ALIRAN ZAT CAIR

RIIL

Ir. Suroso Dipl.HE, M.Eng

Dr. Eng. Alwafi Pujiraharjo
Jurusan Teknik Sipil
Universitas Brawijaya

Efek Kekentalan pada Aliran

Pada anggapan ideal fluid (zat cair ideal)
tidak mempunyai kekentalan sehingga tidak ada
geseran antara cairan-dinding saluran.
Pada real fluid (zat cair riil) ada kekentalan
sehingga geseran akan memegang peran
penting dalam aliran.
Kekentalan - menyebabkan gaya geser
- kehilangan energi

Hukum Newton tentang Kekentalan

Tegangan geser antara dua partikel zat cair

yang berdampingan adalah sebanding dengan
perbedaan kecepatan dari kedua partikel.

du
dy

du
dy

Aliran Laminer dan Turbulen

Aliran laminer : gerak cairan dalam lapis-lapis
Aliran turbulen: partikel lapisan cairan bercampur
dengan partikel cairan lapisan lainnya

Osborne Reynolds - England (1842-1912)

Reynolds was a prolific writer who published
almost 70 papers during his lifetime on a wide
variety of science and engineering related topics.
He is most well-known for the Reynolds number,
which is the ratio between inertial and viscous
forces in a fluid. This governs the transition from
laminar to turbulent flow.

Osborne Reynolds - England (1842-1912)

Reynolds apparatus consisted of
a long glass pipe through which
water could flow at different rates,
controlled by a valve at the pipe
exit. The state of the flow was
visualized by a streak of dye
injected at the entrance to the
pipe. The flow rate was monitored
by measuring the rate at which the
free surface of the tank fell during
draining. The immersion of the
pipe in the tank provided
temperature control due to the
large thermal mass of the fluid.

Aliran Laminar dan Turbulen

Percobaan Reynolds

Re

uD
inertia force

viscous force / dumping

Hasil Percobaan Reynolds

Setelah melakukan percobaan berulang kali,
Reynolds menyimpulkan bahwa: aliran
dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan aliran U,
kekentalan , rapat massa , dan diameter
pipa D.
Angka Reynolds (Reynolds number): Re

Re

Du
uD

Angka Reynolds Re

Angka Reynolds tidak berdimensi.

Dalam sistem satuan SI:
= rapat massa
: kg/m3
D = diameter pipa
:m
u = kecepatan aliran : m/det
= kekentalan dinamis: N.det/m2 = kg/m.det
= kekentalan kinematis: / = m2/det

Re

D u kg m m m.det
3. .
.
1

m 1 det kg

Klasifikasi Aliran
Menurut Reynolds aliran digolongkan menjadi :
Aliran laminer : Re < 2000
Aliran transisi : 2000 < Re < 4000
Aliran turbulen: Re > 4000

Sifat Fisik Aliran

Aliran laminer
Angka Reynolds Re < 2000
Kecepatan rendah
Zat warna tidak tercampur dengan air
Partikel zat cair bergerak dalam garis lurus
Dapat dianalisis dengan matematika sederhana
Jarang terjadi dalam praktek di lapangan

Aliran transisi
Angka Reynolds 2000 < Re < 4000
Kecepatan sedang
Zat warna sedikit tercampur dengan air

Aliran turbulen
Angka Reynolds Re > 4000
Kecepatan tinggi
Zat warna tercampur dengan cepat
Partikel aliran zat cair tidak teratur
Rata-rata gerak adalah dalam arah aliran
Tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang
Perubahan/fluktuasi sulit dideteksi
Analisisis matematika sulit dilakukan
ekspirimen/percobaan
Sering terjadi dalam praktek di lapangan.

Aliran Turbulen

Simulasi aliran turbulen yang keluar dari ujung

akhir pipa

Boundary Layer
The idea of the boundary layer dates back at least to the
time of Prandtl (1904, see the article: Ludwig Prandtls
boundary layer, Physics Today, 2005, 58, no.12, 4248).

Boundary Layer
There are three main definitions of boundary
layer thickness:
1. 99% thickness
2. Displacement thickness
3. Momentum thickness

99% Thickness
U

u ( y ) 0.99U
u ( y ) 0.99U
u ( y ) 0.99U

( x)

y
x

U is the free-stream velocity

(x) is the boundary layer thickness when u(y) 0.99U

Displacement Thickness #1

There is a reduction in the flow

rate due to the presence of the
boundary layer

This is equivalent to having a

theoretical boundary layer
with zero flow

Displacement Thickness # 2
The areas under each curve are defined as
being equal:

q U u dy and q * U
0

Equating these gives the equation for the

displacement thickness:

* 1 dy
U
0

Momentum Thickness
In the boundary layer, the fluid loses
momentum, so imagining an equivalent layer of
lost momentum:

m u U u dy

and m U 2 m

Equating these gives the equation for the

momentum thickness:

m
0

u u
1 dy
U U

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Laminar Boundary Layer Growth # 1

+ d

(x)

dy

x
L

Boundary layer Inertia is of the same magnitude as

Viscosity

Laminar Boundary Layer Growth # 2

a) Inertia Force: a particle entering the boundary layer will
be slowed from a velocity U to near zero in time, t.
giving force FI U/t. But u = x/t t L/U where U is
the characteristic velocity and L the characteristic length
in the x direction.
Hence FI U2/L
b) Viscous force:

2U
U
F
2 2
y
y

since U is the characteristic velocity and the

characteristic length in the y direction

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Laminar Boundary Layer Growth # 3

Comparing a) and b) gives:
U 2
L

U
2

L
U

L
U

(Blasius)

So the boundary layer grows according to L

Alternatively, dividing through by L, the nondimensionalised boundary layer growth is given
by:

L
RL

Note the new Reynolds number

characteristic velocity and
UL UL
RL

characteristic length

Laminar Boundary Layer Growth # 4

Critical Reynolds number for flow
along a surface is RL = R* =
3.2*105
Critical velocity (u*) = velocity
when RL = 3.2*105

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Prandtls Boundary Layer Theory # 1

Prandtls Boundary Layer Theory # 2

Aliran laminer dengan kecepatan seragam U0
setelah melalui pelat datar distribusi
kecepatan berubah dari 0 U0 seperti gambar
ada lapis batas dengan tebal .
Didalam daerah turbulen sempurna aliran
turbulen dipisahkan dari dinding batas oleh sub
lapis laminer

5.
u*

35.
u*

13

Flow at a pipe entry # 1

If the boundary layer meet while the flow is still laminar the
flow in the pipe will be laminar
If the boundary layer goes turbulent before they meet, then
the flow in the pipe will be turbulent

Flow at a pipe entry # 2

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Flow at a pipe entry # 3

Ditinjau pipa bulat diameter D. Aliran bisa laminar atau
turbulen. Dalam salah satu kasus, profil terjadi ke hilir
sepanjang beberapa kali diameter disebut entry length L.
L/D adalah fungsi dari Re.

Lh

Flow at a pipe entry # 4

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Flow at a pipe entry # 5

In a pipe Reynold number is given by:

Re

u D

For open flow:

L
U

Considering a pipe as two boundary layers

meeting, D = 2a = 2

Flow at a pipe entry # 6

Hence, the mean velocity in the pipe is
comparable to the free-stream velocity, U:

Re

U
L
UL
.10
10
10 RL

If RL is R* = 3.2*105 then Re = 5657

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Posisi daerah laminer, transisi dan turbulen

Pengaruh kekasaran pada sub lapis

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