Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
which allows one to answer questions about the molecular nature of life
processes; crossroad between biological and physical sciences
2 Types of Nucleic Acids:
1. DNA
2. RNA
Importance:
1. Leads to a fundamental understanding of life digestion, energy from
foods, transfer and storage of genetic information
2. Impact on health, medicine, nutrition, and environment
3. Biotechnology synthesis of complex drugs, use of microbes to produce
therapeutic drugs, alternative sources of energy
3 Primary areas to describe biological processes:
1. Structure/function
2. Information
3. Biogenetics metabolism
2 Classes of Organisms:
1. Eukaryotes exhibit compartmentalization; plant and animal cells; with
nucleus; cell organelles; only animal cell and prokaryotes have a cell
membrane
2. Prokaryotes bacteria; nucleoid (without nucleus); does not exhibit
compartmentalization
DNA genetic material
Nucleolus most of RNA synthesis
Nucleus site of DNA & RNA
Pili attachment/adhesion
Cell wall supports; protects structure of all; acts as a filtering mechanism
Flagella movement; locomotion
Cell-membrane semi-permeable
Representati
ve organism
Cellular
organization
Metabolism
Degree
Genetic
material
Prokaryotes
Bacteria; bluegreen algae
Mainly unicellular
Anaerobic/
aerobic
Minimum
Naked (no
proteins)
DNA circular
(plasmic)
Eukaryotes
Protists; protozoa;
plants & animals;
fungi
Uni- to multi-cellular
Aerobic
Considerable/
Compartmentalization
DNA (linear) with
histones (basic
proteins)
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
Reproduction
Degree of
glycosylation
Organelles
Plasma
Membrane
Nucleus/Nucleolus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Cytoskeleton
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion
*oxidation
reaction occurs in
mitochondria
*dehydrogenate
enzyme from
dehydrogenation
(removal of H)
Chloroplast
Lysosome only
Function
Protection; site of
regulatory
mechanism
Synthesis of RNA
and DNA
Rough proteins
Smooth lipids
Sorting,
processing,
packaging
secretory
products
Maintenance of
cell
Proteins
Energy-producing
organelle
Biomolecule
Lipids, proteins,
carbohydrates
Marker
Na+/K+ ATPase
Nucleic acids,
proteins, lipids
RNA, proteins,
lipids
Proteins,
carbohydrates,
lipids
DNA
RNA
Glutamate
dehydrogenate
Site of
photosynthesis
(light to chemical)
Intracellular
Protein, enzymes,
carbohydrates,
lipids
Hydrolytic
Chlorophyll
Glucose-6phosphatase
Galactosyltransfer
ase *galactosesugar in golgi
apparatus
Proteins
Acid phosphatase
in animal cells
Peroxisomes
microbodies
*oxidation of very
long chain of fatty
> acids
Cytosol soluble
protein of
cytoplasm
Vacuole
digestion
Oxidation of very
long chain of fatty
acids
enzymes
Oxidative
enzymes
Catalase (enzyme
> which makes
it nontoxic)
Proteins, enzymes
hydrolase
Catalase
H2O + O2
Glycolysis;
gluconeogenesis
synthesis of
glucose; fatty acid
synthesis
Stores water for
other organisms
Lactate
dehydrogenase