Fresh Concrete Properties

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C ONCRETE M IX D ESIGN ,
T RIALS & M IX A DJUSTMENT
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49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

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B ASIC M IX D ESIGN
WITHOUT CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE

Attributes considered
Mix design parameters
Production variability & acceptable risk
Strength margin
Target strength for structural requirement
Mean strength & target w/c
B ASIC M IX D ESIGN
D ETERMINE FREE WATER CONTENT

Slump (mm)
Vebe time (s)
Durabilityy requirements:
q
Max w/c,
/ , min cement
Max size of
aggregate (mm)
Workability
Slump
10
Max aggregate, type, shape
Free water content Check!
Lower of target w/c & max w/c
Cement content Check!
Concrete density
Total aggregate
Optimum aggregate grading
Coarse & fine aggregate
Trial
Mix adjustment
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Standard of
control
3
Excellent
49151/A2014/L5/VS
Very good
3-3.5
Good
3.5-4
Fair
4-5
Poor
>5
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10-30
30-60
60-180
>12
6-12
3-6
0-3
225
Type of
Aggregate
Uncrushed
150
180
205
Crushed
180
205
230
250
20
Uncrushed
135
160
180
195
Crushed
170
190
210
225
40
Uncrushed
115
140
160
175
Crushed
155
175
190
205
Standard deviation in the

field, MPa
<3
0-10
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B ASIC M IX D ESIGN
D ETERMINE FREE WATER CONTENT
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B ASIC M IX D ESIGN
D ETERMINE W / C & CEMENT CONTENT
B ASIC M IX D ESIGN
10
D ETERMINE T OTAL G RADINGS

3. ASTM C33-93 Grading requirement of fine aggregate
Meeting durability requirements
100
1. Maximum w/c
90
If target w/c > max w/c, use max w/c and get better strength
% passingg
80
Use the higher strength as production control of durability.
70
60
2. Minimum cement content
50
40
If calculated cement content > min cement .. Proceed
30
If calculated cement content < min cement ..Use min cement and
20
the calculated water contentlower w/c & again higher strength
10
0
Use the higher strength as production control of durability.
Sieve
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B ASIC M IX D ESIGN
D ETERMINE T OTAL G RADING
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B ASIC M IX D ESIGN
11

3. ASTM C33-93 Grading requirement of Coarse aggregate
1. BRE Design of normal concrete mixes

100
Given max aggregate, workability, free w/c &

grading of fine aggregate (defined by % passing 600 m),
determine proportion of fine (%)
90
80
% passingg
2. ACI 211.1-12 Proportions for normal, heavy weight, and

mass concrete
60
50
40
30
Given max aggregate, fineness modulus of fine

aggregate, determine the volume of oven-dry-rodded
coarse aggregate per unit volume of concrete
70
20
10
0
Sieve
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B ASIC M IX D ESIGN
% passing
g
3. Combine aggregates to achieve recommended

grading Eg. Road Note No. 4
B ASIC M IX D ESIGN
U NIT W ATER M ETHOD - C HECKING YIELD
Components
Free water
90
Cement
80
40
density
Mass,
kg/m3
Volume
1000
3.15x1000
SCM
70
50
Air 1.5%
Finer Zone C
Zone B
PASTE, P
Coarser Zone A
30
20
AGGREGATES = 1-P
2
Total aggregate, At 2.68 x 1000
Fine = Ps x At 2.65 X 1000
10
Coarse = At - Fine 2.70 X 1000
TOTAL
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12
100
60
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Sieve
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13
B ASIC M IX D ESIGN
U NIT W ATER M ETHOD - C HECKING YIELD
Components
Free water
Cement
density
Mass,
kg/m3
16
Volume
1000
210
0.210
3.15x1000
420
0.133
SCM
Air 1.5%
0.015
PASTE, P
0.358
AGGREGATES = 1-P
0.642
Total aggregate, At 2.68 x 1000
1720
Fine = Ps x At 2.65 X 1000
600
Coarse = At - Fine 2.70 X 1000
1120
0.415
2350
0.999
TOTAL
0.226
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14
PART T WO M IX D ESIGN
E XAMPLE Q UESTIONS
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B ASIC M IX D ESIGN
15
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E XAMPLE O NE (1/8)
18
T RIAL MIXES
17
Determine composition of trial mix (eg. 50L or 0.05m3)

1. Take into account water above or below SSD of each aggregate
2. Introduce Coarse down to fine material into the mixer
Question
3. Add say 90% of the free water

4.
4 Mix
Mi 2 Rest
R t 2 Mix
Mi 2 (minutes)
( i t )
5. Add some or all of the remaining water or additional known amount
of water to get the designed workability
Using the Building Research Establishment (BRE) 1997

methodology of design of normal concrete mixes & graph
provided below, design a concrete mix for application of
reinforced steel columns in service following exposure
classification requirements of AS 3600-2009 A1
conditions
6, Measure the mass per unit volume and air content, and strengths
7. Adjust mix proportion by volume (Unit Volume Method) to get the
right yield
8 Re-design the mix based on improve data eg. Strength vs w/c
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E XAMPLE O NE (2/8)
19
Question (Cont.)
Question (Cont.)
Determine the following six raw material contents:
kg/m
kg/ 3)
Water
W t content
t t (in
(i
General
G
l purpose PC
b)
Portland cement content (in kg/m3)
10 mm crushed river gravel
c)
10 mm gravel content (in kg/m3)
20 mm uncrushed river gravel
Fine dune sand
Coarse river sand
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E XAMPLE O NE (3/8)
20
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E XAMPLE O NE (6/8)
23
Question (Cont.)
Question (Cont.)
Determine the following six raw material contents:

d)
20 mm gravell content
t t (in
(i
e)
Fine sand content (in kg/m3)
f)
Coarse sand content (in kg/m3)
kg/m
k / 3)
21
The following raw materials are available for use
a)
E XAMPLE O NE (5/8)
22
The concrete mix design specification requires the

following criteria are satisfied
Slump of 80 mm
w/c of 0.50
Minimum PC content = 350 kg/m3
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E XAMPLE O NE (4/8)
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E XAMPLE O NE (7/8)
24
Question (Cont.)
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31/03/2014
The concrete mix design specification requires the

following criteria are satisfied
Fine-to-coarse-aggregate ratio of 2:3
10-mm-to-20-mm-gravel ratio of 5:4
Fine-to-coarse-sand ratio of 4:5
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E XAMPLE O NE (8/8)
25
W ORKED S OLUTION (3/12)
28
Question (Cont.)
SG of PC = 3.15
SG of 10 mm & 20 mm river gravel = 2.60
Solving for water content (cwater),
SG of fine dune & coarse river sand = 2.50
cwater = (209 kg/m3 x 5/9) + (185 kg/m3 x 4/9)
cwater = 198.33 kg/m3
cPC = 198.33 kg/m3 / 0.50
cPC = 396.66 kg/m3
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Solving for PC content (cPC),
Assume the amount of air in the mix = 2%
Water & PC Contents
0.50
minimum PC
10 mm
w/c
Relative density tests carried out on the raw materials

gave the following results
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Gravel Content Ratio
Total Aggregate Volume
20 mm
Establishing 10 mm gravel mass (m10-mm) fraction,
Solving for PC paste volume (vPC-paste),

Total
m10-mm / (m10-mm + m20-mm) = 5/9
air
vPC-paste = (396.66 kg / 3,150 kg/m3) + (198.33 kg /

1,000 kg/m3)
vPC-paste = 0.324 m3
Establishing 20 mm gravel mass (m20-mm) fraction,
m20-mm / (m10-mm + m20-mm) = 4/9
Solving for total aggregate volume (vaggregate),
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fine
Fine Aggregate Content
coarse
both
b th
Establishing fine aggregate mass (mfa) & coarse

aggregate mass (mca) relationship,
relationship
185 kg/m3
angular
rounded
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30
209 kg/m3
vagg = 1 m3 - 0.324 m3 - 0.02 m3 = 0.656 m3
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mfa / (mfa + mca) = 2/5
mfa / (mfa + mca) = 0.40
mca = 1.5 x mfa
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20 mm
Using total aggregate volume (vagg) relationship,

fine
m3
= [mfa/2,500
kg/m3]
+ [mca/2,600
0.656
0.656 m3 = [mfa/2,500 kg/m3] + [(1.5 x mfa)/2,600

kg/m3]
0.656 m3 = [(260 x mfa)/6.5 x 105 kg/m3] + [(375 x

mfa)/6.5 x 105 kg/m3]
20 mm Gravel Content
Solving for coarse aggregate content (cca),
coarse
kg/m3]
c20-mm = 1,007.25 kg/m3 x 4/9
c20-mm = 447.67 kg/m3
c20-mm 448 kg/m3
fine
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Fine & Coarse Aggregate Contents

fine
cca = 1,007.25 kg/1 m3 = 1,007.25 kg/m3
Solving for 20 mm gravel content (c20-mm),
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34
Sand Content Ratio
coarse
Solving for fine aggregate mass (mfa),
coarse
m3
x 6.5 x
105
mfa = (0.656
mfa = 671.50 kg 672 kg
Establishing fine sand mass (mfs) ratio,
kg/m3)/635
Solving for coarse aggregate mass (mca),
mca = 1.5 x 671.50 kg
mca = 1,007.25 kg 1,007 kg
10 mm
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33
mfs/ (mfs + mcs) = 4/9
Establishing coarse sand mass (mcs) ratio,
mcs/ (mfs + mcs) = 5/9
36
fine
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Fine Sand Content
fine
coarse
cca = 1,007.25 kg/1
m3
= 1,007.25
Solving for fine aggregate content (cfa),
kg/m3
c10-mm = 559.58
c10-mm 560 kg/m3
49151/A2014/L5/VS
Solving fine sand content (cfs),
c10-mm = 1,007.25 kg/m3 x 5/9
cfa = 671.50 kg/1m3 = 671.50 kg/m3
kg/m3
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cfs = 671.50 kg/m3 x 4/9
cfs = 298.44 kg/m3
cfs 298 kg/m3
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37
40
Coarse Sand Content
coarse
Water Content
fine
less

cfa = 671.50
kg/1m3
= 671.50
kg/m3
Solving for coarse sand content (ccs),
ccs = 671.50 kg/m3 x 5/9
ccs = 373.06 kg/m3
ccs 373 kg/m3
FA
Modify the mix in example one to include 20% fly ash (FA)
of total cementitious material by mass
Given that the cement efficiency factor of FA is 0.30, for

the same slump, the reduction in water content required
is 5 kg/m3 per 10% PC replacement with FA
FA Mass
mFA/(mPC + mFA) = 0.20
mFA = (0.20 x mPC) + (0.20 x mFA)
mFA x (1 - 0.20) = 0.20 x mPC
mFA = 0.25 x mPC
w/c
FA
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PC Mass
Establishing PC mass (mPC) relationship,
SG of FA = 2.40
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42
must
49151/A2014/L5/VS
PC
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Relative density tests carried out on the FA gave the

following results:
Establishing FA mass (mFA) relationship,
Question (Cont.)
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both
E XAMPLE T WO (2/2)
41
39
Question
cwater = 198.33 kg/m3 - (2 x 5 kg/m3)
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E XAMPLE T WO (1/2)
38
w/c = mwater/[mPC + (k x mFA)]
0.50 = mwater/[mPC + (0.30 x mFA)]
0.50 = mwater/[mPC + (0.30 x 0.25 x mPC)]
0.50 = 188.33 kg/[mPC + (0.30 x 0.25 x mPC)]
mPC = 188.33 kg/(1.075 x 0.50) = 350.38 kg
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43
PC
46
PC Content
Solving for cementitious paste volume (vCM-paste),

Total
minimum PC
cPC = mPC/vtotal
cPC = 350.38 kg/1 m3
cPC = 350.38 kg/m3
cPC 350 kg/m3
air
vCM-paste = (350.38 kg/3,150 kg/m3) + (87.60

kg/2,400 kg/m3) + (188.33 kg/1,000 kg/m3)
vCM-paste = 0.336 m3
Solving for total aggregate volume (vagg),
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FA Mass
Solving for FA mass (mFA),
mFA = 0.25 x mPC
mFA = 0.25 x 350.38 kg
mFA = 87.60 kg
fine
0.644 m3 = [mfa/2,500 kg/m3] + [mca/2,600 kg/m3]
0.644 m3 = [mfa/2,500 kg/m3] + [(1.5 x mfa)/2,600

kg/m3]
0.644 m3 = [(260 x mfa)/6.5 x 105 kg/m3] + [(375 x

mfa)/6.5 x 105 kg/m3]
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45
FA
44
FA
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vagg = 1 m3 - 0.336 m3 - 0.02 m3 = 0.644 m3
48
FA Content
31/03/2014

fine
Solving for FA content (cFA),
cFA = mFA/vtotal
mfa = (0.644 m3 x 6.5 x 105 kg/m3)/635
cFA = 87.60 kg/1 m3
mfa = 659.21 kg 659 kg
cFA = 87.60 kg/m3
cFA 88 kg/m3
mca = 1.5 x 659.21 kg
mca = 988.82 kg 989 kg
49151/A2014/L5/VS
coarse
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49
10 mm
52
Coarse Sand Content
coarse
fine
coarse
cca = 988.82
kg/1m3
= 988.82
kg/m3
kg/m3
c10-mm = 549.34
c10-mm 549 kg/m3
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50
20 mm
c10-mm = 988.82 kg/m3 x 5/9
c20-mm = 439.48 kg/m3
c20-mm 439 kg/m3
fine
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51
ccs = 366.23 kg/m3
ccs 366 kg/m3
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Question

c20-mm = 988.82 kg/m3 x 4/9
E XAMPLE T HREE (1/2)
If the characteristic compressive strength is specified as

32 MPa for the mix design given in example one,
determine the new proportions of the mix using the
graphs provided & supplied information
Assume the defective level is 5% (k = 1.64) & the sample

standard deviation is 2.2 MPa
cca = 988.82 kg/1m3 = 988.82 kg/m3
ccs = 659.21 kg/m3 x 5/9
53
coarse
cfa = 659.21 kg/1m3 = 659.21 kg/m3
54
31/03/2014
E XAMPLE T HREE (2/2)
Fine Sand Content
fine
cfa = 659.21 kg/1m3 = 659.21 kg/m3
cfs = 659.21 kg/m3 x 4/9
cfs = 292.98 kg/m3
cfs 293 kg/m3
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58
Mean Strength Determination
Water & PC Contents

w/c
Solving for mean compressive strength (fcm),
0.47
fcm = fc + (k x s)
fcm = 32 MPa + (1.64 x 2.2 MPa) = 35.6 MPa
cwater = (209 kg/m3 x 5/9) + (185 kg/m3 x 4/9)
minimum PC

cPC = 198.33 kg/m3 / 0.47
cPC = 421.98 kg/m3
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56
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59

Total
air
vPC-paste = (421.98 kg/3,150 kg/m3) + (198.33

kg/1,000 kg/m3)
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57

35.6 MPa
w/cm
/
fine
w/c
w/cm = 0.47
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60
non
w/cm
vagg = 1 m3 - 0.332 m3 - 0.02 m3 = 0.648 m3
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0.648 m3 = [mfa/2,500 kg/m3] + [mca/2,600 kg/m3]
0.648 m3 = [mfa/2,500 kg/m3] + [(1.5 x mfa)/2,600

kg/m3]
0.648 m3 = [(260 x mfa)/6.5 x 105 kg/m3] + [(375 x

mfa)/6.5 x 105 kg/m3]
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10
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61
64
Fine Sand Content
fine
fine
fine
coarse
m3
x 6.5 x
105
mfa = (0.648
mfa = 663.31 kg 663 kg
kg/m3)/635
cfs = 663.31 kg/m3 x 4/9
mca = 1.5 x 663.31 kg
cfs = 294.80 kg/m3
mca = 994.97 kg 995 kg
cfs 295 kg/m3
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62
10 mm
cfa = 663.31 kg/1m3 = 663.31 kg/m3
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65
Coarse Sand Content
coarse
fine
coarse
cca = 994.97 kg/1
m3
= 994.97
kg/m3
kg/m3
c10-mm = 552.76
c10-mm 553 kg/m3
coarse
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63
20 mm
c10-mm = 994.97 kg/m3 x 5/9

c20-mm = 994.97 kg/m3 x 4/9
c20-mm = 442.21 kg/m3
c20-mm 442 kg/m3
49151/A2014/L5/VS
ccs = 663.31 kg/m3 x 5/9
ccs = 368.51 kg/m3
ccs 369 kg/m3
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E XAMPLE F OUR
66
If the mix in example three is produced during winter ( 5

C), modify the exact same mix design for use in summer
( 25 C) to have the same properties
Assume that extra water needed to maintain the same

slump is 5 kg/m3 per 10 C
cca = 994.97 kg/1 m3 = 994.97 kg/m3
Question
cfa = 663.31 kg/1m3 = 663.31 kg/m3
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11
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67
Extra-Water Content
Solving for temperature difference,
T = Twin - Tsum = +25 C - (+5 C) = +20 C
fine
Solving for extra-water requirement (cextra-water),
0.631 m3 = [mfa/2,500 kg/m3] + [mca/2,600 kg/m3]
0.631 m3 = [mfa/2,500 kg/m3] + [(1.5 x mfa)/2,600

kg/m3]
0.631 m3 = [(260 x mfa)/6.5 x 105 kg/m3] + [(375 x

mfa)/6.5 x 105 kg/m3]
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68
cextra-water = 20 x 0.5 kg/m3 = 10 kg/m3
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71
Water & PC Contents
no
70

fine
w/c increases
minimum PC
cwater = 198.33
kg/m3
+ 10
coarse
kg/m3
= 208.33
kg/m3
mfa = (0.631 m3 x 6.5 x 105 kg/m3)/635
mfa = 645.91 kg 765 kg
cPC = 208.33 kg/m3 / 0.47
cPC = 443.26 kg/m3
mca = 1.5 x 645.91 kg
mca = 968.87 kg 969 kg
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69
10 mm
72

coarse
31/03/2014
Total
air
vPC-paste = (443.26 kg/3,150

kg/1,000 kg/m3)
kg/m3)
+ (208.33
vagg = 1 m3 - 0.349 m3 - 0.02 m3 = 0.631 m3
49151/A2014/L5/VS
cca = 968.87 kg/1 m3 = 968.87 kg/m3
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c10-mm = 968.87 kg/m3 x 5/9
c10-mm = 538.26 kg/m3
c10-mm 538 kg/m3
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12
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73
20 mm
Question
If HWR is added to reduce water content by 30% for the

mix given in example three, determine the new
proportions that gives the same properties
coarse
E XAMPLE F IVE
76
cca = 968.87 kg/1 m3 = 968.87 kg/m3
c20-mm = 968.87 kg/m3 x 4/9
c20-mm = 430.61 kg/m3
c20-mm 431 kg/m3
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74
77
Fine Sand Content
fine
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Water & PC Contents
fine
reduction
cfa = 645.91
kg/1m3
= 645.91
kg/m3
not
minimum PC
cfs = 645.91 kg/m3 x 4/9

kg/m3
cfs = 287.07
cfs 287 kg/m3
cPC = 138.83 kg/m3 / 0.47
cPC = 295.38 kg/m3
coarse
cwater = 198.33 kg/m3 x 0.70 = 138.83 kg/m3
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78
Coarse Sand Content
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fine

Lean
cfa = 645.91
kg/1m3
= 645.91
kg/m3
rich
ccs = 645.91 kg/m3 x 5/9
ccs = 538.26 kg/m3
ccs 538 kg/m3
49151/A2014/L5/VS
vPC-paste = (295.38 kg/3,150 kg/m3) + (138.83

kg/1,000 kg/m3)
Total
air
31/03/2014
vagg = 1 m3 - 0.233 m3 - 0.02 m3 = 0.747 m3
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13
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79
20 mm

fine
m3
= [mfa/2,500
kg/m3]
0.747
+ [mca/2,600
0.747 m3 = [mfa/2,500 kg/m3] + [(1.5 x mfa)/2,600

kg/m3]
0.747 m3 = [(260 x mfa)/6.5 x 105 kg/m3] + [(375 x

mfa)/6.5 x 105 kg/m3]
coarse
kg/m3]
c20-mm = 1146.98 kg/m3 x 4/9
c20-mm = 509.77 kg/m3
c20-mm 510 kg/m3
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83
Fine Sand Content
fine
fine
cca = 1146.98 kg/1 m3 = 1146.98 kg/m3
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80
82
fine
coarse
m3
x 6.5 x
105
mfa = (0.747
mfa = 764.65 kg 765 kg
kg/m3)/635
cfs = 764.65 kg/m3 x 4/9
mca = 1.5 x 764.65 kg
cfs = 339.84 kg/m3
mca = 1146.98 kg 1147 kg
cfs 340 kg/m3
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81
10 mm
cfa = 764.65 kg/1m3 = 764.65 kg/m3
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84
coarse
Coarse Sand Content
fine
coarse
cca = 1146.98 kg/1
m3
= 1146.98
kg/m3
c10-mm = 637.21
c10-mm 637 kg/m3
49151/A2014/L5/VS
c10-mm = 1146.98 kg/m3 x 5/9
cfa = 764.65 kg/1m3 = 764.65 kg/m3
kg/m3
31/03/2014
ccs = 764.65 kg/m3 x 5/9
ccs = 424.81 kg/m3
ccs 425 kg/m3
31/03/2014
14

Fresh Concrete Properties

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31/03/2014

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

WITHOUT CHEMICAL ADMIXTURE

Mix design parameters

Production variability & acceptable risk

Target strength for structural requirement

Mean strength & target w/c

D ETERMINE FREE WATER CONTENT

Max aggregate, type, shape

Free water content Check!

Lower of target w/c & max w/c

Cement content Check!

Optimum aggregate grading

Coarse & fine aggregate

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

Standard deviation in the

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

D ETERMINE W / C & CEMENT CONTENT

D ETERMINE T OTAL G RADINGS

Meeting durability requirements

Use the higher strength as production control of durability.

2. Minimum cement content

If calculated cement content > min cement .. Proceed

the calculated water contentlower w/c & again higher strength

Use the higher strength as production control of durability.

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

D ETERMINE T OTAL G RADING

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

D ETERMINE T OTAL G RADINGS

1. BRE Design of normal concrete mixes

Given max aggregate, workability, free w/c &

2. ACI 211.1-12 Proportions for normal, heavy weight, and

Given max aggregate, fineness modulus of fine

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

D ETERMINE T OTAL G RADINGS

3. Combine aggregates to achieve recommended

Total aggregate, At 2.68 x 1000

Fine = Ps x At 2.65 X 1000

Coarse = At - Fine 2.70 X 1000

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

Total aggregate, At 2.68 x 1000

Fine = Ps x At 2.65 X 1000

Coarse = At - Fine 2.70 X 1000

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

Determine composition of trial mix (eg. 50L or 0.05m3)

3. Add say 90% of the free water

Using the Building Research Establishment (BRE) 1997

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014

Determine the following six raw material contents:

Portland cement content (in kg/m3)

10 mm crushed river gravel

10 mm gravel content (in kg/m3)

20 mm uncrushed river gravel

Fine dune sand

Coarse river sand

49151 L5 AUTUMN SEMESTER 2014