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Landing
Landing is the last part of a flight, where the aircraft returns to the ground.
Aircraft usually land at an airport on a firm runway, generally constructed
of asphalt concrete, concrete, gravel or grass. To land, the airspeed and
the rate of descent are reduced to where the object descends at a slow
enough rate to allow for a gentle touch down. Landing is accomplished by
slowing down and descending to the runway. This speed reduction is
accomplished by reducing thrust and/or inducing a greater amount of drag
using flaps, landing gear or speed brakes. As the plane approaches the
ground, the pilot will execute a flare (roundout) to induce a gentle landing.
Although the pilots are trained to perform the landing operation, there are
Instrument Landing Systems in most of the airports to help pilots land
the aircrafts. An instrument landing system (ILS) is a ground-based
instrument approach system that provides precision guid- ance to an
aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of
radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a
safe landing during instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as
low ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow.
At the beginning of the landing phase, the pas- sengers will hear the
opening of the doors of the landing gears. As the landing gears are
deployed, they will create an additional drag and an additional noise.
Immediately after touch-down, the passengers can hear a blowing sound,
sometimes with increasing engine sound. This is the engines thrust
reverses, helping the aircraft to slow down to taxi speeds by redirecting
the airflow of the engines for- ward. Once the aircraft is decelerated to low
speed, it can taxi to the terminal building.
C = 5 C lbf-sec/in
Various types of joints highlighted in the figure which are present in the
landing gear
Fillet Radius 1 =
4.5
Fillet Radius 2 =
Changes done
Before Landing
During impact
Further Compression
Regaining of shape
Before Landing
Maximum Compression
Regaining of Shape