KULIT

LIDYA AMELIANA

STRUKTUR KULIT
FUNGSI KULIT
SKIN PROBLEMS
RUTE PENETRASI KULIT
FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI
PENETRASI KULIT

Epidermis

Dermis

Subkutan

Fungsi

sawar

Komponen
pokok
Tebal

keratin
0,2 mm

3-5 mm

variabel

pH

4,2-6,5

7,1-7,3

Kadar air

10-25%

60-70%

Kelenjar
sekret
Pembuluh
darah

keringat,
sebum
banyak

beberapa

tak ada

penunjang Isolator&absorb
si goncangan
kolagen
lemak

beberapa

EPIDERMIS
Terdiri dari : (dari bawah ke permukaan)
1. Stratum germinativum /basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum

Stratum germinativum /basale

Lapisan paling bawah keratinocyt dalam

epidermis dan bertanggungjawab thdp
pembaruan sel epidermis
This layer contains just one row of
undifferentiated columnar stem cells that
divide very frequently.
Half of the cells differentiate and move to
the next layer to begin the maturation
process. The other half stay in the basal
layer and divide over and over again to
replenish the basal layer.

STRATUM SPINOSUM
Cells that move into the spinosum layer
(also called prickle cell layer) change
from being columnar to polygonal. In this
layer the cells start to synthesize keratin.

STRATUM GRANULOSUM

The cells in the stratum granulosum, or granular

layer, have lost their nuclei and are characterized
by dark clumps (gumpalan gelap) of cytoplasmic
material. There is a lot of activity in this layer as
keratin proteins and water-proofing lipids are
being produced and organized.

STRATUM LUCIDUM

The stratum lucidum layer is only present

in thick skin where it helps reduce friction
and shear forces between the stratum
corneum and stratum granulosum.

STRATUM KORNEUM

The cells in the stratum corneum layer

are known as corneocytes. The cells
have flattened out and are composed
mainly of keratin protein which provides
strength to the layer but also allows the
absorption of water.

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

tersusun atas sel-sel yang mati
Tebalnya beda-beda
bentuk sel pipih, 15-25 lapis
terlepas setiap 2 minggu sekali
Tdd keratynocyte yang mengandung keratin
Solut dengan diameter 0,1 m dapat
melewati stratum korneum
Fungsisawar kulit pokok thd kehilangan air

LIPID CONTENT OF THE STRATUM CORNEUM

INTERCELLULAR SPACE
Lipid
Cholesterol ester
Cholesterol
Cholesterol sulfate
Total cholesterol derivatives
Ceramide 1
Ceramide 2
Ceramide 3
Ceramide 4
Ceramide 5
Ceramide 6
Total ceramides
Fatty acids
Others

aBased

on C16 alkyl chain.

bBased on MW of 500.

% (w/w)
10.0
26.9
1.9
38.8
3.2
8.9
4.9
6.1
5.7
12.3
41.1
9.1
11.1

mol %
7.5 a
33.4
2.0
42.9
1.6
6.6
3.5
4.2
5.0
8.6
29.5
17.0 a
10.6 b

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF NAIL, HAIR, AND STRATUM CORNEUM

Amino acid
Lysine
Histidine
Arginine
Aspartic acid
Threonine
Serine
Glutamic acid
Proline
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Methionine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Tyrosine
Phenyl alanine
Half-cysteine
Sulfur
aExpressed

Nail
3.1a
1.0
6.4
7.0
6.1
11.3
13.6
5.9
7.9
5.5
4.2
0.7
2.7
8.3
3.2
2.5
10.6
3.2%b

asresidues per 100 residues.

bExpressed as % dry weight (Walters, 2002)

Hair
2.5a
0.9
6.5
5.4
7.6
12.2
12.2
8.4
5.8
4.3
5.5
0.5
2.3
6.1
2.2
1.7
15.6
4.5%b

Stratum corneum
4.2a
1.5
3.9
7.9
3.0
13.6
12.6
3.0
24.5
4.4
3.0
1.1
2.7
6.9
3.4
3.2
1.2
1.4%b

DERMIS/KUTAN
Dermis adalah lapisan kedua dari kulit
menyokong epidermis
Ketebalannya bervariasi tergantung lokasinya pada
kulit. 0,3 mm pada kelopak mata, dan 3,0 mm
pada punggung.
Merupakan tempat akar rambut tumbuh
Terdiri dari:Pembuluh darah, Kelenjar keringat,
Glandula sebasea, Kantung rambut, Otot penegak,
Jaringan lemak, Jaringan
penghubung/penyambung

DERMIS
The Papillary layer contains loose
(areolar) connective tissue with a rich
supply of blood capillaries. It also contains
the nerve endings for touch and pain.
The Reticular layer contains dense
irregular bundles of collagen, elastic and
reticular fibers. These fibrous bundles
blend into the papillary layer above and
into the underlying subcutaneous layer.

Papillary layer

Daerah papiler tdd jaringan ikat longgar

areolar. Papila menyokong dermis dengan
permukaan "bergelombang" memperkuat
hubungan antara dua lapisan kulit.
Di telapak tangan, jari, telapak, dan jari
kaki, pengaruh papila memproyeksikan ke
epidermis membentuk kontur di
permukaan kulit.

Reticular layer
reticular terletak jauh di daerah papiler dan
biasanya lebih tebal
Tdd jaringan ikat padat tidak teratur yaitu
serat kolagen, elastis. Serat-serat protein
memberikan dermis sifat kekuatan, dan
elastisitas,
Yg tdp pd daerah retikuler adalah akar
rambut, kelenjar sebaceous, kelenjar
keringat, reseptor, kuku, dan pembuluh
darah.

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Sebaceous (oil) glands are usually
connected to hair follicles; they are absent
in the palms and soles
Produce sebum
contains cholesterol, proteins, fats &salts
moistens hairs
waterproofs and softens the skin
inhibits growth of bacteria & fungi
(ringworm)

sweat glands
Eccrine sweat glands (most areas of skin)
regulate body temperature through
evaporation (perspiration)
help eliminate wastes such as urea.
Apocrine sweat glands (skin of the axilla,
pubis, and areolae)
secretions are more viscous

SUBKUTAN
Merupakan bagian dasar dari kulit
Terdapat pembuluh darah dan saraf
Terdapat sel adiposa: lapisan lemak
Kedalaman lapisan lemak subkutan berbeda-beda
antar individu

Fungsi kulit
Function

STRUCTURE/CELL
INVOLVED

Protection against
Chemicals, particles

Horny layer

Protection against
Ultraviolet radiation

Melanocytes Langerhans
cells, lymphocytes
mononuclear phagocytes,
mast cells

Protection against Antigens

Langerhans cells,
lymphocytes mononuclear
phagocytes, mast cells

Protection against Microbes

Preservation of a balanced
internal environment prevents
loss of water, electrolytes and
macromolecules
Shock absorber- Strong, yet
elastic and compliant covering

Horny layer,
Langerhans cells
mononuclear
phagocytes,
mast cells
Horny layer

Dermis and
subcutaneous fat

Sensation

Specialist nerve endings

Calorie reserve

Subcutaneous fat

Vitamin D synthesis

Keratinocytes

Temperature regulation

Blood vessels, Eccrine

sweat glands

Lubrication and
waterproofing

Sebaceous glands

Protecting and prising

Nails

Body odor

Apocrine sweat glands

Psycho-social

Hair, nails

SKIN PROBLEMS

DRUG TRANSPORT
THROUGH THE SKIN
Lidya Ameliana

RUTE PENETRASI

RUTE TRANSEPIDERMAL

Rute Penetrasi
1. Skin appendages (transappendageal)
absorption is small (about 0.1%) and this route
usually does not contribute appreciably to the
steady-state flux of a drug
the route may be important for ions and large
polar molecules that cross intact stratum corneum
with difficulty.
Thus minute concentrations of nicotinates or
corticosteroids penetrating rapidly down the shunt
route may quickly trigger erythema or blanching,
respectively.

2. Epidermal route (transepidermal)

Most molecules penetrating through the
skin use this intercellular microroute.
there are no active transport processes
and no fundamental differences between
in vivo and in vitro permeation processes

DIFUSI /Ficks Law

dC
J=-D[
]
dx

C1
J

C2

By integration between the

limits of C = C1 at x = 0,
and C = C2 at x = h.
C1 - C2
J=-D[
]
0 - h
J= D[

C1 - C2
]
h

J is the rate of transfer per unit area of surface (the flux)

C is the concentration of diffusing substance,

x is the space coordinate measured normal to

the section
D is the diffusion coefficient

LAG TIME
L : lag time
h : tebal membran
D : koefisien difusi

Permeabilitas Membran
D : koefisien difusi
k : koefisien partisi obat
h : tebal membran

Proses yang dialami obat yang diberikan

melalui kulit
1. Release of the medicament from the
vehicle;
2. Penetration through the skin barriers;
3. Activation of the pharmacological
response.

PROPERTIES THAT INFLUENCE

TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY
Biological factors
Physicochemical factors

Biological factors
Skin condition.
(kulit normal?kulit luka?kulit menebal?)
Skin agemuda > tua??
Blood flow
Regional skin sitesthickness and nature of the
stratum corneum and the density of skin
appendages.
Skin metabolismThe skin metabolizes steroid
hormones, chemical carcinogens and some drugs
Species differences

Physicochemical factors
Skin hydration occlusive films = transdermal
patches > lipophilic ointments > w/o cream > o/w
cream
Temperature and pH unionized molecules s.c
tahan pd pH 3-9
Diffusion coefficient
Drug concentration
Partition coefficient
Molecular size and shape

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN

CHOOSING A TOPICAL PREPARATION
1. Effect of the vehicle e.g. an occlusive
vehicle enhances penetration of the active
ingredient and improves efficacy. The
vehicle itself may have a cooling, drying,
emollient, or protective action.
2. Match the type of preparation with the
type of lesions.
3. Match the type of preparation with the
site (e.g., gel or lotion for hairy areas).
4. Irritation or sensitization potential.