Escolar Documentos
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material science
NES 114
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Bohr
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Atomic Model
Wave-Mechanical Model
is an atomic model in which electrons are treated as
being wavelike.
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Quantum Numbers
a set four numbers, the values of which are used to
label possible electron states.
three of the quantum numbers are integers, which
also specify the size, shape, and spatial orientation of
an electrons probability density; the fourth number
designates spin orientation.
Electron State (level)
one of a set of discrete, quantized energies that are
allowed for electrons. In the atomic case each state is
specified by four quantum numbers.
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Comparison
Bohr Atomic
Model
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Wave-Mechanical
Model
Electron Configurations
for an atom, the manner in which possible electron
states are filled with electrons.
Pauli Exclusion Principle
is a quantum-mechanical concept which states that
each electron state can hold no more than two electrons,
which must have opposite spins.
Ground State
is a normally filled electron energy state form which
electron excitation may occur.
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Valence Electrons
is the electrons in the outermost occupied electron shell,
which participate in interatomic bonding.
Electropositive Elements
are capable of giving up their few valence electrons to
become positively charged ions.
Electronegative Elements
are elements situated on the right-hand side of the table
and is readily accept electrons to form negatively charged
ions, or sometimes they share electrons with other atoms.
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Electropositive Elements
are elements that are capable of giving up their few
Valence electrons to become positively charged ions.
Electronegative Elements
are elements that are readily accept electrons to form
negatively charged ions, or sometimes they share
electrons with other atoms.
NOTE
Electronegativity increases in moving from left to right
and from bottom to top.
Atoms are more likely to accept electrons if their outer
shells are almost full, and if they are less shielded from
the nucleus.
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FN =FA +FR
where: FN the net force between two atoms
FA the attractive force between the atoms
FR the repulsive force between the atoms
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FA +FR =0
At this instant, the typical r0 between the atoms is 0.3 nm.
where: r0 equilibrium spacing
= 0.3 nm or 3
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EN =EA +ER
where: EN the net energy between two atoms
EA the attractive energy between the atoms
ER the repulsive energy between the atoms
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r
N
EN = F dr
r
A
r
R
EN = F dr + F dr
EN =EA +ER
where: r the separation or distance between the atoms
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EA =- A
r
ER = Bn
r
A=
1 (Z e)(Z e)
1
2
4 O
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1
g/mol
1
mol
No. of grams/amu =
1 amu/atom
23
6.023 x 10 atoms
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References:
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
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Aristotle
~The End~
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