinko 1-2-3
Soma Port
Kyogoku - 1 & 2
Kannagawa - 3
Ibaraki Offshore
Shimonoseki-1 & 2
Aoyama Kogen Wind Farm
Mutsu-Ogawara
Hirono offshore
Hibikinada offshore
Goto islands
Rokkasho solar
Ukujima Mega Solar
Onikobe PV
Hokkaido Mitsui-Softbank
Setouchi solar
Hokkaido Solar
Cluster Tochigi - PVDP
Minamisoma
Wasabizawa
Nuclear
Nuclear
Nuclear
Nuclear
Nuclear
Nuclear
Coal
Coal
Coal
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Hydro
Hydro
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Wind
Solar
Solar
Solar
Solar
Solar
Solar
Solar
Solar
Geothermal
ABWR
ABWR
APWR
ABWR
ABWR
ABWR
USC
IGCC
Supercritical
CCGT
CCGT
CCGT
CCGT
CCGT
CCGT
Dam/Pumped Storage
Dam/Pumped Storage
Off-shore
Off-shore
On-shore
On-shore
Off-shore
Off-shore
Off-shore
PV
PV
PV
PV
PV
PV
PV
PV
Under construction
Under construction
Planned
Planned
Planned
Planned
Under construction
Planned
Planned
Under construction
Under construction
Bid process
Bid process
Bid process
Planned
Under construction
Under construction
Bid process
Planned
Planned
Planned
Planned
Planned
Planned
Under construction
Approved
Approved
Planned
Planned
Planned
Planned
Planned
Planned
Net Capacity (MW)
Start year Operator

2016 Chugoku Electric
2022 J-Power
2017-2018 Japco
2022 Chugoku Electric
n.a. TEPCO
n.a. Chubu
2021 Kyushu Electric
2020 TEPCO
2020-2025 J-Power
2016 Tohoku Electric
2016-2017 TEPCO
2017 - 2018 Chubu Electric Power
2019 Kobe Steel (KOBELCO)
2019 - 2029 Hokkaido Electric
2020 JAPEX
2015-2016 Hokkaido Electric
2019 TEPCO
2017 SoftBank
2016-2017 Maeda
2016 Chubu Electric Power
2018 Kitanihon kaiji Kogyo
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2015 Eurus Energy
n.a. TeraSol
n.a. Photovolt Development Partners
2015 - 2016 Mitsui
2019 TOYO Group
n.a. SoftBank
n a Photovolt Development Partners
n.a.
n.a. Toshiba
2019 J-Power
1325
1325
3000
2640
2640
1380
1000
1000
1200
950
1000
2300
1200
1600
1200
400
1880
90
60
80
80
200
700
522
115
480
155
111
231
200
121
100
42
'n.a.': not available
Table 6: Gas infrastructures and contracts

MAIN LNG PLANT PROJECTS
Location
Name
Unit type
Operator
Status
Aomori
Hitachi
Toyama
Soma
Wakayama
Sendai
Joetsu
Hachinoe LNG
Hitachi
Toyama
Shinchi
Wakayama
Shin Sendai
Naoetsu-2
Regasification
Regasification
Regasification
Regasification
Regasification
Regasification
Regasification
Nippon Oil
Tokyo Gas
Hokuriku Electric
Japex
Kansai Electric
Tohoku Electric
Inpex
Under construction
Under construction
Planned
Under construction
Planned
Bid process
Planned
Start year
2015
2016
2018
2018
2023
n.a.
n.a.
MAIN LNG CONTRACTS

Importing company
Exporting country
Start year
TEPCO
TEPCO
Tokyo Gas
Chubu Electric
TEPCO
Kansai Electric
TEPCO
TEPCO
TEPCO
Chubu Electric
Mitsui
Osaka Gas
United Arab Emirates

Malaysia
Malaysia
Qatar
Australia
Australia
Brunei
Papua New Guinea
Australia
United States
United States
United States
1977
1983
1983
1997
2006
2012
2013
2014
2017
2018
2018
2018
End Plateau volume (bcm/year)

2019
2018
2018
2021
2022
2027
2023
2034
2037
2038
2038
2038
3,8
6,5
3,5
5,4
2,7
2,4
2,7
2,4
4,2
3,0
5,4
3,0
Operational capacity
(bcm/year)
2,0
3,0
1,6
1,6
Abbreviations
Oil
euro cents
Electricity
thousands of
euros
KW
Kilowatt
million euros
kWp
Kilowatt-peak
bn
billion euros
MW
Megawatt
GW
Gigawatt
kWh
Kilowatt hour
MWh
Megawatt hour
TWh
Terawatt hour
GWh
Gigawatt hour
CCGT
combined cycle
gas turbine
bbl
barrels
bbl/d
barrels per day
mb/d
million barrels per

day
kb
thousand barrels
US$
US dollars
mbl
million barrels
lc/$
Gbl
billion barrels
local currency vs.

Dollar
kboe
thousand barrels
of oil equivalent
$05
dollars at constant
exchange rate and
price of the year
2005
Mboe
million barrels of
oil equivalent
Gboe
billion barrels of
oil equivalent
liters
LPG
Liquefied
Petroleum Gas
NGL
Natural Gas
Liquids
%/year
dollars at constant
exchange rate,
price and
purchasing power
parities of the
year 2005
CO2
MtCO2
million tonnes of
carbon dioxide
percentage per
year
gCO2
grammes
of carbon dioxide
tCO2/cap
tonnes of carbon
dioxide per
capita
Natural gas
Coal
mcm
million cubic
meters
kg
kilogrammes
bcm
billion cubic
meters
CCS
carbon
capture and
storage
million tonnes
mcm/year
integrated
gasification
combined cycle
million cubic
meters per year
bcm/year
billion cubic
meters per year
ktoe
thousands tonnes
of oil equivalent
Mtoe
million tonnes of
oil equivalent
Mt
IGCC
Economy
GDP
$05p
Gross Domestic
Product
LNG
Liquefied Natural
Gas
GCV
Gross Calorific
Value
Uranium
$/lb
dollar per pound
Mlb
million pounds
Infrastructures
km
kilometers
Glossary
Production
Production
Energy
production
always
corresponds to gross domestic
production. It consists of primary and
secondary gross production, except
for natural gas for which production
corresponds
to
marketed
production.
Gross power generation
Gross production of electricity
includes the public production
(production of private and public
electricity
utilities)
and
the
autoproducers, by any type of power
plants (including cogeneration).
Trade
Balance of trade
The trade balance is the difference
between exports and imports. The
balance of a net exporter appears as
a negative value (-).
Imports
Imports are the quantities of energy
products imported from abroad into
the national territory, deductions
being made for quantities simply in
transit destined for other countries
and those quantities which are
processed within the national
boundaries on behalf of another
country.
Exports
Exports are the quantities of energy
product exported from the national
territory to foreign countries,
deductions being made for products
simply in transit and quantities
processed on behalf of other

countries. For reasons of accounting
conformity, exports appear with a
negative sign (-) in the energy
balance.
Consumption
Total energy consumption
Total energy consumption, for each
energy product, is the sum of total
production, balance of trade,
aviation and marine bunkers, and
stock variations.
Final consumption
Final consumption is the difference
between total consumption and the
consumption of the energy sector for
its own uses or as inputs in
transformations
(e.g.
power
generation, refining, oil, coal, gas
extraction, LNG plants...), in
transport and distribution (T&D
losses,.), as well as statistical
discrepancies. Final consumption
measures the needs of the final
consumers of the country. They are
broken down into several sectors:
industry, transport, residential,
tertiary, agriculture and non-energy
uses.
Final consumption of industry
Final consumption of industry
includes the final consumption of the
mining sector, manufacturing sector,
and construction and water
distribution and processing. It
excludes the fuel used as input for
autoproduction and includes the
autoproduced electricity. It excludes
the fuel consumption of all modes of
transport used by industry, and also
excludes energy products employed

for non energy uses (e.g. raw
materials
in
petrochemicals,
lubricants).
Final consumption of transport
Final consumption of transport is the
total consumption of all modes of
transportation regardless of to
whom they belong, and to what
purpose the transport serves.
(international aviation and sea
transport) are excluded.
Final consumption of residential,
tertiary and agriculture
This consumption is broken down
into three sub-sectors: residential,
tertiary, agriculture (including fishing
activities).It is often defined as the
total final energy consumption
energy uses, excluding industry and
transport sectors.
Final consumption for non energy
uses
This covers products used in the
petrochemical industry (e.g. naphta),
for the production of ammonia
(natural gas), for electrodes (carbon),
and all other products used for their
physical-chemical
properties
(bitumen, paraffin, motor oils,
etc....).It is divided into chemical and
others.
CO2
CO2 emissions cover the emissions
from fossil fuels combustion (coal, oil
and gas). They are calculated
according
to
the
UNFCCC
methodology. Here the sectoral
approach is presented, ie the sum of
CO2 emissions of each sector.
Prices
Gasoline and diesel prices
Price all taxes in Dollar or Euro. For
gasoline corresponds to the
premium gasoline unleaded 95; for
the former years series retropolated
from the variation of premium
gasoline 98 and / or normal unleaded
gasoline and / or premium leaded
gasoline. For diesel, corresponds to
price including all taxes of the motor
fuel for the motorists.
Households and Industry prices (Gas
and Electricity)
Price all taxes in Dollar or Euro. They
used to be calculated as the average
revenues per kWh of electricity
received by all (or main) public or
private utilities of the sector. They
can also refer to the price applied to
a particular class of consumer; in
particular for European countries for
prices after 2007 (Eurostat data).
Economy
GDP
GDP measures the economic activity
of a country. To allow comparison
between countries and avoid the
impact of inflation it provided in
constant price at purchasing power
parities (converted on the basis of
the exchange rate of 2005 and the
rate of purchasing power parity of
World Bank).
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Enerdata Energy Report JP

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Table of contents ______________________________ 1

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List of graphs & tables

CO2-energy emissions (MtCO2) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12

Installed electric capacity by source (2014, %) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18

Gross power production by source (TWh) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

Power generation by source (2014, %) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

Map of natural gas infrastructure ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

Gasoline & diesel prices (US$/l) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22

Electricity prices for industry and households (US$c/kWh) ----------------------------------------------------------- 23

Gas prices for industry and households (US$c/kWh GCV) ------------------------------------------------------------- 23

Consumption trends by energy source (Mtoe) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24

Total consumption market share by energy (2014, %) ----------------------------------------------------------------- 25

Final consumption market share by sector (2014, %) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 25

Oil consumption (Mt) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

Oil consumption breakdown by sector (2014, %) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26

Electricity consumption (TWh) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

Electricity consumption breakdown by sector (2014, %) -------------------------------------------------------------- 27

Natural gas consumption (bcm)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

Gas consumption breakdown by sector (2014, %) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

Coal consumption (Mt)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29

Coal consumption breakdown by sector (2014, %)---------------------------------------------------------------------- 29

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Table 2: Supply indicators

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Map source: OCHA/ReliefWeb

The Government is making progress in the liberalisation of the energy sector.

Energy intensity has been decreasing since 2000.

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LNG importer in the

Table 1 : Economic Indicators

GDP growth rate

Sources : World Bank , IMF

Rate of T&D power losses

Efficiency of thermal power plants

Energy independence rate

* at purchasing power parity

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Institutions and energy policy

The Basic Energy Plan

designates nuclear power as

The R&D programmes are under the responsibility of a public research

The Policy on the

was approved in 2013 with

of November 2013), (ii) fully liberalizing the retail market by 2016

The 4th Strategic Energy

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improve utilities' negotiation power when purchasing LNG. The METI

Target for renewables:

10% of the primary energy

In industry, large companies are obliged to name an energy manager

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GHG reduction target:

In July 2015, Japan submitted its Intended Nationally Determined

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GRAPH 1: CO2-ENERGY EMISSIONS (MtCO2)

Emission trading scheme

In 2005 the Ministry of Environment launched a Voluntary Emissions

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The electricity sector is still dominated by a few

is the largest power

The electricity sector is dominated by 10 regional, private companies (the

sales of the 10 EPCOS in FY2014. Kansai has 11 nuclear reactors (with a